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PIC Microcontrollers
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PIC Microcontrollers
An Introduction to
Microelectronics
Second Edition

Martin Bates

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier
Newnes
An imprint of Elsevier
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803

First published 2000 by Arnold

Second edition 2004

Copyright © 2004, Martin Bates. All right reserved

Appendix A has been reprinted with permission of the copyright owner, Microchip Technology
Incorporated © 2001. All rights reserved. No further reprints or reproductions may be made without
Microchip Technology Inc.’s prior written consent.

Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended as
suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. No representation or warranty is given, and
no liability is assumed by Microchip Technology Inc. with respect to the accuracy or use of such
information, or infringement of patents arising from such use or otherwise. Use of Microchip
Technology Inc. products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except
with express written approval by Microchip Technology Inc. No licenses are conveyed implicitly
or otherwise under any intellectual property rights.

The right of Martin Bates to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing
in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use
of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued
by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WIT 4LP.
Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication
should be addressed to the publisher

Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in
Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 84830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected].
You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com),
by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 0 7506 6267 0

For information on all Newnes publications

visit our website at http:// books.elsevier.com

Typeset in 10/12 pt Times by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
www.integra-india.com

Printed and bound in Meppel, The Netherlands by Krips bv.

 Contents

Preface to the First Edition x

Preface to the Second Edition xii

Introduction xiii

PART A MICROELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 1

Chapter 1 Computer Systems 3

1.1 The PC System 3
1.2 Wordprocessor Operation 9
1.3 PC Microprocessor System 11
1.4 PC Engineering Applications 14
1.5 The Microcontroller 15
Summary 18
Questions 18
Activities 19

Chapter 2 Information Coding 20

2.1 Number Systems 20
2.2 Machine Code Programs 25
2.3 ASCII Code 28
Summary 29
Questions 29
Answers 30
Activities 30
vi Contents

Chapter 3 Microelectronic Devices 32

3.1 Digital Devices 32
3.2 Combinational Logic 36
3.3 Sequential Logic 39
3.4 Data Devices 41
3.5 Simple Data System 43
3.6 4-Bit Data System 44
Summary 47
Questions 47
Activities 48

Chapter 4 Digital Systems 49

4.1 Encoder and Decoder 49
4.2 Multiplexer, Demultiplexer and Buffer 51
4.3 Registers and Memory 51
4.4 Memory Address Decoding 51
4.5 System Address Decoding 54
4.6 Counters and Timers 55
4.7 Serial and Shift Registers 56
4.8 Arithmetic and Logic Unit 57
4.9 Processor Control 58
Summary 59
Questions 59
Answers 60
Activities 60

Chapter 5 Microcontroller Operation 61

5.1 Microcontroller Architecture 61
5.2 Program Operations 65
Summary 73
Questions 73
Answers 74
Activities 75

PART B THE PIC MICROCONTROLLER 77

Chapter 6 A Simple PIC Application 79

6.1 Hardware Design 79
6.2 Program Execution 83
6.3 Program BIN1 85
6.4 Assembly Language 87
 Contents vii

Summary 90
Questions 90
Answers 91
Activities 91

Chapter 7 PIC Program Development 92

7.1 Program Design 94
7.2 Program Editing 96
7.3 Program Structure 101
7.4 Program Analysis 101
7.5 Program Assembly 105
7.6 Program Simulation 109
7.7 Program Downloading 112
7.8 Program Testing 114
Summary 115
Questions 115
Answers 116
Activities 116

Chapter 8 PIC 16F84 Architecture 117

8.1 Block Diagram 117
8.2 Program Execution 119
8.3 Register Set 120
Summary 126
Questions 127
Activities 127

Chapter 9 Further Programming Techniques 129

9.1 Program Timing 129
9.2 Hardware Counter/Timer 131
9.3 Interrupts 135
9.4 More Register Operations 140
9.5 Special Features 144
9.6 Program Data Table 148
9.7 Assembler Directives 150
9.8 Special Instructions 153
9.9 Numerical Types 154
Summary 155
Questions 155
Answers 156
Activities 156
viii Contents

PART C APPLICATIONS 157

Chapter 10 Application Design 159

10.1 Design Requirements 160
10.2 Block Diagram 162
10.3 Hardware Design 162
10.4 Software Design 164
10.5 Program Implementation 171
10.6 Source Code Documentation 174
Summary 175
Questions 175
Activities 176

Chapter 11 Program Debugging 177

11.1 Syntax Errors 177
11.2 Logical Errors 179
11.3 MPLAB Tools 183
11.4 Test Schedule 184
11.5 Hardware Testing 186
Summary 189
Questions 189
Activities 189

Chapter 12 Prototype Hardware 191

12.1 Hardware Design 191
12.2 Hardware Construction 192
12.3 Demo Board 196
12.4 Demo Board Applications 200
Summary 210
Questions 210
Activities 211

Chapter 13 Motor Applications 213

13.1 Motor Control Methods 213
13.2 Motor Applications Board 214
13.3 Control Methods 218
13.4 Position Control 219
13.5 Closed Loop Speed Control 221
13.6 Commercial Application 231
Summary 232
Questions 232
Activities 233
 Contents ix

PART D MORE CONTROLLERS 235

Chapter 14 More PIC Microcontrollers 237

14.1 Common Features of PIC Microcontrollers 237
14.2 Selecting a PIC 242
14.3 Advanced PIC Features 244
14.4 Serial Communications 251
Summary 254
Questions 255
Activities 255
Answers 255

Chapter 15 More PIC Applications and Devices 256

15.1 16F877 Application 256
15.2 16F818 Application 273
15.3 12F675 Application 274
15.4 18F452 Application 275
Summary 278
Questions 278
Answers 279
Activities 279

Chapter 16 More Control Systems 280

16.1 Other Microcontrollers 280
16.2 Microprocessor System 282
16.3 Control Technologies 288
16.4 Control System Design 298
Summary 299
Questions 301
Activities 301

Appendix A PIC 16F84 Data Sheet 302

Appendix B DIZI-2 Board and Lock Application 347

Index 367
 Preface to the First Edition

The Microchip™ PIC 16F84 microcontroller is an unremarkable looking 18-pin chip – so

why write a whole book on it? The answer is that it contains within its ordinary looking
plastic case most of the technology that students of microelectronics need to know about in
order to understand microprocessor and computer systems. It also represents a significant new
development in microelectronics and, importantly, it offers an easier introduction to the world
of digital processing and control than conventional microprocessors. The microcontroller is a
self-contained, programmable device, and the student, hobbyist or engineer can put it to use
without knowing in too much detail how it works. On the other hand, we can learn a great deal
about microelectronics by looking inside.
Studying the PIC chip will give the user a valuable insight into the technology behind
the explosion in microprocessor-controlled applications which has occurred in recent years,
which has been based on cheap, mass-produced digital circuits. Mobile phones, video cameras,
digital television, satellite broadcasting and microwave cookers – there are not many current
electronic products which do not contain some kind of microprocessor. Industrial control
systems have seen similar developments, where complex computer control systems have steadily
increased productivity, quality and reliability. The key, of course, is the increase in power of
microprocessors and related technology, while the cost of these clever little chips continues to
fall.
The microcontroller is essentially a computer on one chip, which can carry out a complex
programmed sequence of actions, with the minimum of additional components. As an example,
in this book a motor control circuit will be described which allows the motion of a small
dc motor to be programmed and controlled by the PIC chip. The only additional major
components required are power transistors to provide the current drive to the motor. In the
past, equivalent control and interface circuits for such an application would have required many
more components, and been much more complicated and expensive to design and produce.
The small microcontroller also makes it easier for a device such as a motor to be individually
controlled as part of a larger system.
When I first came across the PIC chip a few years ago, it was immediately obvious that
this would be an ideal device for teaching and learning microprocessor software techniques,
especially for students with minimal prior knowledge and skills. It is relatively cheap, and, even
better, it has non-volatile program memory that is electrically reprogrammable (Flash ROM). In
addition, the manufacturers, Arizona Microchip, had the foresight to make development system
software required to develop programs for the chip widely available. Packages are available for
DOS and Windows, and the support hardware and software are being added to all the time, by
the manufacturers, independent suppliers and enthusiasts. On the other hand, a complete set of
more powerful development tools is also available for the professional user.
Both DOS and Windows versions of the PIC development system have been used to prepare
the sample applications in this book, and the programs downloaded using the PICSTART-16B
 Preface to the First Edition xi

programming unit. However, there are many designs for inexpensive programmers available
in magazines and on the Internet, usually with their own software. The current Windows
version of the program development package, MPLAB, can be downloaded free of charge from
the Internet at ‘http://www.microchip.com’, along with data sheets and all the latest product
development information. The data sheet for the PIC 16F84 is reprinted in full, because it is an
excellent document which contains the definitive information on the chip, presented in a clear
and concise manner.
The objective of this book is to ensure that any beginner, student or engineer, will quickly
be able to start using this chip for their own projects and designs. When I started using it in my
teaching, I put together a teaching pack and was expecting a range of suitable reference books
to quickly appear. Indeed, the chip soon started to feature in numerous electronics magazine
projects and was clearly popular, but all the books that I obtained seemed to assume quite a lot
of prior knowledge of microprocessors. I wanted to use the PIC with students who were new
to the subject, and eventually I realised that if I wanted a suitable book, I would have to do it
myself! I hope that the reader finds the result useful.

Martin P. Bates
Lecturer in Microelectronics
Hastings College of Arts & Technology
July 1999
 Preface to the Second Edition

The revisions required in the second edition of this book are mainly due to the rapid development
of microcontroller technology. As the PIC family of devices has grown, more features have been
incorporated at lower cost. So, while the focus of the first edition was the popular 16F84 chip,
and this remains a valuable reference point for the beginner, the scope has been expanded so
that a broader understanding of the range microcontroller types and applications can be gained.
One of the reasons the 16F84 was originally selected was its flash memory, which allows
easy reprogramming, making it a good choice for education and training. Flash memory is now
available in a wider range of devices, making the choice of chip less obvious. On the one hand
we now have more small 8-pin chips which can be used in simple systems requiring fewer
inputs and outputs, as well as a proliferation of more powerful devices incorporating a variety
of serial data interfaces, as well as analogue inputs and many other advanced features.
For this reason the focus has been shifted away from the 16F84. A wider selection of
devices and I/O methods is now discussed, and a more general treatment attempted. Application
development software has also moved on, and new methods of programming and debugging
introduced. I hope I have been able to reflect these developments adequately without introducing
too many complications for the beginner, to whom this text is still firmly addressed.
Part A is a general introduction to microelectronics system technology, and can be skipped if
appropriate. In Part B, the PIC microcontroller is described in detail from first principles. Part
C contains practical advice on implementing PIC projects, with examples. Part D contains new
material on the more advanced features of other PIC MCUs (Microcontroller Units) as well as
a review of a range of other control system technologies.
I have tried to incorporate a systematic approach to project development, making the design
process as explicit as possible. The book will thus support the delivery of the microelec-
tronic systems and project modules of, for example, UK BTEC electronics programmes which
incorporate an Integrated Vocational Assignment, which requires the student to develop a
specific project and document the process in detail. The PIC is a good choice for producing
interesting, but achievable, projects which incorporate a good balance between hardware and
software design, and allow the design process to be clearly documented through every stage.
Acknowledgement is due to Microchip Technology Inc. for their kind permission to reproduce
the PIC 16F84A data sheet, to Microsoft Corporation and Labcenter Electronics for the
application software used to produce documents, drawings, circuit schematics and layouts for
this book, and to all for use of their trademarks.
Finally, thanks to the following for their help, advice and tolerance: Melvyn Ball (Hastings
College), Jason Guest (General Dynamics, Hastings), Chris Garrett (University of Brighton)
and, of course, Julie at home; also, to all colleagues who commented on the first edition, and
students who bought it!

Martin Bates
December 2003
[email protected]
 Introduction

Let’s admit one thing straight away – microprocessor systems are quite complicated! However,
they are now found in so many different products that all students of engineering need to know
something about how they work.
In this book we are going to look specifically at the PIC family of microcontrollers. Microcon-
trollers have all the essential features of a full-size computer, but all on a single chip. By
contrast, conventional microprocessor systems, such as the PC (personal computer), are built
with a separate processor, memory, input and output chips. The extra hardware and software
required to make these chips work together makes the system more difficult to understand than
our single chip microcontroller unit (MCU).
As well as being easier to understand, microcontrollers are important because they make
electronic circuits cheaper and easier to build. ‘Hard-wired’ circuits can be replaced with a
microcontroller and its software, reducing the number of components required. Importantly, the
software element (control program) can be reproduced at minimal cost, once it has been created.
So the development costs may be higher, but the production costs will be lower in the long
run. It is also easier to change software if the product is to be modified. In general, software
is increasingly replacing hardware in electronic designs. For example, to design a system like
a video recorder without microprocessors or microcontrollers would be very complicated and
expensive, if not impossible.
Using the PIC, we will find that we can quite quickly work out some simple, but useful,
applications. These will illustrate the universal principles of microprocessor systems that apply
to more complex computer and control systems. At first, however, we do not have to worry too
much about exactly how the chip works – we will go back to that later. The big problem with
microprocessors and microcontrollers is that in order to fully understand how the system works,
we have to understand both the hardware and the software at the same time. Therefore we have
to circle round the subject, looking at the system from different angles, until a reasonable level
of understanding is built up.
We will approach microcontroller and microprocessor systems (microsystems) step by step,
assuming very little prior knowledge. The operation of the PC will be outlined first, because
most students will be familiar with how it works from the user’s point of view. We will look
at how the hardware and software interact, and the function of the Pentium microprocessor in
controlling the input (keyboard, mouse), output (screen) and memory and disks.
Some basic microelectronic system principles will then be covered. One objective is to
understand the hardware diagrams in the PIC data sheets, so that external circuits connected
to the PIC input/output pins can be designed correctly. Also, it is necessary to understand
the internal hardware configuration of a microcontroller to fully understand the programming
of the chip. The clarity and completeness of these data sheets is an important reason for
choosing the PIC as our typical microcontroller. We can then start to look specifically at the
PIC microcontroller and develop simple applications which will illustrate the essential hardware
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