MAPEH 9 – HEALTH

3Q M1: Unintentional Injury, Prevention, Safety and First Aid

1. Survey of the Scene and the Victim

2. Dressing and bandages
3. Carrying and Transporting an Injured Person
4. First aid for common Unintentional Injuries

OBJECTIVES:
1. Demonstrates the conduct of primary and secondary survey of the victim (CAB)
2. Assesses emergency situation for unintentional injuries
3. Explains the principles of wound dressing
4. Demonstrates appropriate bandaging techniques for unintentional injuries

LESSON 1: Survey of the Scenes and the Victim

Activity 1: Bonding with Dressing and Bandages Instruction:
Examine the pictures. Answer the questions provided below.

1. Have you seen any of them? When?

2. Where?
3. What do you call them?
4. When do you use them?

Difference between signs and symptoms.

Signs are details discovered by applying your senses – sight, touch, hearing, and smell during the course of the
examination. Example: Bleeding, Swelling, Deformities
Symptoms are sensations that the victim feels or experiences and may be able to describe. Example: Nausea,
Vomiting, Heat

Impaired sensations There are two ways to conduct physical examination when giving first aid:
1. Primary Survey. Primary survey of the victim is used when the victim is unconscious and to find out and
immediately treat life-threatening conditions.
a. Check for Consciousness
1. Ask the victim: “Hey, hey, are you okay?” while carefully shaking the victim’s shoulder.
2. When there is no response, not even mumbles or groans, the victim is unconscious and in need of immediate
medical help.
b. Open the Airway
1. The victim’s unconsciousness maybe due to an obstruction in his/her airway. It may also be caused by a narrowed
airway making breathing impossible.
2. Find out if there is loss of muscular control in the throat area which allows the tongue to slip back and block the
throat.
3. Lift the chin and tilt the head of the victim (if the victim is an adult). This way you will be able to lift the tongue from
the back of the throat, leaving the airway clear.
c. Check for Breathing
1. Put your face near the victim’s mouth and look, listen, and feel for breathing. You should observe for:
2. Chest movement, sound of breathing, or feel of breath on your cheek
d. Check for Circulation
1. Locate pulse using your middle and index finger. Pulse indicates blood circulation, which is essential for the heart
and brain to function.
2. Poor blood circulation may be reflected on the pale color of the skin. This is fatal.
3. To revive circulation, perform CPR immediately.

2. Secondary Survey. Secondary survey is used when the victim is conscious or has revived. It aims to detect
everything about the patient’s condition.
a. History Taking
SAMPLE PAIN is the mnemonic in order to perform the steps more easily.
S-ymptoms (the chief complaint of the patient)
A-llergy (find out if the victim is allergic to anything)
M-edication (what are the medicines s/he is currently taking)
P-revious illness (that may be related to the problem)
 L-ast meal (only for those subject for operation)
E-vents prior to what happened
P-eriod of pain (How long? What started it?)
A-rea (Where is the pain coming from?)
I-ntensity
N-ullify (What stopped it?)

b. Checking for Vital Signs

A. Pulse rate Steps in checking the pulse: Use your fingertips in getting the pulse. Follow the following procedure:
1. Place the fingertip over an artery where it either crosses a bone or lies close to the skin.
2. Feel the pulsations as the pressure wave of blood causes the vessel wall to expand – that is the pulse.
3. The pulse rate may be taken in different points in the body like:
• Brachial • Subclavian • Carotid • Axillary • Wrist • Femoral • Temporal

NO-NO in Getting Pulse Rate • Never use your thumb; it has its own pulse. • Do not palpate both the carotid arteries
at the same time. • Do not take the pulse when the victim is in sitting position. • Pulsations disappear as the victim is
elevated to a sitting position. • Never put too much pressure or massage the carotid. • You may disturb the heart’s
electrical conduction system

B. Temperature Guidelines in checking temperature:

➢ It is being important to monitor temperature in the case of stroke and high fever.
➢ Body temperature is measured by using a thermometer within the:
1. Rectum (rectal) 2. Oral (mouth) 3. Axillary (armpit)

C. Respiration Guidelines in checking respiration:

➢ Count the number of breaths per minute.
➢ A whistle sound or wheeze and difficulty in breathing may mean an asthma attack.
➢ A gurgling or snoring noise and difficulty in breathing may mean that the tongue, mucous or something else is stuck
in the throat and does not let enough air to get through. * Between 12-20 breaths per minute are normal for adults and
older children; 40 breaths per minute are normal for babies.

D. Skin color Guidelines in checking skin color:

➢ Skin color reflects the circulation of blood and the saturation of oxygen in the blood.
➢ The presence of mucous around the mouth, inner eyelids, and nail beds is a sign of poor blood circulation.
➢ A healthy skin that warm and pink because blood flows normally in the blood vessels.

E. Head to Toe Examination

1. Head and neck
➢ Are there any lacerations or contusions in the area?
➢ Is there a presence of blood in the victim’s hair? If yes, immediately find
out where it is coming from.
2. Is there any fluid in the victim’s nose, and ears? If so, the victim
has a skull fracture.
3. Eyes
➢ Pay close attention to the pupils
4. Chest
➢ Check for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and other impairments
➢ If the victim feels pain while you apply pressure onto his/ her chest, there
could be a rib fracture.
5. Abdomen
➢ Does the victim’s abdomen hurt? Where is the pain coming from?
➢ Is his/ her abdomen tender?
➢ Did you feel any lumps? If yes, get immediate medical assistance
6. Back
➢ Is there movement in the victim’s lower extremities?
➢ Is there sensation in these parts? If the answer is yes, do not move the victim. Immobilize him/ her
Top Ten things to do in case of emergency
1. Shout for HELP!
2. Survey the scene and assess the situation.
3. Determine if the accident warrants a visit to the nearest hospital or if simple cleansing and band aid will do.
4. If you are certified in CPR and a victim needs it, begin CPR right away.
5. Stop the bleeding, if there is any.
6. Treat any symptoms of shock.
7. Look for the medical alert tag in every victim.
8. Seek trained medical assistance.
9. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious victim.
10. Wait for medical professionals to arrive.

*ALWAYS LOOK FOR A MEDICAL ALERT TAG IN EVERY VICTIM.

Dressing and Bandages

➢ A dressing is a piece of sterile cloth that covers a wound to prevent infection and/or to stop bleeding.
Techniques in Applying a Dressing:
1. Wash hands and wear gloves, if possible.
2. Unwrap the dressing as close to the wound as possible. Be sure not to touch the wound.
3. Skin is not sterile. If the dressing slips over the victim’s skin while you are trying to position it, discard and use a
fresh one.
4. Place the dressing over the wound.
5. Use a dressing that is large enough to extend at least 1 inch beyond the edges of the wound.
6. If body tissue or organs are exposed, cover the wound with a dressing that will stick.
7. Then secure the dressing with a bandage or adhesive tape
➢ Cold compress is used to reduce swelling and relieve pain, especially used for sprains and strains. Cold packs can
be used as cold compress. Hot compress is also used to allow normal blood circulation. Cold and hot compress are
applied alternately for closed wounds or contusions.
➢ Bandages are used to apply pressure to bleeding; for covering wounds and burns; and providing support for
immobilization for broken bones, sprains, and strains. There are three main types of bandages namely: triangular, ace
and tubular. Triangular bandage is made from cloth and can be used as cold compress, padding, support for pressure,
or support sling. Ace bandage secures dressings in place. Tubular bandage is used to support joints or hold dressings
in place. Smaller tubular bandage is used for finger injuries

Two Phases of Bandaging

A. An open phase bandaging is used for wounds on top and back of the
head, chest, back, hand, and foot, and as arm sling.
B. A cravat phase bandaging is used for wounds that need extra support
like wound on the eye, forehead, ear, cheek, jaw, shoulder, hip, arm, leg,
elbow, knee, and palm and for a sprained ankle. The narrower the cravat
is, the greater pressure it will give.

Techniques in Bandaging
1. Keep in mind the following: a. Always use a square knot.
b. Keep the cloth sterile to avoid infection.
c. Always keep the ends.
2. Bandaging technique depends upon the size and location of the wound, your first
aid skills, and materials at hand.
3. Bandage firmly over bleeding and securely over the broken bone, not so tight so
as not to cut off blood circulation.
4. When wrapping bandages around the body, such as knees, ankles, neck, and
small back, use its natural hollows to slide the bandage gently into place.
5. Since most injuries swell, check regularly to ensure that the bandage is still
comfortable and that it remains firmly secured.
6. Secure the bandage with a tape, clips or a bow or square knot. Ensure that the
bandages, especially the knots, do not touch the skin.
How to do a square knot
➢ Right over left and left over right

Wounds
A wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue in the body. It
may be closed in which there is no break or damage in the
skin. It is also called hematoma or contusions. A wound may
also be an open wound in which there is a break in the skin.

1. Puncture is a piercing wound caused by nails, needles, and

other pointed objects
2. Abrasion is caused by rubbing or scraping the skin against
a rough surface.
3. Incision is a cut caused by knife, broken glass, or any sharp
object.
4. Laceration is a blunt breaking or tearing of soft tissues
usually resulting from mishandling tools and other accidents.
5. Avulsion is a forcible tearing or partial tearing away of
tissues.

How to manage wounds:

A. For management of hematoma, we use the mnemonic RICE:
1. Resting the injured part
2. Ice application
3. Compression
4. Elevation
B. First Aid for Open Wounds with Severe Bleeding
1. Wear gloves and remove or cut clothing as necessary to expose wound.
2. Control bleeding by applying direct pressure.
3. Elevate the injured part above the heart except for eye injury and wounds with embedded object.
4. Cover wound with sterile dressing and bandage.
5. Care for shock.
6. Consult a physician immediately.

Questions:
1. Why is it important to assess the situation first before proceeding to the primary and secondary survey of the
victim?
2. Why is it necessary to apply the proper techniques on applying dressings and bandages?