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I.CHINNAPPARAJ , M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
B.T.ASST – SCIENCE
DE BRITTO HR SEC SCHOOL
DEVAKOTTAI-630 303,

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S.NO MONTH DATE EXPERIMENT
1 JUNE To find the diameter of a spherical body
2 JULY Measurement of volume of liquids
3 AUGUST Identification of adaptations in animals
4 AUGUST Identification of plant and animal tissues
5 OCTOBER To find the thickness of given iron nail
6 NOVEMBER To detect the adulterants in food samples
7 NOVEMBER Identification of microbes
8 JANUARY Melting point of wax
9 FERUARY Economic biology
10 FEBRUARY Identification of adaptations in plants

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 1. TO FIND THE DIAMETER OF A SPHERICAL BODY

Aim:
To determine the diameter of a spherical body using Vernier Caliper.
Apparatus required:
Vernier Caliper, given spherical body (cricket ball).
Formula:
(i) Least count (LC) =1 Main scale division -1 Vernier scale division .
LC = 1mm – 0.9 mm
LC = 0.1 mm (or) 0.01 cm
(ii) Diameter of the spherical object (d) = M.S.R. + (VC × LC) ± ZC cm
MSR - Main Scale Reading
VC - Vernier Coincide
LC - Least Count. (0.01 cm)
ZC - Zero Correction.
Procedure:
• The least count of the Vernier caliper is found.
• The zero correction of the Vernier caliper is calculated.
• The object is firmly fixed in between the two lower jaws.
• The main scale reading and the Vernier scale coincidence are
measured.
• The experiment is repeated by placing the jaws of the Vernier at
different position of the object.

Least count (LC) = 0.01cm. Zero correction = 0

S.NO Main Scale Reading Vernier Coincide Diameter of object

(MSR) cm VC (d) = M.S.R. + (VC × LC) ± ZC cm
1 7.4 4 = 7.4 + ( 4 x 0.01 ) + 0 = 7.44
2 7.4 5 = 7.4 + ( 5 x 0.01 ) + 0 = 7.45
3 7.4 6 = 7.4 + ( 6 x 0.01 ) + 0 = 7.46

7.44+7.45+7.46 22.35
Average = = = 7.45 cm
3 3
Result: The diameter of the given spherical object (Cricket ball) is
-2
7.45 cm or 7.45 x 10 m
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 4. MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME OF LIQUIDS

Aim:
To measure the volume of given colourless and coloured liquids.

Materials required:
Pipette (20ml), sample liquids and beakers.

Procedure:
 20 ml pipette is washed with water and rinsed with the given liquid.
 The given solution is sucked slowly till it rises above the circular mark on
the stem.
 The pipette is taken out of the mouth and quickly close with the fore finger.
 The pipette is kept in such a way that the circular mark on the stem is at
the level of the eyes.
 The fore finger is released slowly to let the liquid drop out until the lower
meniscus touches the circular mark.
 Now the liquid in the pipette is exactly 20 ml.

S.NO Name of the Colour of the Nature of the Volume of the

liquid liquid meniscus liquid
1 Water Lower

Colourless 20 ml

2 Hydrochloric acid Colourless 20 ml

3 Potassium Upper
permanganate
Pink 20 ml

4 Potassium di Orange 20 ml
chromate

Report:
Exactly 20 ml of various liquids are measured using a standard 20 ml
pipette.

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 5. IDENTIFICATION OF ADAPTATIONS IN ANIMALS

Aim:
To identify the given vertebrate animals and list out the adaptations.

Required specimens:
1. Pisces (Fish),
2. Amphibian (Frog),
3. Reptile (Calotes),
4. Aves (Dove),
5. Mammal (Rat).
S. Name of Habitat Body Body covering Locomotory
N
O
the structure organs
animal
1 Fish Aquatic Boat shaped scales Paired and
median fins
2 Frog Terrestrial Body is divisible skin is moist Fore and hind
and aquatic into and have limbs
head and trunk mucus glands.
3 Calotes Terrestrial Slender body is covered Fore and hind
with horny limbs
epidermal scales.
4 Dove Aerial Spindle form body is covered Fore limbs are
with feathers. modified as
wings. Hind
limbs are used
for walking and
running .
5 Rat Terrestrial Stumpy Body is covered Fore and hind
with hairs. limbs

Report:
The given vertebrate animals are identified.

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 6. IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES

Aim:
To identify the structural features of plant and animal tissues from
permanent prepared slides.
Observation:
The given plant and animal tissues are identified.
a) Simple tissues- parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
b) Complex tissues-xylem and phloem
c) Epithelial tissue- columnar epithelium, ciliated epithelium
d) Connective tissue- section of bone
e) Muscle tissue- skeletal muscle, smooth and cardiac muscle
f) Nerve tissue .

a) Simple tissues- parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma .

1). Parenchyma :

Parenchyma Location It is found in all the parts of the plant.

Function It stores water and food

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2). Collenchyma :

Collenchyma Location Below the epidermis .

Function mechanical support for growing organs.

3). Sclerenchyma:

Sclerenchyma Location Plant organs , fruits and seeds.

Function provide mechanical support and strength to plants.

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b) Complex tissues-xylem and phloem :
1). Xylem:

Xylem Location Plant stem and root .

Function Transport water and nutrients.

2). Phloem :

Phloem Location Mid part of plant stem and root .

Function Transport food materials .

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c) Epithelial tissue- columnar epithelium, ciliated epithelium:

1). Columnar epithelium:

Columnar Location stomach, gall bladder, bile duct, small intestine, colon.
epithelium Function secretion and absorption .

2). Ciliated epithelium :

Ciliated Location trachea of wind-pipe, bronchioles of respiratory tract,

epithelium kidney tubules and fallopian tubes of oviducts
Function to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over
the epithelium.

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d) Connective tissue- section of bone

Bone Location Bone

Function provide shape and structural framework to the body.

e) Muscle tissue- skeletal muscle, smooth and cardiac muscle :

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Skeletal Location Occur in the biceps and triceps of arms .
muscle Function Voluntary function

Cardiac Location Occur in the heart .

muscle Function Contraction and relaxation of heart .

Smooth Location Occur in the blood vessels and gastric glands,

muscle Function Involuntary function

f) Nerve tissue :

Nerve Location Nerve and brain

tissue Function Receive and send signals to the brain and spinal cord.

Result :

The structural features of plant and animal tissues are identified and explained.
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 2. TO FIND THE THICKNESS OF GIVEN IRON NAIL

Aim: To find the thickness of the given iron nail.

Apparatus require Screw gauge and iron nail

Formula:
Pitch scale reading
(i) Least Count (LC) =
no .of divisions in the head scale

(ii) Thickness (t) = Pitch scale Reading (PSR) +

Head scale coincidence (HSC) × Least Count (LC)] ± zero correction.
t = PSR + (HSC × LC) ± ZC
Error:
(i) If positive error is 5 points, for zero correction, subtract 5 points.
(ii) If negative error is 95 points, for zero correction add 5 points (100 - 95 =5).
(iii) If no correction is needed, t = PSR + (HSC × 0.01) ± 0
Procedure:
 The Least count of screw gauge is 0.01 mm.
 The zero error is found when the two faces touch each other.
 The iron nail is placed between the two faces of the screw gauge.
 The pitch scale reading (PSR) and head scale coincidence (HSC) are noted.
 The process is repeated by placing other parts of the iron nail.

Least Count = 0.01 mm . Zero correction = 0
S.NO Pitch scale Reading Head scale Thickness
( P.S..R ) mm coincidence t = P.S.R + (H.S.C × LC) ± ZC
H.S.C
1 4 60 = 4 + ( 60 x 0.01 ) + 0 = 4.60
2 4 70 = 4 + ( 70 x 0.01 ) + 0 = 4.70
3 4 80 = 4 + ( 80 x 0.01 ) + 0 = 4.80

4.60+4.70+4.80 14.1
Average = = = 4.7 mm.
3 3
Result:
-3
The diameter (Thickness) of the iron nail is 4.7 mm. or 4.7 x 10 m.

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 7. TO DETECT THE ADULTERANTS IN FOOD SAMPLES
Aim:
To detect the adulterants in the given samples.
Materials required
Beakers, glass bowl, spoon and match box.
Food samples required:
Given samples: pepper (A), honey (B),
sugar (C), chilli powder (D),
green peas (E) and tea powder (F).
Procedure:
• 6 beakers are taken with water and labeled as A, B, C, D, E and F.
• Samples A, B, C, D, E and F are added with water to the respective beaker.
• The changes are observed and recorded.

Sample Observation Result

A Pepper Some seeds float Pepper is adulterated
Some seeds immerse Pure pepper
B Honey The drop of the honey dissolves Honey is adulterated
It does not dissolve Pure honey
C Sugar Sugar settle down and Sugar is adulterated
give white colour
Sugar dissolves Pure sugar
D Chilli powder settle down and Chilli powder is
powder give red colour adulterated
It floats on the surface of the water Pure chilli powder.
E Green Some seeds float and Green peas are
peas give green colour . adulterated
Some seeds immerse Pure green peas
F Tea It gives brown colour Tea powder.is
powder adulterated .
It floats on water Pure tea powder.

Result :
The given samples are tested .

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 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES
Aim:
To identify the different types of microbes.
Observation:
 Identified microbe is Escherichia coli .

Shape - Rod shaped – bacillus

Structural details 1) Bacterial cell has cell membrane, covered by strong
rigid cell wall.
2) There is an additional slimy protective layer called
capsule made up of polysaccharides.
3) The plasma membrane encloses the cytoplasm,
incipient nucleus (nucleoid), ribosomes and DNA which
serve as genetic material.
4) Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. They lack
membrane bound organelles.
5) In addition to this, a small extra chromosomal circular
DNA called plasmid is found in the cytoplasm.
Importance / 1. E. coli is easy and fast to grow and work in the laboratory.
disease caused 2. E.coli cause diarrhea .
Result :
The given microbe is identified as E.coli bacteria and explained .
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Aim:
To identify the different types of microbes.
Observation:
 Identified microbe is Vibrio cholera .

Shape - Comma shaped bacteria.

Structural details 1) Vibrios are highly motile, gram-negative, curved or
comma-shaped rods with a single polar flagellum.
2) Nuclear material is represented by a nucleoid without
nuclear membrane.
3) An extra chromosomal DNA called plasmid is present
in the cytoplasm.
4) Other cell organelles mitochondria, golgi body, and
endoplasmic reticulum are absent.
5) Flagella aids in locomotion.
Importance / - Cholera is a well-known disease caused by Vibrio
disease caused cholera.

Result :
The given microbe is identified as Vibrio cholera and explained .
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Aim:
To identify the different types of microbes.
Observation:
 Identified microbe is Lactobacillus

Shape - Rod-shaped bacteria.

Structural details 1) Lacto bacilli [sing: lactobacillus] are a rod-shaped,
Gram-positive, fermentative, facultative anaerobic.
2) The cell envelope consists of the cytoplasmic
membrane, the overlying cell wall.
3) The wall gives the cell its shape and surround the
cytoplasmic membrane, protecting it’s from the
environment.
4) pili and flagella help to move and attach .
Importance / - it helps for food fermentation.
disease caused

Result :
The given microbe is identified as Lactobacillus and explained .
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Aim:
To identify the different types of microbes.
Observation:
- Identified microbe is Retrovirus (HIV)

Shape - spherical shaped virus .

Structural details 1) HIV virus contains a core RNA.
2) Surrounding that core is a protein coat.
3) It has an envelope of lipids.
Importance / - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused
by retrovirus (RNA virus) known as Human
disease caused
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Result :
The given microbe is identified as Retrovirus (HIV) and explained .
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 3. MELTING POINT OF WAX
Aim:
To determine the melting point of wax using cooling curve.
Principle:
The determination of melting point is based on latent heat which is the
amount of heat required to change a unit mass (1gm) of a substance from
one state to another state without changing its temperature.
Materials Required:
Beaker, burner, thermometer, boiling tube, retort stand and clamp, wire
gauze, tripod stand, candle wax, stop watch, bowl of sand.
Procedure:
 The wax is melted in a warm water bath.
 When the wax is melted entirely, it is removed from the bath and buried in
sand.
 The temperature for each 30 seconds is recorded while the liquid is being
converted to solid.
 Melting point of wax= Constant Temperature over a period of time.
 The melting point of paraffin wax is approximately 46 0 C to 68 0 C.

S.NO Time ( seconds) Temperature ( 0C )

1 0 90

2 30 85
3 60 78

4 90 70

5 120 60

6 150 60

7 180 60
8 210 60

9 240 50

10 270 40

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Result :
The melting point of wax is 60 0 C.
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 9. ECONOMIC BIOLOGY
Aim:
To identify the plants and animals of economic importance.
Observation:
The identified picture is Biofertilizer – Rhizobium

 Rhizobium is a soil bacterium .

 They colonize the roots of leguminous plants to form root
nodules.
 The bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert them to
ammonia.
Result :
The given picture is identified as Rhizobium and explained .
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Aim:
To identify the plants and animals of economic importance.
Observation:
The identified picture is Medicinal plants – Nilavembu,

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Tamil name : Nilavembu ( நிலவேம்பு )
Botanical name : Andrographis paniculata
Drug : terpenoids
Parts used : all parts
Disease cured : Dengue fever, Diabetes, Chikungunya

Result :
The given picture is identified as Nilavembu and explained.

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Aim:
To identify the plants and animals of economic importance.
Observation:
The identified picture is Medicinal plants – Aloe vera .

Tamil name : Katrazhai .( கற்றாழை )

Botanical name : Aloe vera
Drug : Anthraquinones
Parts used : Leaves
Disease cured : Heal wounds, Skin
disease, Cancer, Psoriasis

Result : The given picture is identified as Aloe vera and explained .

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Aim:
To identify the plants and animals of economic importance.
Observation:
The identified picture is Mushroom - Agaricus bisporus

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  Agaricus bisporus ( Button mushroom) is a fungi belonging to
basidiomycetes.
 It is rich in proteins, fibres, vitamins and minerals.
 The mushroom grows better in 15o C - 23o C.
Result :
The given picture is identified as agaricus bisporus and explained .

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Aim: To identify the plants and animals of economic importance.
Observation:
The identified picture is Indigenous cattle breed - Umblachery

 Umblacheri is otherwise called as Jathimadu or Mottai madu .

 It is orginated in Thanjavur , Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts .
 The Umblachery was bred for draught work, particularly in the rice
paddies .
 It may also be milked: the milk has a fat content of about 4.9% .
Result :
The given picture is identified as umblacheri and explained .

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Aim:
To identify the plants and animals of economic importance.
Observation:
The identified picture is Indian major carp - Catla catla .

 Freshwater fish in the carp family .

 It is one of the most important aqua cultured freshwater species
in South Asia .
 Cultivable freshwater fishes are highly nutritious, rich source of animal
proteins.
 They are easily digestible.
Result :
The given picture is identified as Catla catla and explained .

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Aim:
To identify the plants and animals of economic importance.
Observation:
The identified picture is Queen bee.

 The queen is the largest

member and the fertile
female of the colony.
 They are formed from fertile
eggs.
 The queen is responsible for
laying eggs in a colony.

Result :
The given picture is identified as queen bee
and explained .

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Aim:
To identify the plants and animals of economic importance.
Observation:
The identified picture is worker bee.

 They are sterile female bees.

 They are the smallest
members of the colony.
 Their function is to collect
honey, look after the young
ones, clean the comb, defend
the hive and maintain the
temperature of the bee hive.

Result :
The given picture is identified as worker bee and explained .
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10. IDENTIFICATION OF ADAPTATIONS IN PLANTS

Aim:
To identify the given plant specimen and list out its adaptations .
1. Mesophytic plant – Tomato or Brinjal plant
2. Xerophytic plant – Opuntia
3. Aquatic plant – Eichhornia sp
4. Insectivorous plant – Nepenthes
Observation :
The given plant specimen is tomato – mesophytic plant .

Adaptations of mesophytes
1) The roots are well developed and are provided with root caps.
2) The stem is generally straight and branched.
3) The leaves are generally broad and thin.
4) The presence of waxy cuticle in leaves traps the moisture and lessens water
loss.
5) Leaves have stomata which close in extreme heat and wind to prevent
transpiration.
Result : The given plant specimen is identified as tomato and explained .

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Observation :

The given plant specimen is Opuntia – xerophytic plant .

Adaptations of xerophytes

1) They have well developed roots. Roots grow very deep and reach the
layers where water is available.
2) They store water in succulent water storing parenchymatous tissues.
3) The leaves are modified into spines.
4) They complete their life cycle within a very short period when
sufficient moisture is available .
Result :

The given plant specimen is identified as opuntia and explained .

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Observation :

The given plant specimen is Eichhornia sp – Aquatic plant .

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Adaptations of Eichhornia :

1) Plants growing in or near water are called Hydrophytes or aquatic .

2) Roots are poorly developed.
3) Air chambers provide buoyancy and mechanical support to Eichhornia.

Result :
The given plant specimen is identified as Eichhornia and explained .
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Observation :
The given plant specimen is Nepenthes – Insectivorous plant.

Adaptations :
1) Nepenthes is usually long and consists of a shallow root system and a
prostate climbing stem.
2) It contains a fluid which is produced by the plant itself, it is watery or
viscous and is used for drowning the prey.
3) Viscoelastic fluids help in retention of insects and its lower part contains
glands to absorb nutrients from prey.
4) This plant primarily grows in a nitrogen and phosphorus deficient
environment.
Result : The given plant specimen is identified as Nepenthes and explained .
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