EXPERIMENT 1

VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S LAW

Apparatus: Power supply unit, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Resistors (1kΩ,220Ω and 470Ω)
Procedure: Connect the circuit as show bellow in circuit diagram and measure the current in
each resistor as I1, I2 and I3 also measure the voltage in each lines as V BA, VBC, VCD, VEC and
VEF.

Circuit diagram:
470Ω 1KΩ

3V 220Ω 5v

Readings:
I1 I2 I3 VBA VBC VCD VEC VEF

Questions
1. Deduce the following:
- VBC + VCD =?
- VBC - VEC =?
- VEC + VCD =?
2. Calculate the current in each resistors using Kirchhoff’s laws.
3. Compare the results with the reading.
4. Suggest possible sources of errors.
5. State the precaution taken to ensure accurate readings.
 EXPERIMENT 2

INVESTIGATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Apparatus: Power supply unit, Multimeter, Resistors (1kΩ, 220Ω and 470Ω)
Procedure: Connect the circuit as show below in the circuit diagram below and
measure the current in each resistors as I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7, I8 and I9.
Circuit diagram:
470Ω 1KΩ 470Ω 1KΩ

3V 220Ω 220Ω 5v

470Ω 1KΩ

3V 220Ω 5v

Readings:
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9

Questions
1. Deduce the following:
- I1- I5
- I4- I2
- I3- I6
2. Compare the deductions with I8, I7 and I9
3. Identify the source of errors
 EXPERIMENT 3
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Apparatus: Multimeter, power supply units, Resistors, 470Ω, 220Ω, and 1kΩ.
Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown below in the circuit diagram and the current in
220Ω resistor as IAB. Disconnect the 220Ω resistor from the network, measure the voltage
between point A and B, record the voltage as V AB. Short the voltage source and measure the
resistance between the point A and B. record the reading as RAB. Calculate the current in
220Ω using thevenin’s voltage VAB and thevenin’s resistance as RAB. Compare the result with
IAB.

Circuit diagram:
470Ω 1KΩ

3V 220Ω 5v

Reading:
IAB VAB RAB

Questions:
1. Calculate the VTH and RTH and compare it with the readings, VAB and RAB respectively.
2. Identify the source of errors in the experiment.
 EXPERIMENT 4
VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM
Apparatus: Power supply source, Resistors (220,1k and 470), Multimeter.
Procedure: The circuit was connected as shown in the circuit diagram below. The
current in 220 Resistor was measured as work and the short circuit current between A and B
was measured as in the voltage as IN. The Voltage source was short circuited and the
Resistance between point A and B was measured. The reading was recorded as RAB. The
current in 220 Resistor should be calculated using Norton’s Theorem.

Circuit diagram:
470Ω 1KΩ

3V 220Ω 5v

Readings:
IAB IN RN

Questions
1. Using Norton’s Theorem, calculate the current IL in 220 ohms resistor.
2. Compare the readings and the calculated values.
3. Comment on your observation.
4. Identify the source of errors.
 EXPERIMENT 5
VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM
Apparatus: Ammeter, Power Supply source, Resistor (470, 220, 1k)
Procedure: The circuit was connected as shown in the circuit diagram below and the
reading of the ammeter was recorded. The current was recorded as I1, then voltage source
and the ammeter was interchange and the current in the ammeter was observed and recorded
as I2. I1 and I2 was compared.

Circuit diagram:
470Ω 1KΩ

A 220Ω 5v

Reading:
I1
I2

Questions
1. State your observation.
2. Calculate the transfer resistance of the circuit.
3. State any precaution taken to ensure accurate result.
 EXPERIMENT 6
CHARGING OF A CAPACITOR THROUGH RESISTOR
Apparatus: Capacitor 100µF, Resistors (220KΩ, 100KΩ), PSU, Switch, Stop-watch,
Multimeter.

Procedure: connect the circuit as show below. Discharge the capacitor and close the
switch S and take the reading of voltage across the capacitor every 5 seconds until the
voltage across is equal to supply voltage. Tabulate the reading and repeat the experiment
with R=220kΩ and C= 10µF. Plot a graph of V versus T. From the graph determine the
voltage across the capacitor as percentage of V when T=Ԏ, 2Ԏ, 3Ԏ,4Ԏ and 5Ԏ where Ԏ=RC
(time constant of the circuit).

Circuit diagram:

S R

10v C V

Readings:
Time (t) Voltage (V)
 EXPERIMENT 7

DISCHARGING OF A CAPACITOR THROUGH RESISTOR

Apparatus: Capacitor 100µF, Resistors (10KΩ, 100KΩ), PSU, Switch, Stop-watch.
Procedure: connect the circuit as show in the circuit diagram below and measure the
maximum voltage V across the capacitor. Throw the switch to position 2 and start the
stopwatch. Measure and record the voltage across the capacitor every 5 seconds until the
voltage is equal to zero. Tabulate the reading and plot a graph of V versus T. From the graph
determine the voltage across the capacitor as percentage of V when T=Ԏ, 2Ԏ,3Ԏ,4Ԏ and 5Ԏ
where Ԏ=RC (time constant of the circuit).

Circuit diagram:
S

Reading:

Time (t) Voltage (V)