Logic Gates
Under the supervision:
Dr. Mohamed Massoud
By:
Abdelmseeh Akram
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Logic Gates:
Circuits which are used to process digital signals are called logic gates. They are
binary in nature. Gate is a digital circuit with one or more inputs but with only one
output. The output appears only for certain combination of input logic levels.
Logic gates are the basic building blocks from which most of the digital systems
are built up. The numbers 0 and 1 represent the two possible states of a logic
circuit. The two states can also be referred to as 'ON and OFF' or 'HIGH and LOW'
or 'TRUE and FALSE'.
OR gate:
An OR gate has two or more inputs but only one output. It is known as OR gate,
because the output is high if any one or all of the inputs are high.
Fig shows a simple circuit using diods to build two input OR gate. The working of
this circuit can be explained as follows:
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Case(1): A=0 and B=0
When A and B are at zero level, low, the output voltage will be low, because the
diode are non-conducting.
Case(2): A=0 and B=1
When A is low and B is high, diode D2 is forward biased so that current flows
through RL and output is high.
Case(3): A=1 and B=0
When A is high and B is low, diode D1 conducts and the output is high.
Case (4): when A=1 and B=1
When A and B both are high, both diodes D1 and D2 are conducting and the
output is high. Therefore Y is high.
Truth table of OR gate
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AND Gate:
An AND gate has two or more inputs but only one output. It is known as AND gate
because the output is high only when all the inputs are high.
Fig shows a simple circuit using diodes to build a two-input AND gate. The
working of the circuit can be explained as follows :
Case(1): A=0 and B=0
When A and B are zero, both diodes are in forward bias condition and they
conduct and hence the output will be zero, because the supply voltage V will be
dropped across R only. Therefore Y = 0.
Case(2): A=0 and B=1
When A = 0 and B is high, diode D is forward biased and diode D is reverse biased.
The diode D will now conduct due to forward biasing. Therefore, output Y = 0.
Case(3): A=1 and B=0
In this case, diode D will be conducting and hence the output Y = 0.
Case(4): A=1 and B=1
In this case, both the diodes are not conducting. Since D1 and D2 are in OFF
condition, no current flows through RL . The output is equal to the supply voltage.
Therefore Y=1.
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Truth table of AND gate
NOT Gate:
The NOT gate is a gate with only one input and one output. It is so called, because
its output is complement to the input. It is also known as inverter.
Fig is a transistor in CE mode, which is used as NOT gate. When the input A is high,
the transistor is driven into saturation and hence the output Y is low. If A is low,
the transistor is in cutoff and hence the output Y is high.
Hence, it is seen that whenever input is high, the output is
low and vice versa.
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References:
https://www.brainkart.com/article/basic-logic-gates-using-discrete-
components_3001/
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