MADIBENG LOCAL EDUCATION OFFICE

GRADE 12: WINTER CAMP 2025

GEOGRAPHY
TEACHER MATERIAL

11 JULY - 18 JULY 2025

DATES DAYS TOPICS ACTIVITIES

11/07/2025 Friday Geomorphology Pre-test
12/07/2025 Saturday Drainage patterns, drainage Activity 1 & 2
density and fluvial landforms
13/07/2025 Sunday River capture and river Activity 3 & 4
rejuvenation (features,
concepts & processes)
14/07/2025 Monday Map interpretation and theory Feedback on Pre-test
applications (Map integration). Activity 5
15/07/2025 Tuesday superimposed and antecedent Activity 6 & 7
drainage patterns
16/07/2024 Wednesday Geomorphology Post- test & Activity 8
17/07/2025 Thursday Land use in Rural settlement Activity 9 & 10
18/07/2025 Friday Land use zones in Urban Feedback on Post
settlement test

“ngwana sejo o a tlhakanelwa”

“LET’S GROW NORTH WEST TOGETHER”
LADYSMITH MAP 2829DB
Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 1

1.1 Refer to the drainage patterns illustrated in sketches A and B below.

A B

1.1.1 Identify drainage patterns in sketches A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

1.1.2 State the underlying rock structure and rock type on which the (1 + 1) (2)
drainage pattern in A developed.
1.1.3 Explain how the underlying rock structure influenced the (1 x 2) (2)
drainage pattern in A.
1.1.4 The drainage density in B is (high/low). (1 x 1) (1)

1.1.5 Determine the stream order at X. (1 x 2) (2)

1.1.6 Explain the relationship between stream order and drainage (1 x 2) (2)
density in B.
1.1.7 Explain how the slope (gradient) and permeability of underlying (2 x 2) (4)
rock influence the drainage density in B.
TOTAL:15

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1

1.1.1 A- rectangular (1)

B- dendritic (1) (2 x 1) (2)
1.1.2 Rock structure
Jointed/faults (1)
Horizontally layered (1)
[ANY ONE]
Rock type
Igneous (1)
Sedimentary (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 + 1) (2)
1.1.3 Influence of underlying rock
Structure-A
Rivers flow in joints that have 90º bends (2)
Tributaries join main streams at 90° angles (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
1.1.4 High (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.1.5 4th (2) order (1 x 2) (2)
1.1.6 The higher the stream order, the higher the drainage density (2) (1 x 2) (2)
1.1.7 The steeper slope (gradient) promotes run off (cuts more river channels) (2)
Rocks with low permeability (impermeable) promote more run-off (less infiltration) (2)
(2 x2) (4)

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 2

2.1 Refer to sketches A and B below of a waterfall.

[Adapted from www.internetqeography.net]

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 2

2.1.1 Differentiate between waterfalls and rapids. (2 x 2) (4)

Waterfalls: A body of water /river falling over hard rock/steep slope/vertical cliff (2)
Rapids: Alternating hard and soft rock that causes riverbed to become uneven resulting in
turbulent flow (2) [CONCEPTS]
2.1.2 What determines the formation of waterfalls or rapids? (1 x 2) (2)
Dipping bands of alternating harder and softer rock (2)
2.1.3 Describe the flow characteristics associated with rapids and waterfalls? (1 x 1) (1)
Turbulent flow – water moves in bubbling and turbulent manner, occurs where the river bed
is uneven and steep (1)
2.1.4 Match Y and Z in sketch A with the concepts resistant (hard) rock and less resistant
(soft) rock.
Y- resistant/hard rock (1)
Z- less resistant/ soft rock (1) (2 x 1) (2)
2.1.5 How does erosion in sketch B cause the waterfall to retreat (move) upstream?
The softer rock (Z) is eroded leaving the hard rock (Y) exposed (2)
Erosion/undercutting of less resistant/soft rock occurs (2)
Erosion/undercutting will create a plunge pool (2)
The resistant/hard rock (Y) is not supported by the soft rock (Z) and overhang (2)
The overhanging resistant/hard rock collapses (2)
[ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 3

3.1 Refer to the sketches below on river capture (stream piracy).

[Source: Examiner's own sketches]

3.1.1 Which river (A or B) has more erosive power? (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.2 Give ONE reason evident in the sketches to support your answer (1 x 2) (2)
to QUESTION 3.1.1.
3.1.3 Identify features C and D. (2 x 1) (2)
3.1.4 Give ONE characteristic of feature D. (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, describe the
changes that river E will experience after river capture has taken
(4 x 2) (8)
place.
TOTAL:15

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 3

3.1.1 A (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.2 Reason for more erosive power for river A.
It is flowing at a lower level (220m) (2)
It has captured river B (2)
River A erodes (headward) through the watershed (2)
Steeper gradient to watershed (220-880m) (2)
More volume of water at River A (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.3 C - Elbow of capture (1)
D - Wind gap (1) (2 x 1) (2)
3.1.4 Characteristic of feature D
It is a dry area (2)
It has river gravels (2)
It is located below the elbow of capture (2)
It is located above the misfit stream (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.5 PARAGRAPH (Describe changes to river E after river capture)
Volume of water of the river decreases (2)
Rivers velocity/speed decreases (2)
River has less energy (2)
River has less erosive ability (2)
River will experience more deposition (2)
The length of the river is shortened (2)
Stream order will decrease (2)
River will become non perennial (accept episodic/periodic) (2)
Width of the river is reduced (2)
Size of the drainage basin decreases (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 4

4.1 Refer to the sketch below on river rejuvenation.

[Source: Examiner's own sketch]

4.1.1 Define the term river rejuvenation. (1 x 2) (2)

4.1.2 Identify the feature at A. (1 x 1) (1)
4.1.3 How does feature A indicate that river rejuvenation has taken (1 x 2) (2)
place?
4.1.4 Describe the change that river rejuvenation has made to the (1 x 2) (2)
landscape at B.

Refer to the river terraces in the sketch above.

4.1.5 How do river terraces form? (2 x 2) (4)
4.1.6 Why are some river terraces not suitable for farming? (2 x 2) (4)
TOTAL: 15

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 4

4.1.1 When the river experiences an increase in energy (erodes vertically) (2)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)
4.1.2 Knickpoint (1) (accept waterfall) (1 x 1) (1)
4.1.3 Change/drop in gradient (2)
Evidence of vertical erosion (2)
Water flowing faster (2)
Evidence of old and new river profiles (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
4.1.4 It formed a valley in a valley (2)
The river channel got deeper/steeper/wider (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
4.1.5 Vertical erosion occurs on the flood plain (2)
A new river valley is formed (2)
This creates a step like feature (known as a terrace) (2)
The old flood plain is now the river terrace (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
4.1.6 Far from water sources (2)
Difficult/expensive to build infrastructure (accept examples) (2)
River terraces can be very narrow (2)
Limit use of machinery (2)
Decrease in soil fertility/thin soils (2)
Uneven slopes/rugged landscape (2)
Unstable soil/mass movement (accept examples) (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 5: MAP INTERPRETATION AND THEORY APPLICATIONS

Refer to the 1: 50 000 topographical map 2829DB of LADYSMITH as well as the

1: 10 000 orthophoto map 2829 DB 6 of the mapped area.

5.1 Refer to the section of the Klip River from 8 in block A2 to 9 in block A5 on the orthophoto
map.

5.1.1 Identify the fluvial landform/feature. (1 x 1) (1)

5.1.2 Give evidence why this fluvial landform/feature (answer to (1 x 2) (2)
QUESTION 5.1.1) developed in this area.
5.1.3 Explain how gradient influenced the development of the fluvial (2 x 2) (4)
landform identified in QUESTION 5.1.1
Refer to block C5 on the orthophoto map.
5.1.4 Name the slope (river bank) labelled 10 and 11. (2 x 1) (2)
5.1.5 Explain the processes involved in the formation of slope 10 and (3 x 2) (6)
11.
TOTAL: 15

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 5

5.1.1 Meander (1)

5.1.2 Land is flat (accept lower course).
Contour lines are far apart.
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
5.1.3 The lower course of the river has a horizontal or flat gradient (2)
Velocity of the river decreases (2)
River has a large volume of water (2)
To overcome gentle gradient, the river starts to meander (2)
Deposition takes place as the gradient is minimal (2) (2 x 2) (4)
[ANY TWO]
5.1.4 Slope 10: Slip - off slope
Slope 11: Undercut slope
5.1.5 Slope 10: Slip - off slope
It is the slope that is associated with a slower flowing water (2)
More friction and slower flowing resulting in deposition (2)
Slope 11: Undercut slope
It is the slope that is associated with fast flowing water
Lots of energy resulting in the process of lateral erosion (2)
[ANY THREE]

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 6: MAP INTERPRETATION AND THEORY APPLICATIONS

Refer to the 1: 50 000 topographical map 2829DB of LADYSMITH as well as the

1: 10 000 orthophoto map 2829 DB 6 of the mapped area.

6.1 Refer to the topographical map.

6.1.1 Identify the stream channel pattern of the Klip River in block E5. (1 x 1) (1)
6.1.2 In which course of the river do we find the stream channel pattern (1 x 1) (1)
identified in QUESTION 6.1.1?
6.1.3 Give evidence from the map to support your answer to QUESTION (1 x 1) (1)
6.1.2.
6.1.4 Name the drainage pattern in block C5. (1 x 1) (1)
6.1.5 State the underlying rock structure and rock type on which the (1 +1) (2)
drainage pattern identified in QUESTION 6.1.4 developed.
6.1.6 Is the drainage density in block C5 high or low? (1 x 1) (1)
6.1.7 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 6.1.6. (1 x 2) (2)
6.1.8 Explain how vegetation, rainfall and permeability of underlying (3 x 2) (6)
rock influence the drainage density in block C5.
TOTAL: 15

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 6

6.1.1 Meandering (1)

6.1.2 Lower course (1)
6.1.3 Contour lines are far apart representing a gentle gradient (1)
Gentle gradient/land is flat (1)
6.1.4 Dendritic pattern (1)
6.1.5 Rock structure
Jointed/faults (1)
Horizontally layered (1)
[ANY ONE]
Rock type
Igneous (1)
Sedimentary (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 + 1) (2)
6.1.6 High (1)
6.1.7 It has more streams/tributaries (2)
6.1.8 Sparse vegetation cover (less vegetation) increases surface run-off,
more streams develop and lead to high drainage density.
Heavy rainfall increases surface run-off, more streams develop and
lead to a high drainage density (2)
Rocks with low permeability (impermeable) promote more run-off (less infiltration) (2)
(2 x2) (4)

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 7: GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)

7.1 Refer to the 1: 50 000 topographical map 2829DB of LADYSMITH.

Due to the Klip River flowing through Ladysmith, flooding is a real possibility.
Data layering and data integration can assist in analysing the flood risk in Ladysmith.

7.1.1 Differentiate between data integration and data layering. (2 x 2) (4)

7.1.2 Identify THREE data layers that can assist a GIS specialist in
analysing the flood risk along the bank of the Klip River in blocks
D1 and D2. (3 x 1) (3)
7.1.3 State ONE GIS process that you would use to limit the risk of
floods. (1 x 2) (2)
7.1.4 How would the process mentioned in QUESTION 7.1.3 protect
the quality of water in the Klip River? (3 x 2) (6)
TOTAL: 15

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 7

7.1.1 Data integration – combining of two or more data layers [CONCEPT] (2)
Data layering – different types of information/data layers are projected onto one
another/placed on top of one another [CONCEPT] (2)
7.1.2 Topography/Relief/gentle slope (1)
Land-use/Built-up area (1)
Drainage/river (1)
Infrastructure/roads (1)
[ANY THREE]
7.1.3 Buffering (1)
7.1.4 Restrict development on the banks of the river (2)
Decrease pollution from the built-up area (2)
Reduces eroded soil from entering the river (2)
Decreased eutrophication (2)
Reduces salinity (2)
The natural course/capacity of the river will be maintained (2)
Biodiversity of the river will be preserved (2) (3 x 2) (6)
[ANY THREE]

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 8

8.1 Refer to the diagrams below on superimposed (diagram A) and antecedent (diagram B)
drainage basins.

[https://images.app.goo.gl/qUtmTxWKuktqirWN7]

8.1.1 Differentiate between superimposed and antecedent

drainage basins.
Superimposed drainage
River now flows on older uncovered rocks which are uncovered
by erosion (2).
River is younger than the landscape over which it flows (2)
[CONCEPT]

Antecedent drainage
River flows on a young landscape which is altered by tectonic
forces (2)
River is older than the landscape over which it flows (2)
[CONCEPT] (2 x 2) (4)

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

8.1.2 State why superimposed drainage does not change its (1 x 2) (2)
course.
The river erodes downward (vertical erosion) into the original
surface to reach the underlying rock layers (2)
The rate of down cutting of the river is faster than the rate at
which the current rock layer is exposed (2)
8.1.3 Describe ONE unique feature associated with the flow (1 x 2) (2)
patterns of superimposed and antecedent drainage.
Both rivers maintain their original course (2)
8.1.4 Identify the tectonic force associated with the uplift of the (1 x 1) (1)
surface evident in diagram B.
Folding (2)
8.1.5 Give the relationship between the rate of down cutting and (1 x 2) (2)
tectonic uplift in antecedent drainage.
The rate of down cutting by the river is equal to the rate of
upliftment/there is a balance between the two processes (2)

8.1.6 Explain why the illustrated landscape is not suitable for (2 x 2) (4)
human habitation.
High lying ridges form infrastructure obstructions (2)
Building roads and railways would be more expensive (2)
The landscape is hilly and it is difficult to use machinery (2)
The building costs of houses will be higher (2)

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 9

9.1 Refer to the photograph below on small-scale farming.

9.1.1 Define the term small-scale farming. (1 x 2) (2)

9.1.2 What evidence in the photograph suggests that these are small- (1 x 1) (1)
scale farmers?
9.1.3 Why can one say that these small-scale farmers are farming the (1 x 2) (2)
land intensively?
9.1.4 The profit margin of the farmers in the photograph will be low. (1 x 2) (2)
Explain this statement.
9.1.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, outline the problems
experienced by small-scale farmers, as seen in the photograph. (4 x 2) (8)
TOTAL: 15

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ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 9

9.1.1 Farming on a small piece of land (commercial or subsistence) (1)

[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
9.1.2 Small patch of land (1)
Manual labour (1)
Traditional farming methods (1)
No mechanisation evident (2)
Variety of crops/mixed farming (1)
Lack of infrastructure (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
9.1.3 Small piece of land farmed intensively (2) (1 x 2) (2)
9.1.4 The land being farmed is very small (2)
There are many farmers working on a small piece of land (2)
Profit/low yields must be shared by all (2)
Products only sold to local market (2)
Some produce will be used to sustain themselves and their families (2)
Use of traditional farming methods therefore farmers produce less (2) The products are
usually of low quality due to lack of fertilisers and the impact of pests (2)
The farmers have no access to formal markets to sell their products (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
9.1.5 PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY SMALL SCALE FARMERS
Limited to manual labour (2)
Limited to use of simple farm equipment (2)
Limited knowledge of scientific farming methods (2)
Water crops by hand/watering can (2)
Overuse of land decreases soil fertility (2)
Exposure to weather elements (2)
Physical health of the workers suffer (2)
Possible theft of produce (2)
Birds insects are attracted to this plot (2)
Yield decreases over time (2)
Limited/No access to funds to buy seeds/fertiliser and supplies (2)

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No insurance against crop losses (2)

Natural disasters like flooding and drought ruin farmer (2)
The soil is infertile (2)
Less land for farming causing less productivity (2)
Don’t get enough profit/Small profit margin (2)
Competition with commercial farmers for market (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ACTIVITY 10

10.1 Refer to the sketch below on land – use zones in urban settlements.

[https://images.app.goo.gl/ZDkMf1mHtGFzjbu48]

10.1.1 Define the concept land – use zone. (1 x 2) (2)

10.1.2 Identify the land-use zone labelled X. (1 x 1) (1)
10.1.3 Accessibility played a major role in land-use zone X developing
characteristics such as high building density and the development of
tall skyscrapers.
(a) Define the term accessibility. (1 x 2) (2)
(b) What attracts many people and enterprises (businesses) to land use
zone X? (2 x 2) (4)
(c) Explain why accessibility resulted in land-use zone X developing
characteristics such as high building density and the development of
tall skyscrapers. (3 x 2) (6)
TOTAL: 15

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Geography Teacher material Grade 12 -Winter camp Madibeng LEO/NW

ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 10

10.1.1 An urban area used for a specific function [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

10.1.2 CBD (1)
10.1.3 (a) Where a certain area can be easily reached by the maximum
number of people at the minimum travelling cost (2) [CONCEPT]
(b) Functional institutions, clothing shops, theatres and cinemas, etc.
that are already in the city centre attract similar functions to the area (2)
Individually each of them benefit from being located closer to similar
establishments (2)
In this way small local clusters of a specific functional type develop in the
city centre (2)
Functional prestige
A particular street or street block in the city centre becomes known for a
certain function (2)
This attracts other enterprises of the same type (2)
Functional convenience
Some people find it convenient to live close to the theatres, shops,
government offices and other facilities (2)
They therefore choose to live in flats in the city rather than in outlying
suburbs (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
(c) Competition for land for commercial functions (2)
High land values (2)
Space must be used economically (2)
Buildings will be tall and close to one another (2)
(3 x 2) (6) [ANY THREE]

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