Netucok Techrslcges (Cluss Assigoment

Q-)bxPlain olologies n detail cotth it's

ts covontages and
disadentages.
The tesm Physican tookgy aelens to the coy in
cohich C netcooak s laid Out Physicully. One o% moe ceuices
Con ect to a Link, too toom toPoo9Y.
|he toPology ofa netsooak is the Seomebaix ePresen tation
of the gela bionship o cm the Links Gnd linking deuice
to one Cnothe.
hee crae toua basic tofolo9ies ossiblet:
Mesh tao, bus Crd ing.

)Neeh bPologY
o a mesh tpfolag9, Eveay deuies has ca
deicated bint linkto elveay othey dewice.The tem
cedicated thstthe inkCasaies toaffic Onlybetween
mens tat
the too devices t Comects.
> Conettel
bnd the hobex o! Physica) Link in ca funy that ek each
Oith m Modes, coe fiost Consdes
mesh etaok Goth mode.
mode mus. be Conn ected to evezy_othes

Advantages
Lak Jaoaun tees that each
The 25e of dediauted Inks
Commection Cam Caay its Ocon datu load, thus elem ioatin9
the txcffic Poblems tht Can Occun cohen Links Mustbe
Stuated by muLiPle devices.
2. Robust :
Hmesh tololgy k 2obisk. TP one lnk becomes tmusal
it does mot boca Pacitiute
fu Cititte the Cntise System..

3. Aigh aivacy oR Secaitl

When evesy mmesscge tovels Cllon9 q dedi coAed
Line, ony the intended 7eciPlent Sees stib
Disedyn tajes &
1. Lersge Chrnouot of Calbie
ge9uizement
Becense eveay device mst be ComEcted to eve
Othez device.
Q.n6talation od Aeconmecbion Aae O:ficat.
8. Moze Avaik1biity of suce.
4. Elen sive
 ) Sturs Tbfology
ln aGua toPoloty, Poch deuice bos a deicoted
Yoint- to -Point link Og1y to a Centoo)_Cootzolea, Suai) Calied
a hub. he deuies Che met d'nerty Linked to one anothes.
nke a mesh tolalogy, a Stus toology does mat aliocs dísect
beteen devices.The Cootaolez acts cs c exchenge:.
JPTP One device coonts to Send dota to Crnothex, It Sends.
the datA to theCoro-taxolez, obich then gelas the data to
the othea Coroected devices.

Advontuges
5 Gto tolology is les eslensive. thun a mesh tofolc99.
’ tasy to Insta od Decomigrse. cdditico, moves, Cmd deletion.
oliye ony One Conection betooeen that device Crmd
the hub.
Pobgt technolegt
Disedvantages
elendenc'y on hub One bg disadhamtage o Staa tofology s
the defendency o the cohole toPol og} on
One Singe.Point, the hub.
5Oten mose Cabing is neguin ed ina tuathn in Some
toPolog!.
othes toPolog.
 3) BuslaPology
Rbus tofolajy is smuti Poiot toPol<9} Cne
Long Cebie ccs oK abuckbone to Link an the deuices n
C netcooak.

PNodes Cae Commecked to the bus Cobie by daoP Iines OndtoA

Cennechion 7nin9 betooeen the device
H dooP Line is a
Crnd the ma) Cibie.
the Mam
H tapis o Conect olthot ethex sPlites tontoCaecte
Cabie x Pnctses the Shectin: ofq Cabie
Comtact coith the metoic Cose.
jts ene
Some of is
Hs a Gigna) taaves_Olcng te buck bone,
?s tournfoamed hto hect,

’ Ease of instata1bion.
tololagies.
5 Bus ses less Cabiing thm gnesh 0a Stua ePaient
5 Bucklone Cable Con be laid Clong the Most ines th,
Vazioug
then Comect ed to the modes by dsof
lengths.

Oisadvantages
5 D:fGcult 3ecomectian ond tan)t iSola,bion).
Singng) Dehecion at the tuls Carm Cense degzcdatlon
5o ca dobust techmology.
 4) Ring.
n a oing toPola9). Cochdevicethe hus
a dedicated loint- to-Point Comection ooith only
too deuices On eithes side of t.

A Signal is Yassed clong the aing. n one dinection Facm

device to device 2nt?) it 7eches its destintien.
5Euch device inmthe Bing mCoulozu ts a defeateo.
chen a device Recives acq Singng) ntended fox Cmothex
device, ts ePeates 7egezats the bisomd fsed them
Cilong.

> Relayvey Cosy to' iostur icrnd Deconfguae.

5 Each device is Linked to oniy- ib immed iate neighboas.
5 The Clanm, dlers the netaoak oleutox to the aobiem
Chd its ocaition

Oisadverntages
2nidisectjona) taafhc Cin be a disachantege..
’ Dota dobusttechnologY.
5A beak mthe ing Con disubie the entize
’A meto3k.
G-2)ain dfesente beteoeen Mulicasting cnd Maleiple zmicasti
MutiPle nicasting
Mzlbicastira
One Racket is Sent foonm the Mulbipye Sefarate lackes ane
tousce to a goou of destnat'on Sent foom the Souace to each
destnation.

5|CouP addaes D:ffesent Unica[t cddaesses

fo euch_ destartioo.

Only One lacke Mustip1e Packets.

HDone by outess in the mekocak one by the Sousce.

|Moxe elficient o groy Gonm-Less_efficientesleciany tos n
hoication. gaous.

b Lve Video Staeaming to Sendimg Cho emai) to mv)bAa

Oy)tiPie sers 3eciPien ts

5Cae Coy bocves betseen tach Coly may tavel hndls

JotessCmdisdy PLicauted thacugh the Same Rth, aus
as needed. bondoidth.
G3)bxplain Coopkipa o Talernek CrchitackuneTep )TP botoco) Guit).
nteanet czchitechne is 4. meta 0etusoak, cohichb
0eBeos to c Congegution o thous ornds of distinct metcossS.
intezacking coith Comomerm Potocol To Simhe teams, t is
Telessed to,os Gn inteneAcocak thert s Con nectedUsig
Y'oto co1s. footoco) Z5ed is lceTP.
he Osigi nalcP)TP brotols Suite cos defimed cx hauing
Foua Layess hos t -tometoboak, otene tounsoat Chnd
CIPPLication
lce /TP Mode) diuwdes the dota koto ackets Gt the Sender's
end cmd the Sume fackets huve to be ecombin ed ct the
Teceives's erd to fogr) the some data cmd this thing hatens.
to Maintain the Qcaaac) of the deta.
celTP Made) dudes the deto into o 4Layes frocedun .,
Coheze the doity fiost go nto this Jayex n ome odes
Crmd agcan tn 3evease Onder to Jet ongcmjzed in the
me cy at the ecelveg's end.

layes of ToplTP Model.

1, APPLication Laye.
2.oamslant Layes (Tce |UDe)
8. Jetcoozk Joteanet Latez (Te)
4.Host to netoeak.
1.Detyk latex
2. Physicu) Laryex
 of apPLications etuting
netooak Cammamications hs layeas is Deslonsible. fo
Jeneaating the catsy Cnd 7euesting Comechions.t acs on
behalf of the Sendex Crod the Netoo Bk Hccess Lates or
the behulf of te 3eceives.
2) Data Link Larges
Case
he Packet's mekoscak footocal tRe, ho th
Tce|TP is ideniied by the data- Lmk latex. Ertoy
faevention Chnd " aaming' crne also Pouided by the deta
Layex. Point - to- Point Protoco) foaming and Ethexent TEEE
So2.2 Fzcming Che to excrmPes of deta Limk Layes Bokne
3) Jnteonet Luyes/Netooak Leyex?
his layex fanallek the fem ctions o 'OsTc Weo
layens. deines the sotocols Cohich cae reslonsibie fo
the logica) tamsmiss on o doy cves the entie
net
he ain ootocals desding at this layez Coe cs foioa0 S.

TP Stands o3 otehoet Pactncsls and t is

foo deiiyemisg Packet toom the Sourate host to esbns
bost by looking Gt the P addaesses n the the desuna
Podkek heu
 LAN is the One trat Most oebste cne Usin9Cuaten bl.
addaess 7 Limited
In umbex cohen Comlued to the muobez of 215e3s..

TcmP Contao) Messuge

Stumds to3Tntesnet
ootocols. t k encalsalc:ted coth. in TP datagzurm Cnd
is esPoosi beo Proudi04
fooviding bostscoth ofog mation Cbout
Metcooa7Paoblems.

ts Job
ARP Starnd toz Aldnes Resohiton Brotocols. knocon
is to tind the barndaugeciddaess_ of a host faomo
P addzes AAP has Sezves) tPes : Revense ARP_rory AQp
Cau taitous ARPchnd Jnyesse ARe

The the Jnteaneh laotocol Suit,

nternet loyer is_a layesin Tntenek.
Cobich s the Set of ootocokthet defne the

he atesnet lates is desfonsibie to 6uting fackels of

device to Craothex Cicaoss C metooork.

4) hunsPoat Lavea
Tke Tep/TP tamspot lates Botocols Brchange data
7eceiPA Qcknocoledsment amd ensmit Missiog Reckets
to ensuDê thut uckets Coaive mordex Chod coithont Car0
End-to-end Coroniccrtbn k efeoaed to as Such Jacmsmisle)
Conto) Pootoco) CHd Les Dertygrn hotoca)
cne tansot
Layes Pooto cols at this Level.
 loHpPLico bion'% Ca) o.ertac coith One Chnothex Sing
by Cioceut
eP as thoouh they_ Coee Physiay Connacted b}q
Chusuctes tmsis1on 2ahex thoo cekoate lackels.
Comection the ahoe
H Stoating int that Csturnbishes theending
tuos miss ion n bte 0odes cod on foiat thatdo
the eomnech'on make P th% tomsmission.

JOP:he datugram denleay Sezvice Is

Gthes LoonsRast layes Pootocols. Com ections between tec,
and Sendng hosts cae 0ot Vezified b UOP.
Aeelictions trut tumsbst Litte amsunts of daté ase UOe
dathex the Tcp hecause it elimnates the ooces of
estabiishing and Vanoating Conmedbns.
D Some Comon lse Cases or the host- to- host Laye in
1. Keltcbe Oatg aumsfes he host-to- bost Layey Cmuses
that data k taamsfersed 2eliabe betseen bosits by sin)
teco'ues bike CoC Cooecion Croo Phoo Contaol.

9.Segnentation cod Reussemb1y ; The bost -to -host latt

Bs desPoosibit fog byeokag 212 lerage blocks of cata into
Gpanex Segments that Com be tansoithed oves the
netcoosk.
3. huläplexig.
Uematielexng he host -to-host. layex
desPosibleo Ma1tiPlexinjdatafom MuEptSounce
5ingle netaoskCosrnec blon., Crodthen demaltPelng
the duty at the_destinatio.
4, End to- bnd Jhe hosk-tohest Laex
CononniCation
Paovides a Conmection- oaiented Seavice that Cliocoed hosts
to Ommni cote coith each othed end to-ed coithout.
the need Fog nteznedia ke deuices to be nuo lNed in.
the ComnunicutiÝ.
5) APLicalion layea !
This layexs is CrndloSos to the austost ayez of the
C5J Dodel. JE s Desfoosibie,Fo end to- end Comomni cabio
Cnd Crox Fye deyex of cata.T shields the afes
layes qPPLicationg om the Comp1exities of cata.he thoee
main botocols Besent inn this LoyexChse

Pootoco).ts 2sed by the (ocald Coide web to Monsge

CommamiCations betoseen HTTS Web baccoseas Crod Seavexs.

SSH! SSH Stands toz Secune Ghell. ts o teomioa)

emalations Goftcoase Gimilco to Tene. The geason
SsH s foelensed 3 beause of fts obit) to
maintain the encoYPted Connechion. t Ses ye
Þ Seaue Session OVes lce/ TP Connecian.
Netsocak Techmoag ies Cluss Assignent-2
Q) What VANET Exelain mdeta'l.
VANET Similegto MANET n tegms, hest is ciso co
mot need cny nfacstrnuchre fors detu tocns mision. VANE J
Play inostant ole in aslat of Safe doiuing, intenigjent
Mavigation, emeagency Crnd ententaitnent aPLications.
Tt Con be defined C5 CHm nteige-nt Comonentof tmsfoat
Sstem as Vehice Cne able to Commnicate coth Coch othex
Cis coen os oadside buse Gtatio). cohich aae Locoted Ct.
Caitica Points of the ood.

ExanPie?
Lotessectio-) Crd Constauction Sites.

* Dses of \VANETS:
Lnteigent bans foatation Sstems (ITs):
VANETC Cn be isad to enhance taffe hao, deduce
 Congesion Cind oPoove Dood Safey by enaibing Ginnunico
betaeen Vehictes Crod coth cid- Side infoustouctuse.

" Navigation . CrodLocaicn-Based Geouices i

VAOETs a n fouide Teal -time tuffic andnavise
Infoamation to daileas.Cocoing them to Make infoa med
decisions Cod cNoid Congeshion.
"bmesjenc]VANETSSeauices
Cern beysed to
9uick1y Chnd efficienty dela
Emeagency messges,Such cis Cccidents Cnd docd Closuses, t
Othes ehicles crnd to emergency Geauices.
" lehicie-to-Wehicle Crod Jebiae -to- Jnfaas Ea uctvae Commanil
VANETS Casn facititate Commu nication betcoeen Vebic
Chhd c0)th Bocd- side mfaastay ctuse cinocing
oF aPLica:tlens, Such as Coo Pesaitive doiving cnd lutoonin.
" troteztainroest Cnd fo tain meat Seauices
VANETS Corn faovide Cntestaiment cnd in foa mt
Sesv'ces, Guch s Staeaming voysic Ond Video to Passern ge
o Vehicies..
)What s NANET EPlain in detail2
Mobile Aa Hoc Nieliocn)ks_(MANET) one decenLaaized
Coineless Metosks tht Posses lmig ue Choacteaistics. Such
as high mobilitydistaibuted muphop tobiog) ,crnd 8elP
Oogamizing ooPeaties.
Bey tecuges

5 MANET S o decentsaized colbeless Neloocok Cosisting of

mobiedeuicess podes. thoit ComrniCate coith each Otth.
Coithout eing ona ixed infoustauctuse.
hese Self Confguoing Ond Seiß- Oagaizing metogks Cim
adalt to Chornges io the Positions of ndhidule deuices, as
Coei ds Vaoying Chemne) eotos dutes Cnd Link dis uPtions.

ANETS coÇ Chaacctetized b theta high ocbiit) ornd

abity to
to estabiish husient Connections Cimong Various.
Modes coithim boximit}.
Which Cloas too eguent Chenge cs devices mmeve in
nd out of the netooakthis iexibi ity) is Caitity) cohen
SuPPootmgComnrnicationduaingdisu stez Scenaaious
miituay OPesations caheae taaditionc) infrastuc buges may
not be CNilabe.
 coithovt
Metcooak OPete
Adaitsonail') becenuse. these
08 CCces foint, they
eiy on efficient
Centoal Contaoller 00
Stuble Comrca tlon beko-
bouting botocos o ensuae
Modes..

Caring the Sth TETE meeting held in mimneaPolis

MiomeSotu, sA-g Chaatteabl Cdda essing MANET deregates
dicussed ioPooyemenk to Doubisng Pootools thatc o d
enhumce OVeau)) neteaonk erfoaoomce cohie Ove Co ming
Cha-nges Slecifico cd boc meteosks like Gevene Link
layes Contentions lauding to Congestion).
yles of MANETS.
Ta faa Stuctuge- based MANEJS :
These croe MANET that ey on Ayed mfaasbud
Such Cs. Gcess ointS 03 bse Stotions, f03 Communicatic
betoeen hodes. Thx byle of metuooak fs. Suitabie fo
Senaaios cobee Some Modes cre Stutic Cmd heve
Jccess. to coroed metoski.

nfastzuctuze -less MANETs :

These coe MANETs thot do ct ely
Tely on an)
Hyed iofsustauctuse chhd oPescte Solely on mobie deuia
Connectivitl. Hs G Seslb, these metooaks Ciae bighy gdaPtl
?n Situations coheae these is nOno exi'sting fustau ctuse
(Making then dea) oo diostes Dummgement Cmd miito)
oPeoubions.
 ybaidMANEJS
|hese Crae Combinetions of nfaastauctune based
Cd inStovctuze.less MANET:.Jhe ht baid mode) baondes
QDoe Dobust metoenk b incoalodu bing both tIles
netooaks benets cohile oddaesskns theiz cecknesses

-a)ExPlcinConcepp) o 0s1. Mode) fn detail.

|he 0sI model hes Seven Layes.
h e PanciPles that coene cipPliedto aaaive ct he Ceven.
Layezs Cin be baieAy Summazized s tooas 3
1. AloexShoud be Coested cohene C
g diftesent gbstauctn
Rs eeded.
2. Fach cyea Should lestom. a_aoe) -defimed ichio)
3. he unchion of euch Layex Shoud be chasen coith.
eye tocoosd defining otenationally Stundundzed
Pootocons.
The laye bouodaaies shouid be Chosen to piininize
the nfoa0etion Aioco ccaoss the mteafuces.

5. Thehrobexo layesShoud be logge emoughEhat

dittinck furoctions need mot be thoocontogethes in.
the Same layez Out ptMeesiE arndSmaf enoLeh
that the Onchitecuge does not becone Uncoided}.
 CST eveoPed by the Tokesna:biome) Oogunization_toa
StundadiztionTso). -to-Can
to 2ndeostomdina Cd develoPig Comfutes
lode) oy 0bu st Cm
Camminicq tion Cnchilectue thet is flexibie
nteaopernubie
Develoled n the Jg8o. Soto Seven ceas
Diuides etuooak aochitectse

he loyess of 05T ode) crae

Aepicatlon
6- Poesestution
5 - Session

8 - Detocsk.
2- Datlimk
) -Physic)

1) Physiu)Layes
3) PhySica) Cheauctesistics of nteataces Chnd medis mt
Jhe Physica) ayex defnes the Chuzactenistis
of the ntesface betsoeen the devies Cimd the txamsmission.
medinco. E CIso defines the bile o omsmissie) medium
) RePresentutionof bits
he Phisica) layes doku Consisto u Staeah
of bits_coith no ntexPsetaton
he Phisi cul. Loges defines te byke cf encoding.
fr) Oatu ate
\he tacnsmission Tutethe Thmbe of bits Sent
Pach Second is ) ClS0
Second is aLgo deßoed
defined b the Phisica) Laye
1v)ansmission Mode &
he Physicu) Loyex clso_ defmes the disecton
töans mission betaneen-too deuices Simie, holf-dulex,

9) Data Link lyex

) toamingi
Jhe dots Link Layes_ dlevides the Staturm o bibs
7eceied toom the metocnsk layes jnto Mernageabie dat
lnits Cuiled foomes.
31) Phisica) addaessing
fames aoe to be dis taibuted to diffoent
Sstem on the metocak the daty Link laye oddsq heudea
to the fume to define the Sendes and geceies of
the tocme.

9) fioco Contaol & T the ate at cobich the data cne

absoaded b the eel vez 6 Les thun the te CA
cobich data Cae haoduced in the Sendex the catg Link
Latex Im Aoses Gtloco Contzo) mechamiSu ).
 3) Netcoo3k Layes3
deslincbien of lackel ; F the too S
DSounce -to- netoks coith Comnecting
Crae Cattuched to difeaent oFten -i meet
Ahe metoonkS., these is
devices betoseen - destino
netcook legez to ccomPish Sounce - to
to the
deltvea.
î) logical addzessing
JF Packes Passes. te boundun)o0e nea
So3ce
distinguish the
Cmothea cddaessing Systen to hee
Crd desunaJonSystems
4)DansPont latea
9) Process - to -looces desivea)
ComAitez often urn Sevea) Poogaums at the
Same tmetoa this eason., Soaoce. to Sornce destinabi
denives)mecms deiiueay mat m Oniy tacm, One Comlutex
looces$Ome
to the next but Clso fom q Secific
Comftez toe sPecifie Pao cess On the athez Pe.

L) SeavicePant
addoess Decches the Co
b erune thot the Racke
Process of the Comeck destinablon the tounsfozt Laye

Sr) floco Contao) 2

Floco Cortoo) CA this Layes js fefoeme&dl es
to end that js Paocess to Poocess.
5) Sessios Lyes ;
) Diatos Cotao)i
be Session lyex clocos too SHStem to
ente mto diaog. E estabishes naintuos. Crnd
SYnchonizes the intesuctlon amon9- Commumiccating System.
R) StnchÙo si7ation :he Session latez allecs a Broces.
to udd CheckPoints,og Synchaomization Poiobs, to c
LO
Stoeanof dota.
6besentation layes
9)3asution
he Poocess in too Svstems One saany
exchmging ofoamction in the foam of chanactez Stoings.
Mmhess., Chod So on.

r) bncooypion
o Caao Semgitive ofomotion, aSystem ust
be abie to ensué Paivac). EncayPtion means that Ehe
Sendes tounsfoarns the ooigna) infoma tlon to cnothex
foom Crnd Sends the esu) ting mesuge out ouer the
metcooak.

Ser) Decoypulon Deverses the onina) oces to toumsfuze

faae
Ehe message buck to Es oa9ino) fozm.
 D Netcocak iatuel teamine)3
metcoczk Vintual tesmina) is4 Softwcne
Veosion ofq Pbysic) teamina)., Cnd it cilocos a User
to Long cm to g 2emote host.
) Fse toamsta Cccess Cd Memajene-nt
bis CIPPLication ellocOS C 5eo to access.
a semote host, to 7elexive ies fooma dermote Cohutex
toz se tn the bca) Combten Cnd to memc1e on Contn al
Fhes hno demote Comutex Loca.

) Ma Seauites bs
Jbis aPAication Paouides the basis
fox Cmail foncOdnding and Stotuge.
Q-b) xpLain SMTP &T's Comloneats.
SMTP Stnds to Simlie Ma 2onsfea Baotocol.
GMTP S G Setof Commumicatlon guideline thot Cllocos
Softcocoe to tamsm)t ro electaoniC Mai) Ovez the inten.
s Caled Simple Mailaamsfex hotocol.
Tt f6 a Poogaam sed fo Sending messuge to othe
Comutes Usens bused On e-mai) Cddsess
Tt Poovides a cocil &rchomge bebapen Usess on the
Same O, dilfenent Com Piteos, amd t ciso Suplorts a
t Con Send a Singie Messje to One o0 moxe
vecipiens.
P Corn
ain aiso Seod the messu9e on metooak Outside
the teanet

lhe Main kalose o! SMTe s Used to Set u

CommuniCaution ules betogen Geaueas.
The Senueosbave Q cocy_ of ndentifying them Selves
Cnd Cmcu cing cohat knd of GommmmiCition the Cne
taying to Pes foam. They cuso hene a coay of hamd
hondling
the eatoNs Such as mCons ect emet) addzess toz
Examlie, the decipiegt cidaaess Is QBong,
wDong. then
peceiving Seaves ePly coith on Conox message of
Some kind.

*Conlenents of STP
USez Uses

SMTP SmTe
Client Seoveo

Jnteonet
AA

ustcoe col bDeak the SoTP Client Cmd SMTP Seavea

oto too Comlonents Such as se agent Cmd. mci)
töunsfes agent (MTA).
Jbe 2iseragent CUA) aelos the message Coea tes the
Covedle ond then Puts the mesScige n. the CnveloPe.
The il tamslea afent Cna) tnsfes thisk ai) acaos.
the nteoneb.

Use A

DA UA

ATA MTA
Chient Sezuez

LnteoneA