CHAPTER 1

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Introduction

Light is a form of energy available on earth. In nature we feel delighted when the

sun rises in the morning, a new day. Everyone wants to do something. Imagine if

there is no light in this universe!

Have you asked yourself what are the natural sources of a light? What are the

properties of light?

Almost all electromagnetic waves are invisible for the same reason you cannot

see the magnetic field betwen two megnets. The exeption is Visible light. Visible

light inculudes only the electromagnetic waves with the range of energy that can

be detected by human.

There are some properties of light such as reflection of light, refraction of light,

diffraction Of light, interference of light etc.

In this chapter, we will explain the rectilinear propagation of light

(It means that the light travels in straight line).

Propcrlie.s 01 1.it—'ill
• Reflection

• Refraction

• Interference

• Diffraction

Discussion

Activity

We will explain why we cannot see objects around us in the dark.

•n GAPTER 1

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

'1.1 Nature of light

Lesson objectives

Ph sics F3 !

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

• Explain the nature of light

• Differentiate between wave theory of light and particle theory of light

• State the modern theory of light

Varying electric

field intensity

Direction Of

propagation

of radiation

Varying

magnetic

field intensity

There are two theories that explain the nature of light.

They are:

1. Wave theory of light

2. Particle theory of light.

a) The wave theory of Light

Light consists of electromagnetic waves which do not need an optical medium

(like solid and fluids) for their propagation.

In this theory, light is represented as a spectrum of frequencies, some of which

we can see (visible light) and some of which we can't (ultraviolet and infra-
red light). The wave length of visible light is very small, between wavelength of

410-1m — 8x10-%n.

The speed of light waves is very high and it is 3x108m/s in vacuum.

CHAPTER 1

Student Book

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

b) Particle theory of Light

Light is composed of particles which travel in straight line at very high speed. The

elementary particles that refines light is the "photon"

Example 1.1

The phenomena of diffraction, Interference and polarization of light can only be

explained if the light is considered to be wave in nature.

But the particle theory of light cannot be explained in these phenomena.

The phenomena of reflection and refraction of light and casting of shadows of ob-

ject by light can be explained only if the light is thought to be made of particles.

Wave theory of light cannot be explained in these phenomena,

Light exhibits properties of both wave and particles. It has double nature de-
pending on the situation it is in. The modern theory of light is called Quantum

theory of light, which combines both the wave and particle models of light.

Activ ity

Search

We will illustrate how the modern theory Of light explains light.

Lesson exercise

1. State two theories that explains the nature of light

2. Which theory can explain the phenomena of refraction?

3. Which theory can explain the phenomena interference?

4.

State the modern theory of light

5.

Explain advantage of light for human.

Illustrate why we don't see objects without light.

6.

Distinguish the two theories of light.

7.
8. What is the wave length of visible light?

CHAPTER 1

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Ph sics F3

L 1.2 Rectilinear propagation of light and terms related to light

Lesson objectives

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

1. Define rectilinear propagation of light.

2. State the sources of light.

3. Classify luminous and non-luminous objects.

4. Illustrate optical medium.

5. Differentiate transparent and translucent medium.

6. Identify opaque bodies.

7. Classify rays and beams of light.

Rectilinear propagation of light

Rectilinear propagation of light means that the light energy travels in a straight

line. Shadows, eclipses and pin-hole camera are the evidence of this property.
Activity

Demonstration

We will demonstrate experimentally that light travel in straight line.

CHAPTERI

Student Book

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Light as an invisible energy.

If we enter a dark room, objects present there are not visible.

However, if a bulb is switched on, everything in the room becomes visible. It shows

that for vision the present of light is essential.

Keep your mind that light energy makes the surrounding object visible, but itself

is an invisible energy.

For example, if we are seeing a flower, then we are seeing only the flower and not

coloured lights reflected from it.

The various colours reflected from the flower excite the retina of the eye, which

in turn sends a message to Brain. It is the brain which finally makes out the colour
of the flower.

Light: It is an invisible energy which causes in us a sensation of sight (vision).

Sources of light

Here are some sources of light: sun, fire, light bulb, touch, candle, firefly etc.

luminous bodies

There are two parties of objects

a) Luminous bodies

b) Non-luminous bodies

Non- luminous

CHAPTER 1

a) Luminous bodies

The bodies which give out light energy by themselves are called

luminous bodies

Example 1.2

sun, other stars, electric bulb, tube-light, torch, candle, fire, firefly, jelly fish, etc.

We can see luminous bodies due to the light they emit.

b) Non-luminous bodies

The bodies which do not give out light energy of their own but reflect light energy

falling on them are called non-luminous bodies

Example 1.3

flower, chair, wall, table, bed, etc.

We can see the non-luminous bodies because they reflect light that received from

luminous bodies into our eyes.

Even the moon is non-luminous body. We can see moon because it reflected the

sun light falling on its surface toward us (on the earth).

Discussion

Activity

We will State and explain luminous bodies and non-luminous bodies.

Optical medium

Anything through which light energy passes is called optical medium

Examples

vacuum, air, water, glass, plastic, diamond, etc.

There are five types of optical media:

1 ) Homogeneous medium

2) Heterogeneous medium

3) Transparent medium

4) Translucent medium

5) Opaque bodies

• CHAPTERI

*ROPERTIESOF

l. Homogeneous medium

Student Book

Any optical medium which has a uniform composition throughout is called ho-

mogenous medium

Example 1.4

vacuum, distilled water, pure alcohol, glass, plastic, diamond

2. Heterogeneous medium

An optical medium which has different composition at different point is called

heterogeneous medium.
Example IS

air, muddy water, fog, mist.

Discussion

Activity

We Will list and illustrate three homogeneous media and three

heterogeneous media which are not mentioned above.

3. Transparent medium

A medium which allows most of the light energy to pass through it, is called trans-

parent medium

Example 1.6

vacuum, clear air, thin layers of water, alcohol, glass, certain kind of plastics or

diamond,

4. Translucent medium

A medium which permits only a part of the light to pass through and absorbs the

remaining part is called translucent.

Example1.7

Butter paper, oiled paper, tissue paper, ground glass, deep water, frosted glass,
fog, mist, dust ladder, air.

5. Opaque bodies

These are bodies which do not allow the light to pass through them.

Examplel .8

Bricks, wood, stones, metals.

CHAPTER 1

Discussion

ERTIES OF LIGHT

Ph

ics F3 1

We will name three transparent media, three translucent media and three

opaque bodies which are not mentioned above.

Types of sources of light

1 Point source of light

A source of light which is of the size of pin-head is called point source of light,

shadow

Arce of
Cor*

2 Extended source of light

Any source of light which is bigger than the point source of light is called extended

source of light

Search

Activity

We will find out other examples of point source of light and extended

source of light.

1) Ray of light

A path along which light energy travels in a given direction is called ray of light.

A ray of light is represented as straight line.

ray

The arrow head on it give the direction of light.

2) Beam of light

A number of rays of light is called a beam of light

10

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
3) Parallel beam

When the rays of light travel parallel

to each other, the collection of such

Parallel beam

rays are called a parallel beam.

4) Divergent beam

When rays of Light originating from a

point travel in various directions, then

the collection of such rays is

called a Divergent beam.

5) Convergent beam

When rays of light

Coming from different directions, meet

at a point then the collection of such

rays is a called a convergent beam.

Lesson exercise

1. Define the term light.

Divergent beam

A convergent beam

of light

2. Classify homogeneous medium and heterogeneous medium.

3. Differentiate between transparent and translucent medium.

4. What is rectilinear propagation of light?

5. State two advantages and two disadvantages of pin hole camera.

6. List three homogenous medium and three heterogeneous media

7. Explain an opaque body and give example.

8. What is a parallel beam?

9. Give three examples of nature light.

10. Give three examples Of artificial light.

CHAPTERI

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Ph sics F3 1

1.3 Pin-hole camera, shadows and eclipse.

Lesson objectives
By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

1 ) Define shadow

2) State the types of shadows.

3) Classify shadows formed by point source of light and extended source of light.

4) Classify umbra and penumbra.

5) Differentiate between image and shadow.

6) Demonstrate the formation of eclipse.

7) Calculate problems on pin-hole camera.

Pin hole camera

Solar Eclipse

Earth'

Solar eclipse

12

Shadow of a tree

Lunar eclipse

Il CHAPTERI

ROPERTIES OF LIGH
Pin-hole camera

„ Student Book

Pin-hole camera consists of a rectangular card-board box, such that its one side

is made of ground glass screen. The side opposite to the ground glass has a hole

Of the Size of pin head in the middle. The box is blackened from inside so as to

absorb any rays of light falling on its walls, directly or indirectly.

Working: an object AB is in front of pin-hole camera such that the object is bright-

ly illuminated.

The rays of light starting from various points of object travel in all directions.

A ray of Light starting from point A and travel along AH, on passing through pin

hole strikes the screen at X. Similarly, a ray of light, starting from point B along BH

on passing through pin-hole strikes the screen at B'. Thus, the rays of light starting

from in between A and B will strike the screen between points A', and B thereby

forming a small diminished image of object AB. In order to take real photograph,

the camera is covered with a thick black cloth and ground glass screen is replaced

by a photographic plate.

The camera is then turned towards object and the black cloth is removed from
the pin-hole.

Rectangle Box

Object

B'

Small pin

hole camera

Image

The light from the object is allowed to fall on Photographic plate for five minutes

then the photographic plate is then removed. It is then developed and printed in

studio.

13

ERTIES OF.UGHV—

Effect of the image formed in pin-hole camera

An ideal pinhole camera that only allows rays passing through a single point to

reach the film isn't physically realizable; it's possible to make cameras with ex-

tremely small apertures that approach this behavior. Small apertures allow rela-

tively little light to reach the film sensor.

a) When size of pin hole is increased

When the size of pinhole is increases, then from a given point more than one ray

enters in the camera. These rays strike at different points on the screen. Thereby

forming two or more images, the images overlap finally giving rise to a blurred

image.

b) When the shape of pin hole is changed

Incase pinhole gets wider, the final image gets blurred

c) When object moves towards pin-hole camera.

The size of image increases so does its luminosity. It is because intensity of light

increases as object moves towards pin hole and image decrease when Object

moves away from pin hole.

d) When the screen moves towards pin hole.

The size Of image decreases, but its luminosity increases. It is because the light

energy entering into the camera spreads over a small area.

Advantages of pin-hole camera.

1. It does not require any lens and hence the image formed is completely free

from the defects of lenses.

2. It forms very sharp images of still objects.

3. It is cheap and easy to construct and operate.

Disadvantages of pin-hole camera:

1. The time of exposure is too large and uncertain. Thus, final image is either

over-exposed or under exposed.

2. It cannot take pictures of moving objects.

3. It is cumbersome and not easy to operate.

4. If pin hole becomes wider then final image is blurred.

14

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CHAPTER 1

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Characteristics of the image formed in pin-hole camera

1. The Image is real (it can be taken on screen).

2. The Image is inverted.

3. The Image is generally smaller than the size of the object unless the distance of

the object from pin hole camera is less than the width of pin hole camera.
4. The Image is always on focus. (It requires no focusing).

5. The shape of pin-hole produces no difference in the shape of image.

6. It has no lens and hence is free from defects of lenses.

Search

Activity

e find out and explain the principle related to pin-hole camera that Surveyors

se when they are working.

15

PROPERTIES OF

The magnification, M, of any optical device is defined as the ratio of the height of

the image, h, to the height ofthe object, ho that is, @ The relationship is referred

ho

to as the magnification equation for pin-hole camera.

ho do

Where hi—height of image; ho=height of object; di=distance of image from pin

hole camera; do—distance of object from pin hole camera

Problems on pin hole camera:

Examples 1.9

1. An object 5m high, is placed in from of a pin-hole camera. If the width of the

camera is 30 cm and the size of image formed is 2 cm, find the distance of object

from pin-hole camera.

Solution

Given: Size of object=5 m; image Distance— 30 cm

Size of image cm

Distance of object z?

SO

DO _ size of object

DI size of image

hi do

ho di

distance of object

distance of image

x 30 cm

-75m
Distance of Object from pin hole =

Example 1.10

The magnification of an image formed by pin-hole camera is 0.0005. If the object

is at distance of 400 m, calculate the distance of the image front the ground glass

screen. If the size of image is 3 cm, calculate the height of the object.

Student Book

Solution:

Given

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Magnification

Distance of object from pin hole —400 m

Distance of image from pin hole 2?

Size of image = 3cm

Size of object z?

Distance Of image from pin hole

Magnification =

Distance of object from pin hole

Distance of image = Distance of object x Magnification

m=O.2 m

Size of imge

Magnification =

Size of object

Size of image

Size of object —

Magnification

Example 1.11

3 cm

= 6000cm —60 m

0.0005

A point source of light is placed 20 cm from an opaque disk with a diameter of 10

cm. Calculate the height of the shadow cast by the disk on a screen placed 1 m

from the light source.

solution

Drawing a diagram allows you to visualize the data.

e .20 cm

IOcm

h, • cm

17

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Therefore: ho = 10 cm; cis IOOcm; do = 20cm; h, = ? cm,

Since the ratio of the diameters equals the ratio of the distances from the source:

d h I O cm

= 50 cm.

20 cm

The diameter of the shadow is 50 cm, or five times greater than the diameter of

the disk.

Practice

1. Calculate the height oftree, 250 m away that produces an image 1.5 cm high

in a

pin-hole camera of width 30 cm.

Answer 12.5 cm
2. A building 30 m high is placed at a distance of 150 m from the pin-hole camera,

forms an image 5 cm high. Calculate the width of camera.

Answer = 25 cm.

Shadows

We know that the light rays travel in a straight line, thus, if an opaque object is

placed in the path of rays of light, a dark patch is formed behind the opaque body

The dark patch formed behind an Opaque

body, when an opaque body is placed in

the path of light is called a shadow.

The type of shadow formed depends on:

1. The size of the source of light.

2. The size of the opaque object.

3. The distance between the object and the source of light.

CHAPTER 1

socket

board

Bulb
Cardboard

with a

small hole

Types of shadows

1. Umbra

A region of total

darkness, formed behind

ESOPUGHT

Region on the

screen that does

not receive light

Region on

the screen that

receives light

screen
shadow

penurmya

an opaque body is called Umbra. No rays of light

reaches in this region. It is formed using a point

source of light.

2. penumbra

A region of Partial darkness behind

an opaque body is called Penumbra. Some rays Of

light always reach this region and partially illumi-

nate it. It is formed using extended source of light.

• CHAPTER 1

Formation of shadow

1 ) Formation of shadow by point source of light

S is the point source of light source

AB is an opaque body

XY is the screen.
The ray of light which starts from a point along

SA and SB will meet the screen at point P and Q

thus the region between points P and Q does not

receive any light and hence it is umbra region of

shadow.

Ph sics F3 1

small hole

IN watt

lamp

Characteristics of shadow by a point source of light

1. Only umbra is formed.

2. The size of umbra increases as the distance of screen from the opaque body

increase and vice versa.

3. The size of umbra increases as the distance of a point source of light from the

opaque body decreases and vice versa.

2) Formation of shadow by extended source

of light.

1. When extended source is smaller than

opaque body.

SSI is the extended source of light

PQ is the opaque body and

XY is the screen.

20

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

The rays of light starting from

point Sl along SP and SQ meet

the screen at D and F respectively similarly,

rays of light starting from a point s, along SP

and SIQ meet the screen at C and E respec-

Student Book

tively.

From the diagram, it is clear that the region DE does not receive any light and it is

umbra however, region DC is partially illuminated by S and region EF is partially

illuminated by S'. It is called penumbra.

Characteristics of shadow formed by extended source of light.

1 ) Both umbra and penumbra are formed and the size of umbra is very large com-

pared to penumbra

2) If the screen is moved away the opaque body both umbra and penumbra in-

crease and vice versa.

If the source of light is moved towards opaque body both umbra

and penumbra increase and vice versa.

b) When extended source is bigger than opaque body.

SSI is extended source of light

PQ is an opaque body

XY is the screen.

The rays of light starting from point

S, along SP and SQ meet the screen

at D and F respectively. Similarly, the

rays of light starting from a point S

along SIP and SIQ meet the screen

at C and E resp ectively.

From the diagram it is clear that the region DE does not receive any light and it is

umbra. However, region DC is partially illuminated by S and region EF is partially

illuminated by Sl and it is penumbra.

21

Characteristics of shadow when extended source is bigger than opaque

body.

1. Both umbra and penumbra are formed and size of umbra is far smaller than

penumbra.

2. If the screen is moved away from the opaque body the penumbra increases

and umbra decreases until a stage when no umbra is formed

Conditions of formation of shadow

1. There must be source of light

2. There must be an opaque body

3. There must be a screen to receive shadow

Difference between shadow and image

1. An Image of an object is complete in all details whereas a shadow is a dark out

line of an object

2. An Image is formed when rays of light, diverging from and object,

converge at a screen whereas a shadow is formed when the rays of light are

obstructed by an opaque body.

Critical thinking

We will explain why we don't see the shadow of a bird flying high in the sky.

Eclipses:

Eclipses are a natural and particularly spectacular examples of the phenomena of

umbra and penumbra. The Sun is the light source, while the Earth and the Moon

serve as either the obstacle or the screen, depending on whether a solar or a lunar

eclipse is involved.

The earth revolves around the sun once in a year, whereas moon revolves around

the earth in about 291,4 days.

Farther more the orbit of moon around earth is inclined at an angle Of 50 to the

orbit of earth around sun. Because of the orbit of moon, the sun and earth may

happen to be in same straight line twice in 29 th days, but not in the same plane.
CHAPTERI

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

Solar Eclipse

sun

Earth

VS

Student Book I

Lunar Eclipse

Earth

Moon

GK Questions and Answer on Lunar and solar Eclipses

However, if the sun, the moon and earth happen to be in same plane and same

straight line with the shadow of earth, an eclipse is said to be formed.

Eclipse: The formation Of shadows of heavenly bodies, such as moon or earth on

one another is called an eclipse.

Solar eclipse

The Moon revolves around the Earth and the Earth revolves around the Sun. As
these bodies orbit, the Moon sometimes passes between the Earth and the Sun.

It then blocks the Sun's light, preventing its rays from reaching the Earth. The Sun

disappears behind the Moon and the result is a solar eclipse.

Solar eclipse is always formed on a new moon day provided the following

conditions are satisfied.

23

ERTIESOF

1. The sun, the moon and the earth are on tthe same straight line. Such that the

moon is in between sun and earth ,

2. The sun, the moon and the earth are in the same plane.

When the above conditions are satisfied the shadow of moon falls on the day

side of earth, thus, the sun disappears for some time during the day, thereby

causing solar eclipse.

Solar eclipse is a fairly uncommon phenomenon because of the following reasons.

1. The sun, the moon and the earth do not happen to be in the same plane on

most of new moon days.

2. Sometimes the distance of moon from earth is too large, because of elliptical
orbit of the moon. Thus, the shadow caused by the moon does not reach earth.

Annular solar eclipse

This is a fairly rare phenomenon,

sometimes the distance between

the moon and earth is very large on

new moon day because the moon

revolves in elliptical orbit around earth. Thus, the

umbra cone formed by the moon finishes in mid

space and does not reach earth.

Lunar ellipse:

A lunar eclipse is different. The Earth is in be-

tween the Sun and the Moon, which disappears

completely from view when it enters the cone of

shadow that forms behind the Earth.

The size of moon changes day depending upon

the area on which sunlight is falling.

24
Penumbra (Partial eclipse)

Earth

Moon

Light rays

from the sun

Antumbra (Annular eclipseP

Cesa

CHAPTER I Student Book

However, if on a full moon night, the moon gradually disappears and then after

sometime reappears, the lunar eclipse is said to form.

during lunar eclipse, it is the shadow of earth, which falls on the day side of moon.

Thus, moon is unable to reflect any sunlight and hence appears dark.

The lunar eclipse is always caused on the full moon night, provided the following

conditions are satisfied

1. The sun, the earth and moon should be in the same straight line, such that earth

is in the middle.

2. The sun, the earth and moon should be in a same plane during their course of
revolution and rotation when the earth comes in between sun and moon, then

shadow of earth falls on moon and hence lunar eclipse is caused.

The lunar eclipse is visible from all the places on night side of earth it is because

the shadow of earth is very large and can almost completely cover the disc of

Lesson exercise

1. Define a) Shadow b) Eclipse

2. State the types of shadows

3. Explain how a shadow is formed

4. Differentiate between solar eclipse and lunar eclipse.

5. State two advantages of pin-hole camera.

6. State two disadvantages of pin-hole camera.

7. Illustrate the image formed in pin-hole camera when the size of pin-hole is

8. Calculate the height of building, 400m away, that produces and image 2.5cm

high in pin-hole camera of width 25cm

9. A building 40m high is at distance of 200m from the pin-hole camera, and forms

an image 7cm high. Calculate the width of the camera.

10. The magnification of an image formed by pin-hole camera is 0.0004. If the

object is at a distance of 150m, calculate the distance of image from screen.

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

During an eclipse, the Sun, the Earth and the Moon act as: a light source, an

obstacle or a screen.

a) During a lunar eclipse, what roles do the Sun. Earth and Moon play?

b) During a solar eclipse, what roles do the Sun. Earth and Moon play?

c) During a solar eclipse, what conditions are needed to produce an annular

eclipse?

Chapter exercise

Answer the following questions.

l. Circle the letter of correct answer

1. The particle theory of light explains:

b) Refraction of light

a) Diffraction of light

d) none of the above

2. Light behaves:

a) Always as a wave
b) As massive particles

c) Sometimes as a wave, sometime as a particle

d) None of the above

3. The luminous bodies are:

a) Stars, flower and electric bulb

b) Tube light fire and chair

c) Firefly, candle and jelly fish

c)Polarization

d) all of them

4. The Moon is•.

a) Opaque body

c) Luminous body

b) non-luminous body

d) a and b

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

5. What are the examples of transparent medium?

Student Book
a) Vacuum and clear air

b) fog and mist

c) Oiled paper and muddy water d) all of them

6. When a rays of light originating from a point source, travels in various directions,

then the collection of such rays is called

a) Parallel beam

c) Convergent beam

b) ray of light

d) divergent beam

7. The shadow formed by point source of light is

a) Penumbra

b) umbra c) a and b

d) all of them

8. The lunar eclipse can be seen

a) All places on earth

b) All places on day side of earth

c) All places on night side of earth

d) None of them

9. The advantage (s) of pinhole camera is (are):

a) Cheap

b) Easy to construct and operate

c) Free from the defected of lenses

d) all of them

10. An image 3cm high is formed in a pin hole camera, if the magnification of

image is 0.004 then the size of object is:

a) 0.012cm

b) 0.0013cm

c) 7.5m

d) 75cm

11. Magnification is the ratio of:

a) Size of the image to size of the object

b) Size of the image to distance of the Object

c) Size of the image to distance of the image.

12. Which of the following material allows light to pass through it?
(a) copper (b) wood (c) rubber

(d) glass

13. The sun in the early moming can cause a building to form a shadow, This

shadow will be:

(a) fat

(b) long

(c) thin

(d short

• CHAPTER 1

—PROPERTIES OFUGHT.,.,

15. We can see objects in a bright room because:

(a) the objects give off light 10 the air

(h) the objects reflect the light falling on them

(c) the objects send light away from our eyes

(d) our eyes give off light to the objects

16. Which of the following characteristics is not exhibited by the shadow of an

object?
(b) same color as object

(a) right side up

(C) can be formed on a screen (d) can be bigger than the object

17. The object that does not give out light on its own is the:

(a) star (b) lighted matchstick (c) light bulb (d) shining mirror

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a virtual image formed in a

plane

mirror?

(a) cannot be formed on a screen

(c) It is same size as the Object

19. Sunlight can pass through:

(b) it is inverted

(d) It is laterally inverted

s (c) rocks (d) water

(a) walls

(b) busby tree

20. Which of the following are translucent materials?

B. Ground glass

(b) Band C

(a) A and B

Fill in the blank spaces

C, Clouds

(c) A and C

D. Aluminum sheet

(d) Band D

1 • —is an invisible energy which causes the sensation of sight.

2. An optical medium which has a uniform composition throughout is called

3. When the rays of light travel parallel to each other, the collection of rays is called

4. The dark patch formed behind an opaque body when it is placed in the path of

light is called

5. Collection of number of rays of light is called

6. A medium which allows light energy to pass through it partially is called

28

• CHAPTER 1
PROPERTIES OF

7. The highest wave length of visible light

8. Non-luminous are—.

and

9. If the object is at distance of 300m from pin-hole camera with magnification

of image formed by pin-hole camera is 0.0005, the distance of image from pin-

hole camera is

10. The hight of a wall 250 cm away from pinhole camera produces an image of

2.5cm high the width of the camera is

Subjective questions

1. What do you understand by the term Of light?

2. Explain what does vision depend on?

3. Differentiate between luminous bodies and non-luminous bodies.

4. State the optical medium.

5. Differentiate ray of light and beam of light.

6. Explain parallel beam.

7. State two phenomena which suggest rectilinear propagation of light.

8. State the principles of pin-hole camera.

9. State two characteristics of image formed by pin-hole camera.

10. List three conditions for the formation of a shadow.

11. Differentiate between umbra and penumbra.

12. Which theory can explain the phenomena of diffraction?

13. Which theory can explain the phenomena of refraction?

14. What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image?

15. State three conditions of formation of shadow.

16. Explain the characteristics of shadow formed by a point source of light.

17. Illustrate the characteristics of shadow formed by extended source of light.

18. Differentiate between image and shadow.

19. Define solar eclipse and state why solar eclipse takes over small time.

20 (a) Find the height of a tree 240m a way that produces an

image 2cm high in a pin-hole camera of width 20cm.

(b) If the image size is 2,4cm, find the height of the object.

21. An image 4cm in height is formed in a pin-hole camera. If the magnification of

image is 0.005, calculate the size of object.

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-PROPERTIES OF

22. The magnification of an image formed by a pin-hole camera is 0.0005.

(a) If the object is at a distance of 500m find the image distance.

(b) Ifthe image size is 2.4cm, find the height of the object.

23. An Object at a distance of 50m from the pin-hole camera forms an image of

magnification 0.006, calculate the width of the camera. If the size of the object

is 10m. Calculate size of the image.

24. A disk is placed between a point source of light and a screen. The point source

may be a hole in a piece of cardboard, through which light from a lamp enters.

This situation is represented below.

Source

Disk

Screen

a) Determine the amount of shadow on the screen by drawing the outer rays on

the above diagram. Clearly identify the area of shadow on the diagram.
b) If the diameter of the disk is 50cm. what is the diameter of the shadow under

the conditions specified above? The diagram is drawn to scale.

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PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

c) Determine two methods of increasing the size Of the shadow without moving

the screen. Draw a diagram showing each method, and determine the area of

shadow by drawing the rays.

Source

Disk

Screen

LSI