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Grammar Language Mechanics

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31 views2 pages

Grammar Language Mechanics

Uploaded by

mphanex
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE MECHANICS

Class 7 Waldorf English – Printable Notes

1. COMPLEX SENTENCE STRUCTURE


Definition: A complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and one or more
dependent (subordinate) clauses.
Example:
Although it was raining (subordinate clause), we went outside to play (main clause).
Tip: Use conjunctions like although, because, when, if, since.

2. PARTS OF SPEECH

Part of Speech Function Example


Noun Names a person, place, thing tree, Maria, freedom
Verb Shows action or being run, is, jumped
Adjective Describes a noun happy, green, loud
Adverb Describes a verb/adjective quickly, very, silently
Conjunction Joins words or clauses and, but, although, because
Preposition Relating word Beside, under, through
Pronoun Replaces nouns I, him, themselves
Interjection Expresses feelings Ouch! Hurray! Wow!

3. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE


Active Voice: The subject does the action.
The cat chased the mouse.
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action.
The mouse was chased by the cat.
Tip: Use active voice for stronger, clearer writing.

4. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH


Direct Speech: The exact words someone says.
She said, “I love this song.”
Indirect Speech: Reported without quoting exact words.
She said that she loved the song.
Changes in Indirect Speech: - Tense usually changes (present to past) - Pronouns may
change
5. TENSES (SIMPLE, PERFECT, CONTINUOUS)

Tense Type Function Example


Simple Regular action or fact I walk to school.
Past Simple Finished action I walked to school.
Present Perfect Action up to now I have walked to school.
Past Perfect Action before another past I had walked before it rained.
Present Continuous Action happening now I am walking to school.
Past Continuous Ongoing past action I was walking when it rained.

6. PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION


Punctuation Marks: - Full stop (.): End of a sentence - Comma (,): Separates ideas or
items - Question mark (?): Ends a question - Exclamation mark (!): Shows strong
feeling - Quotation marks (““): Used for direct speech
Capitalization Rules: - Start of a sentence - Proper nouns (names, places) - The word “I”
Examples: - My brother lives in Nairobi. - She asked, “Can I come too?”

These grammar tools help students write and speak with clarity and confidence.

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