Unit- How do we use matter
• Key concept- Change
• Related Concept- Condition
• Global context- Personal and Cultural expression
Exploration- products, systems and institutions
SOI- Changing conditions for matter has allowed us to
make attractive products that express who we are and
where we are from
Unit- How do we use matter?
• Key concept- Relationship
• Related Concept- Condition
• Global context- Personal and Cultural expression
Exploration- products, systems, and institutions
SOI-Relationship determines the conditions of separation and may help in
developing products and improving systems and institutions.
Recap
• https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5d7f4ded7e4
de8001afe6d98/brownian-motion-diffusion
Lesson Objective-
Students will be able to find out
1. how some culturally desirable materials are valued for their mixed
physical properties and others for their purity
2. Difference between pure substances and mixtures
3. Knowing about pure substances and their classification
into element, compound, and mixture based on the criteria of purity
Matter and cultural expression
Beauty is in the eye of the Beholder. Our perception of beauty is guided by cultural
influences and ideas of aesthetics determined by fashion dictates of that era.
Various cultures have used their own indigenous cosmetics.
1. Egyptians used powdered coal to beautify their eyes, and henna to give color to
their lips and nails. A face pack made of olive oil, incense, crushed cypress, and wax was left
on the face for 6 days to reduce wrinkles.
2. Greeks went easy on cosmetics as well. They made emollients using beeswax, rose water,
and olive oil. Some centuries later, Ponds used the exact same formula to create the world’s
first “cold cream”.
3. African men and women used lye to relax and straighten their hair. The lye would often burn
their scalp and eyes. Black leaders like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King often extolled their
black brothers to quit using lye as it indicated a slave mentality and self-loathing.
Engage- flipped teaching
Watch the following video at home
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=crBg_PJKr_U
Reflect-
1. Name a pure substance that is used for making bangles
2. Is glass a pure or impure substance?
3. Why do people take risks in making bangles?
( try to incorporate the social and cultural implications)
Inquiry- How do pure substances and mixtures
compare?
Q1. What is a matter made up of?
Q2. How can matter be classified in terms of a
combination of the particles?
Are these particles of elements/ Compounds/ Mixtures?
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/elements.html
Definition
• An element is made of only one kind of atom
• A compound is made up of different kinds of
atoms that are chemically combined in a
simple ratio.
• A mixture contains a variety of elements and
compounds that are not chemically combined
What are pure substances made of?
1. What do you think a piece of copper metal made of?
2.What do you think pure water is made of?
• Define pure substances
A pure substance is a substance with definite physical
and chemical properties.
• Pure substances are made up of just one type of
particle.
• Element and Compounds are Pure substances
• Physical changes such as melting, freezing, cutting,
or smashing do not change the identity of pure
substances.
See- Think - Wonder•
1. Is the first picture an example of a a.
pure substance or a mixture?
2. Is the second picture an example
of a pure substance or a mixture?
3. What is the similarity and
difference between the two liquids
4. Do you find any visible boundary
between the components in the
first picture? b
5. Do you find any visible boundary
between the components in the
first picture?
Recap
Lesson Ojective
1. At the end of this lesson learners are able to
define the differences between two types of
mixtures.
2. The learners are able to identify if an object/
materials are heterogenous or homogenous
mixtures
The Concept of Phase
A phase is a distinct and homogeneous state of a system
with no visible boundary separating it into parts.
Water is such a common substance that its gas (steam) , liquid ( water) and solid ( ice)
phases are widely known
1. How many phases are there in milk?
2. How many phases are present in a
closed flask if it contains ice, water, and air?
3. A 750-mL bottle contains 300 mL of clear
colorless alcoholic beverage.
• What is a mixture?
• What do you think are the things that
we can see in this picture?
• What comprises a good coffee?
• What comprises a good sandwich?
• Compare the particle simulation of
coffee and sandwich with the following figures
Properties
• Homogenous mixture-
A homogeneous mixture has the same composition throughout
• If they are liquid mixtures they are usually transparent and do
not settle
• If they are solid they may be transparent, opaque or metallic
Example- apple juice, tea, glass, bronze
Heterogenous mixture-
A heterogeneous mixture is one that does not have a uniform
composition
They are usually cloudy and full of specks, grains and flakes
Example- Mud, concrete
How do we classify matter ?
Activity- Sort out
https://app.seesaw.me/#/item/new/class/class.6b4c50ad-0230-4af9-819e-d87b38ea5036
Lesson Objective
Students will be able to
• classify matter based on its purity
• Identify solute and solvent in a solution.
• Difference between solute, solvent and solution.
• Difference between solutions and suspensions.
• Identify uses of solutions and suspensions in daily life.
Element-
All matter is composed of elements that are fundamental substances that
cannot be broken down by chemical means. Element is defined as a
substance that can not be further reduced as to simpler substances by
ordinary processes. 114 known elements, 92 occur in nature.
The Concept of Phase
A phase is a distinct and homogeneous state of a system with no visible boundary
separating it into parts.
Gas, liquid, and solid are known as the three states of matter or material, but each of
solid and liquid state may exist in one or more forms. Thus, another term is required
to describe the various forms, and the term phase is used. Each distinct form is called
a phase
Water is such a common substance that its gas (steam) , liquid ( water) and solid (
ice) phases are widely known
1. How many phases are there in milk?
2. How many phases are present in a
closed flask if it contains ice, water, and air?
3. A 750-mL bottle contains 300 mL of clear
colorless alcoholic beverage.
What are the phases present in the bottle?
compound
• A compound is a pure substance composed of two or more different
atoms chemically bonded to one another in a simple ratio. That means
that it can not be separated into its constituents by mechanical or physical
means and only can be destroyed by chemical means.
• Properties of a compound differ entirely from those of its constituent
elements.
• Energy changes are involved in the formation of a compound
• A compound is a homogeneous substance. That is, it is same throughout
in properties and composition. Compounds also have fixed melting and
boiling points.
MIXTURES
• A mixture is a material containing two or more elements or compounds that are in
close contact and are mixed in any proportion
• A mixture has no definite melting and boiling points.
• The constituents of a mixture retain their original set of properties.
• The constituents of a mixture can be separated by physical means like filtration,
evaporation, sublimation and magnetic separation.
Guess what are the following
substances are
Gelatin Smoke
dessert
Butter
Mayonnaise
Marshmallows Whipped cream
Activity 1
• Half fill a beaker with water, add half a teaspoon of salt in it, and stir.
• Half fill another beaker with water, add half a teaspoon of sugar to it,
and stir.
• Observe the mixtures in both beakers.
Reflect
• Can you see the salt in the water?
• Can you see the sugar in the water?
• Where did they go?
• Can you separate them?
Define solute, solvent and solution
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture, which
contains one, or more solutes dissolved in a
solvent.
• Solution has particle size 1 nm or smaller in
diameter.
• Soluteis the substance that dissolves in the
solvent & it is present in small amount in the
solution e.g. salt, sugar, etc.
• solvent is the substance in which solute
dissolves and it is present in large quantity in
the solution. e.g. water, petrol, acetone etc.
Activity 2
• Divide the students in groups and instruct
them to:
• Take two beakers, label them A and B.
• Half fill the two beakers with water.
• Add one teaspoon of salt in beaker A.
• Add one teaspoon of soil/ glucose in beaker
B.
• Stir the two mixtures for a while.
• How are two mixtures different from one another?
• What technique could be used to separate mixture A?
• What technique could be used to separate mixture B?
Activity 3
Filtration criteria and Tyndall effect
• Observe the mixtures after adding the solutes
to the solvents
• Pass a LED torch light through it
• Filter all 3 mixtures
Types of Mixtures
• There are three families of mixtures: solutions,
suspensions, and colloids. Solutions are homogeneous
while suspensions and colloids are heterogeneous.
Flipped teaching
Read the information from the following website
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-intermediate/section/15.3/
Recap
Recap
• How can you distinguish between a suspension and a solution?
• How big are the particles in a colloid compared to those of a suspension
and a solution?
• What is the Tyndall effect? Why don’t solutions demonstrate the Tyndall
effect?
Based on your reading from the following source
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-intermediate/section/15.3/
Kindly answer the given questions
1. What is an emulsion?
2. What is an emulsifying agent?
Classes of Colloids
Class of Colloid Examples
Dispersed Phase Dispersion Medium
Sol and gel
liquid Cheese , butter
Liquid aerosol Fog, mist , clouds
Foam solid
Foam liquid
mayonnaise
Lesson objective( give as homework)
Students will be able to
1. distinguish between solutions on the basis of:
a. Transparency
b. Filtration criterion
c. Stability
through simulation activity
2. They will be able to design their own method of investigation and prepare a
lab report
ATL skill- Creative thinking skill – Generate new ideas and
inquiriesStudents will formulate their hypothesis, conduct an experiment,
organize data, analyze and synthesize data to conclude their hypothesis
Assessment Objective- Criteria B and C
Expand- Solution, suspension and colloids
https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=28&cnt=2
Our Objective
To prepare:
• A true solution of common salt, sugar and alum
• A suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water
• A colloidal of starch in water and egg albumin in water
Distinguish between the above solutions on the basis of:
a. Transparency
b. Filtration criterion
c. Stability
Lesson Objective
Students will be able to
• identify mixtures of substances with different physical properties,
• list and outline multiple separating techniques, including filtering,
chromatography, evaporation, distillation, sieving, magnetism, freezing,
melting, fractional distillation, decanting, and the uses of a separating
funnel and a centrifuge,
• choose the appropriate separation techniques to separate different
mixtures.
• ATL- Creative thinking- Generate new ideas and inquiries
Lesson Objective
• Students will be able to develop ATL skills-
Creative thinking- Generating new ideas and
inquiries through Rapid brainstorming
techniques
ATL skill (Generate new ideas and inquiries“) Rapid
brainstorming
(900) Rapid Ideation Process - YouTube
ATL skill (Generate new ideas and inquiries“)Time-
2 mins- Rapid brainstorming
Think of as many solutions as you can without worrying about how ‘good’ the
solutions might be.
Suggest your solutions to the given problems
Pass on the paper to the next group
The next group add further ideas to the given situation
The problem comes back to the original group
The original group summarises the solution
Practicing rapid brainstorming of separating ( 10)
What do you think about the relevance of the picture to our
objective?
• What kind of problem is shown in the picture?
• How do you think is it important for society?
• What is the purpose of the segregation of the
materials?
• In what ways is this problem created?
Check the following mixture and brainstorm the ideas for separating the
given mixture- 10 mins
• 20 g of mixture made of
• 5 g of Sand
• 5 g of salt
• 5 g of Iron filings
• 5 g of sawdust
Work with your partners to figure out a way to express the water issue you chose in
the form of a question, and write your question on the worksheet.
For example
• How can you separate solid substances like sand and salt?
• Is there any simple method to separate the iron filings?
• Which component do you think can be separated first?
• What materials will you need to separate the mixtures?
Get engaged
• You are given a mixture of the following
substances. You need to think about how to
separate the pure substances as much as
possible through different physical processes.
Materials given
40 g of mixture made of
• 10 g of Sand
• 10 g of salt
• 10 g of Iron filings
• 10 g of sawdust
Equipment provided
Filter funnel
Filter paper
Distilled water
Magnets
Beakers
Evaporating dish
Bunsen burner
Use the investigation sheet for the reflection
Reflect on your experiences(5min.)
• Why do you think we tried to brainstorm as many ideas as we could
instead of just trying to think of one or two ‘good’ ideas?
• Are there easy solutions to the separation methods? Is there only one
solution to the problem?
• When thinking about which of your solutions might be the ‘best,’ what was
your criteria? For example, did you think about the exact amount to be
retrieved?
Lesson Objective
Students will be able to
• identify mixtures of substances with different physical
properties,
• list and outline multiple separating techniques, including
filtering, chromatography, evaporation, distillation, sieving,
magnetism, freezing, melting, fractional distillation,
decanting, and the uses of a separating funnel and a
centrifuge,
• choose the appropriate separation techniques to separate
solids, solids from liquids
Recap
Complete the reflection sheet on the practical that was
performed in your previous class.
• Reflect on what happened in the previous class
• What properties do you think you need to understand while
separating the sand, sugar, salt, and iron filing mixture?
Explain- Separation of the
components of mixtures
• Size
• Density
• Solubility
• Boiling point
• Magnetic or non magnetic
Evaluate the separation of solids
ATL- critical thinking: Draw reasonable conclusions and generalization
Analyse the following figures What do these examples of separation reveal
about the physical properties that may be used to separate solids from solids
Use the padlet link to answer the given questions after your observation.
https://padlet.com/preachsangitapal/awxzd8g9ca48a8vo
Evaluating separation of solids from liquids
Class discussion
Homework – complete the reflection on the padlet
1a. List all the physical properties of solids and liquids used by
the separation techniques shown.
b. Suggest other examples of separation that uses the same
physical properties.
2. Identify the scientific terminology for the process used and
the substances involved, in the examples listed below.
a. Pouring tea from a teapot
b. In parts of Asia and the Pacific, salt is extracted from seawater
that has been left in upturned clam shells for several weeks.
c.The contents of a saucepan with cooked pasta are poured into
a colander.
d. Sawmills sometimes dry out wood by placing it in an oven.
3. Suggest whether these techniques can also be used to
separate solids, gases, or other mixtures. If so state examples.
Explain- separating solid mixtures
1. Mechanical Picking or Handpicking: ( basis of size and shape)
Example- Removing stones from grains.
2. By using a suitable solvent: a mixture of two solids can be separated from each other
by using a solvent that will make one of the substances soluble in the solvent, thus separating the
two substances
E.g. A mixture of sugar and sand can be separated by using water
3. Separation by sublimation: The process of sublimation is used to separate those
substances from a mixture that sublime on heating.
E.g. Ammonium chloride, iodine, camphor, naphthalene etc. sublime on heating and can be
recovered in the form of a sublimate by cooling into vapors.
4. Magnetic Separation:
If a mixture contains iron as one of the constituents, it can be separated by using a magnet. E.g. A
mixture of iron fillings and Sulphur powder can be separated by a magnet.
5. Gravity Separation:
A mixture containing two components having different densities but both being insoluble in a
solvent can be separated by using this method. Example- Mixture of chalk powder and sand in
water.
Lesson objective
• identify mixtures of substances with different
physical properties,
• Separating insoluble and soluble solids from
liquids
• Reviewing the key terms- decantation,
centrifugation, crystallisation
Recap- Complete the empty boxes
Flip teaching document
You need to reply to the questions based on your reading
from the document shared.
Use 2 mins to read the document ( portion evaporation
and crystallisation
Separating an insoluble solid-liquid mixture
1. Identify the three different methods of separation
2. Find which of these methods will be suitable for
separating the following substances
a. Wine decanter- what property is used for
separation here?
b. A mixture of salt and sand- property used??
c. Separation of water particles from clothes while
spin-drying in washing machines.
Separating insoluble solid- liquid
mixture
• Filtration-
• decantation
• Centrifugation
See- think- wonder
1. Guess what is happening
in the picture?
2. Explain the physical
change involved in the
process.
3. What properties of the
substance will help you to
separate the mixtures?
Separating soluble solid from its
solution
• Evaporation
a. What is evaporation?
b. How can the evaporation method be used for
separating mixtures? Give examples
• crystallisation
• From your learning
What are the different stages of crystallization of
copper sulphate/ potash alum?
Crystallisation technique
• The crystallisation technique is used if a
solution contains impurities or if you want to
grow large crystals
https://www.nagwa.com/en/presentations/494169278793/
Lesson objective
Students will be able to understand
• separating liquids from a mixture.
• Separating miscible liquids through distillation
and fractional distillation
• Separating immiscible liquids
Recap- Perform crystallisation
Evaluate
Defining the terms
• Miscible liquids- Miscible liquids are liquid substances that can
mix in all proportions to form a homogeneous solution. In other words,
miscible liquids form when two liquids fully dissolve in each other at any
concentration.
For example, the miscibility of water and ethanol is common where water and
ethanol act as miscible liquids by mixing with each other in all possible
proportions.
• Immiscible liquids- Immiscible liquids are incapable of mixing
and attaining homogeneity. This is the opposite of miscible liquids. E.g. oil
and water are immiscible with each other.
Observe the picture and share your
thoughts
Reflect on the video and suggest
options
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdggYF11
uy0
1. Since oil is immiscible in water, how do you
propose to separate oil from spilling
( discuss with your partner to think of the
possible methods- 5 mins)
Methods used for removing oil from water
Separating oil in the lab
Separating miscible liquids- Distillation-
Interpret the role of each of the apparatus
Simple Distillation
• Simple distillation involves heating the liquid mixture to
the boiling point and immediately condensing the
resulting vapors.
• This method is only effective for mixtures wherein the
boiling points of the liquids are considerably different (a
minimum difference of 25oC).
Fractional Distillation
Watch the following video and reflect on
the following questions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1FjI
RWVwTM
1. Where is the process used?
2. Give an example of a mixture that can
be separated through this method.
3. What is the property considered to
use this method?
4. How is this process different from
simple distillation?
Lesson objective
• You will be able to describe the process of
chromatography and its practical usage and
identify an unknown substance through a
simulation and lab activity
Recap
❖ What is the principle of using the method of fractional distillation to
separate a mixture?
❖ What is the principle of the solvent extraction method in the separation of
mixtures?
❖ Name two methods that are used for separating soluble solids
❖ Name two methods that are used for separating two insoluble solids
❖Simple distillation involves heating the liquid
mixture to the boiling point and immediately
condensing the resulting vapors.
❖Fractional distillation is a type of distillation
that involves the separation of miscible
liquids. The process involves repeated
distillation and condensation, and the mixture
is usually separated into component parts.
Flipped class-Chromatography
1. What is paper chromatography?
2. How is paper chromatography used in real life?
3. What are the different phases in paper chromatography?
Explain with the help of an example
4. Identify the more soluble substance
Summary
1.What is Chromatography?
Chromatography is a technique used to separate molecules on the
basis of differences in size, shape, mass, charge, solubility and
adsorption properties.
2. What is Retention Factor or Rf value?
R_f=(Distance travelled by the compound)/(Distance travelled by the
solvent)
Lesson Objective
Students will be able to identify the pigment
separated by chromatography through
simulated activity and calculate the Rf value.
They will also be able to compare a
chromatogram conducted with multiple
substances and identify an unknown substance.
Recap
• Chromatography is a process for separating components of a mixture. To get the process
started, the mixture is dissolved in a substance called the mobile phase, which carries it
through a second substance called the stationary phase.
• The different components of the mixture travel through the stationary phase at different
speeds, causing them to separate from one another.
• The nature of the specific mobile and stationary phases determines which substances travel
more quickly or slowly, and is how they are separated.
• These different travel times are termed retention time.
• Fractional distillation separates mixtures of two or more
_________ liquids (liquids that mix). For example,
________ and water.
• The mixture is ________ in a flask with
______________ granules. Both liquids evaporate and
their vapour enters the _____________ column. The
column has a temperature ___________ which is hotter
near the __________ and cooler near the
__________.
• Because ethanol has a _______ boiling point it quickly
rises up the column, enters the ___________ and
condenses back to a liquid. Water has a _______ boiling
point, so it condenses near the bottom of the
fractionating column and remains in the ________.
Can the plant pigments be separated by chromatography?
1. Let us watch the video and get to know the procedure.
Paper Chromatography (Video) : Class 11 : Biology : Amrita Online Lab
(olabs.edu.in)
2. Visit the simulator and identify the pigments in spinach green using
different solvents
a. Isopropyl alcohol
b. Ether- acetone
Identify substances in a colourless
mixture
IDENTIFY THE AMINO ACIDS
Place a suitable solvent in the bottom of a
beaker. (For amino acids,
a mixture of water, ethanoic acid and
butanol is suitable.)
spray it with a locating agent to make the
amino acids show up.
Ninhydrin is a good choice
Purpose of chromatography
• Food testing The 2013 horsemeat scandal, in which horsemeat passed
off by vendors as beef came to light, highlighted the ineffectiveness of traditional
food analysis methods and positioned chromatography as the frontrunner in
determining the contents of processed meat.
• Bevarage testing- drinks manufacturers use this technique to
ensure each bottle of their product is exactly the same, so you can rely on
a consistent taste
• Drug testing- it is widely used in sport to test athletes for doping
or performance enhancing drugs, something to think about the next time
you're watching your favourite sport.
Activity
Evaluate
• https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/57eac42eb6d
b9dcd39eea314/mixtures-and-separating-
mixtures
