IS MATTER AROUND US PURE 2

CHAPTER

 Introduction
CONTENTS All the matter around us is not pure. The matter
around us is of two types.
 Introduction In the previous chapter, we have learnt about the
 Pure substance three states of matter. Before, understanding the
chemical nature of matter, let us first understand
 Elements the scientific meaning of the term chemical
 Compounds substance.
 Mixture The scientific meaning of the term chemical
substance is different from its everyday meaning.
 Solutions In terms of science, substance is a kind of
matter that cannot be separated into other
 Physical & Chemical Change kinds of matter by any physical process. In
 Separation of Mixtures other words, substance is a pure form of matter
and not a mixture of several different kinds of
matter. Most of the things that we use in our day-
to-day life are in the form of mixtures. Pure
substances are rare. For example, the dissolved
sugar can be separated from its solution by some
physical process (evaporation or distillation).
separated by isphysical
However, sugar processes
itself a substance into be
and cannot its
constituents. Similarly, common salt (sodium
chloride), iron, mercury, calcium oxide,
hydrochloric acid are substance.

MATTER

PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURE

Only one substance More than one
present : no impurities substance present

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

Cannot be Made from (solutions) substance (Suspensions and
divided into simpler elements completely mixed. collids) Substances
substances chemically bonded Mixture exists in separate. One state
together one state (or one (or one phase)
phase) spread throughout
the other
 Pure substances Nitrogen N
Oxygen O
 A pure substance consists of a single type of
particles. Phosphorus P
 Pure substances are always homogeneous. Sulphur S

All the elements and compounds are pure Uranium U


substances because they contain only one Zinc Zn
kind of particles. (symbols from latin names)
 A pure substance cannot be separated into Antimony (stibium) Sb
other kinds of matter by any physical process.
Copper (Cuprum) Cu
 A pure substance has a fixed composition as
Gold (Aurum) Au
well as a fixed boiling point and melting
point. Iron (Ferrum) Fe
Ex.
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Copper, Gold, Silver. Lead (Plumbum) Pb
 Pure substances can be divided into
Mercury (Hydrogyrum) Hg
two types.
Potassium (Kalium) K
(A) Elements
Silver (Argentum) Ag
(B) Compounds
Sodium (Natrium) Na
(A) Elements :
Tin (Stannum) Sn
 An element is a substance which cannot be
 All the Elements can be divided into three
split up into two or more simpler substances
groups.
by the usual chemical methods of applying
heat, light or electric energy. (a) Metal
 An element cannot be split up into two (or (b) Non-metal
more) simpler substances because it is made (c) Metalloid
of only one kind of atoms.
(a) Metals : -
Ex. Hydrogen is an element because it cannot be
split up into two or more simpler substances A metal is an element that is malleable and
by the usual methods of carrying out ductile, and conducts electricity. All the
chemical reactions by applying heat, light or metals are solids except one metal mercury,
electricity. which is a liquid.
Element Symbol Ex. Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Zinc.
Aluminium Al  Properties of metals
Arsenic As  Metals are malleable : This means that
Barium Ba metals can be beaten into thin sheets with a
hammer (without breaking).
Bromine Br
Ex. Aluminium metal is quite malleable and can
Cadmium Cd
be converted into thin sheets called
Calcium Ca aluminium foils. Aluminium foils are used for
Chlorine Cl packing food items like biscuits, chocolates,
medicines, cigarettes, etc.
Chromium Cr
 Metals are ductile : This means that
Cobalt Co metals can be drawn (or stretched) into thin
Fluorine F wires. All the metals are not equally ductile.
Hydrogen H Some are more ductile than the other.
Iodine I Ex. Copper and aluminium metals are also very
Magnesium Mg ductile and can be drawn into thin wires
which are used in electrical wiring.
Manganese Mn
  Metals are good conductors of heat and  Metals generally have high melting points
electricity : This means that metals allow and boiling points : This means that most of
heat and electricity to pass through them the metals melt and vaporise at high
easily. Silver metal is the best conductor of temperatures.
heat. It has the highest thermal conductivity. Ex. Iron is a metal having a high melting point of
The cooking utensils and water boilers, etc., 1535ºC. This means that solid iron melts and
Ex.
turns into liquid iron on heating to a high
are usually made of copper or aluminium
temperature of 1535ºC.
metals because they are very good conductors
of heat.  Metals have high densities : This means that
metals are heavy substances.
Ex. The electric wires are made of copper and
aluminium metals because they are very good Ex. The density of iron metal is 7.8 g/cm3 which
conductors of electricity. is quite high.

 Metals are lustrous (or shiny), and can be  Metals are sonorous : This means that
metals make a ringing sound when we strike
polished : The property of a metal of having
them.
a shining surface is called metallic lustre
(chamak). The shiny appearance of metals Ex. Plate type musical instruments like cymbals
makes them useful in making jewellery and (manjira), and wires (or strings) for stringed
decoration pieces musical instruments such as violin, guitar,
sitar and tanpoora, etc.
Ex. Gold and silver are used for making jewellery
because they are bright and shiny. The shiny  Metals usually have a silver or grey colour
surface of metals makes them good reflectors : (except copper and gold). Copper has a
reddish-brown colour whereas gold has a
of light. Silver metal is an excellent reflector
yellow colour.
of light.
 Metallic Bonding
 Metals are generally hard :
The bonding which holds the metal atoms
Most of the metals are hard. But all the metals firmly together on account of force of
are not equally hard. The hardness varies attraction between metal ions and the mobile
from metal to metal they can not cut with a electron is called metallic bonding.
knife. (except sodium and potassium which
are soft metals).
   
Ex. Iron, copper, aluminium.    
 Metals are usually strong. They have high    
tensile strength : This means that metals can
   
hold large weights without breaking.
   
Ex. Iron metal (in the form of steel) is very strong
Mobility of
having a high tensile strength. Due to this electrons forming
iron metal is used in the construction of metallic bonds
bridges, buildings, railway lines, girders,
machines, vehicles and chains etc. X-rays analysis of metal crystal has revealed
that each atom in metal crystal is surrounded
 Metals are solids at the room temperature :
by 8 or 12 other metal atoms. In metal atoms,
All the metals like iron, copper, aluminium, the valency electrons are few (1, 2, and 3) and
silver and gold, etc., are solids at the room thus, it is not possible for a metal atom to
temperature. Only one metal, mercury, is in form 8 to 12 covalent bonds with
liquid state at the room temperature.
neighbouring atoms. Thus, it was assumed
that the atoms in metal crystal are bonded
with each other with a special type of bonding (b) Non–Metals : -
known as metallic bonding. Drude in 1900
proposed the theory of metallic bonding A non-metal is an element that is neither
malleable nor ductile, and does not conduct
which was later on modified by Lorentz.
electricity. All the non-metals are solids or
According to these authors, metals having 1,
gases, except bromine which is a liquid non-
2 or 3 electrons in outermost shells, being metal at room temperature.
electropositive lose their electron readily
Ex. Some of the examples of non-metals are :
because of low IE values to form free
Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Hydrogen,
electrons and remainder portion of atom with Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Bromine,
a Kernel (core of stable nature) carrying Iodine, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and
positive charge. The free electrons are mobile Xenon. Diamond and graphite are also non-
in nature and move from the one Kernel to metals.
another which are closely packed in regular
 Properties of non-metals
fashion throughout the crystal lattice. thus,
the metal crystal is represented by an The physical properties of non-metals are just
arrangement of positively charged Kernels in the opposite of the physical properties of
metals.
a sea of mobile electrons (Figure) shared by
each Kernal to give metallic bonds. Ad the  Non-metals are not malleable.
shared electrons are delocalized, the metallic  Non-metals are brittle.
bonds have neither direction nor saturation.  Non-metals are not ductile. This means that
There are two essential conditions for non-metals cannot be drawn into wires. They
metallic bonding : are easily snapped on stretching.

1. The metal atoms should have low  Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and
ionization energy. electricity.
 Non-metals are not lustrous (not shiny). They
2. There should be sufficient number of are dull in appearance.
vacant orbitals.
 Non-metals are generally soft
The strength of metallic bonds increases  Non-metals are not strong. They have low
with increase in : tensile strength.

(i) Number of valence electrons  Non-metals may be solid, liquid or gases at

the room temperature.
(ii) Charge on the nucleus. Non-metals have comparatively low melting


It is therefore, explained that alkali metals are points and boiling points
soft and have low melting point, boiling point  Non-metals have low densities.
in comparison to transition metals which are  Non-metals are not sonorous.
hard and have high m.p., b.p. since, transition Non-metals have many different colours.

metals possess higher number of valence
 Comparison Among the Properties of metals
electrons as well as the higher charge on
and non-metals.
nucleus.

It is metallic bonding which explains the Metals Non-Metals

electrical and thermal conductance, metallic
1. Metals are malleable 1. Non-metals are brittle.
luster, malleability, ductility m.pt., b.pt.,
and ductile. That is,
hardness in metals. metals can be They are neither malleable
nor ductile.
 hammered into thin properties of the elements from which it is
sheets and drawn formed.
into thin wires.
Ex. Water (H2O) is a compound made up of two
2. Metals are good 2. Non-metals are bad elements, hydrogen and oxygen, chemically
conductors of heat and combined in a fixed proportion of 1 : 8 by
conductors of heat electricity (except
mass
and electricity. diamond which is a good
conductor of heat, and  Compounds can be further divided into
graphite which is a good three classes : acids, bases and salts, on the
conductor of electricity) basis of their properties.
3.Metals are lustrous 3. Non-metals are non- Ex. Sulphuric acid is an acid, sodium hydroxide
is a base whereas sodium sulphate is a salt.
(shiny) and can be lustrous (dull) and
cannot be polished  Characteristics of a compound
polished
(except iodine which is a In a compound constituents are present in

lustrous non-metals)
definite proportion by mass
4.Metals are solids at 4. Non-metals may be  The properties of a compound are different
solid liquid or gases at from the properties of its constituents.
room temperature
the room temperature
 The constituents of a compound cannot be
(except mercury
separated by simple physical processes
which is a liquid
 Formation of a compound is generally
metal). accompanied by evolution of energy in the
5. Non-metals are not
form of heat or light.
5. Metals are strong and strong. They have
tough. They have high  A compound has a fixed melting point and
tensile strength. low tensile strength. boiling point.
6.Non-metals are not  A compound is always homogeneous in
nature.
6. Metals are sonorous. sonorous.
They make a ringing
 Mixtures
(c) Metalloids : -
 A mixture is a substance which consists of
The elements which show some properties of
two or more elements or compounds not
metals and some other properties of non-
chemically combined together. All the
metals are called metalloids. Their properties
solutions are mixtures. The various
are intermediate between the properties of substances present in a mixture are known as
metals and non-metals. Metalloids are also “constituents of the mixture” or “components
sometimes called semi-metals. of the mixture”.
Ex. Boron (B), Silicon (Si), and Germanium (Ge). Ex. Lemonade (nimbu pani) is a mixture of water,
lemon juice, sugar and salt.
(B) Compounds :
 A mixture consists of two or more different
 A compound is a substance made up of two type of particles having different chemical
or more elements chemically combined in a nature. Mixture may be homogeneous or
fixed proportion by mass. A compound is heterogeneous. All the mixtures are impure
formed as a result of chemical reaction, substances. A mixture does not have a fixed
composition or a fixed melting point and
between the constituent elements. The
boiling point.
properties of compound are different from the
 Types of mixtures
 Mixtures are of two types :  A mixture does not have a definite melting
(A) Homogeneous mixtures. point, boiling point.
(B) Heterogeneous mixtures.  A mixture is usually heterogeneous.

(A) Homogeneous mixtures :  Differences between mixtures and

 Those mixtures in which the substances are compounds
completely mixed together and are Mixture Compound
indistinguishable from one another, are called
1 A mixture can be 1 A compound
homogeneous mixtures.
separated into its cannot be
 All the homogeneous mixtures are called constituents by the separated into its
solutions.
physical processes constituents by
Ex. A mixture of sugar in water (called sugar (Like filtration, physical processes
solution) is a homogeneous mixture because evaporation etc.) (It can only be
all the parts of sugar solution have the same
sublimation, separated into its
sugar-water composition and appear to be
distillation, solvents, constituents by
equally sweet. There is no visible boundary of
magnet, etc.) chemical
separation between sugar and water particles
2 A mixture shows the 2 The properties of a
in a sugar solution.
properties of its compound are
(B) Heterogeneous mixtures constituents. entirely different
Those mixtures in which the substances from those of its
remain separate and one substance is spread constituents.
throughout the other substance as small 3 Energy (in the form 3 Energy (in the
particles, droplets or bubbles, are called of heat, light, etc.) is form of heat, light,
heterogeneous mixtures. usually neither given etc.) is usually
Ex. The mixture of sugar and sand is a out nor absorbed in given out or
heterogeneous mixture because different parts the preparation of a absorbed during
of this mixture will have different sugar-sand mixture the preparation of
compositions. Some parts of this mixture will
a compound.
have more of sugar particles whereas other
parts will have more of sand particles. There 4 The composition of 4 The composition
is a visible boundary of separation between a mixture is variable, compound of a
sugar and sand particles. The suspensions of the constituents can compound is fixed,
solids in liquids are also heterogeneous be present in any the constituents
mixtures. A mixture containing two (or more) proportion by mass. are present in fixed
immiscible liquids is also a heterogeneous proportion by
A mixture does not
mixture.
have definite formula mass.
 Properties of mixture 5 A mixture does not 5 A compound has a
 A mixture can be separated into its have a fixed melting fixed melting
constituents by physical processes. point, boiling point. point, boiling point.
 A mixture shows the properties of all the
constituents present in it.  Solutions
 Energy is usually neither given out nor
absorbed in the preparation of a mixture. So,  Solutions are of Three types.
the formation of a mixture is a physical (A) True Solutions
change.
(B) Suspension
 The composition of a mixture is variable, the
constituents can be present in any proportion (C) Colloids
by mass. (A) True Solutions :
  A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two  Solution of gas in a liquid : Soda-water is a
or more pure substances. A solution is made solution of carbon dioxide gas in water
up of two parts i.e., a solute and a solvent.  Solution of gas in a gas : Air is a solution of
Usually the component which is present in gases like oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and
larger amount is called solvent and the other water vapour, etc., in nitrogen gas. Nitrogen
is called solute. is the solvent in air and all other gases are
Ex. In case of solution of sugar and water, sugar solutes.
is the solute and water is the solvent. (B) Suspensions :
 Aqueous solutions A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in
which the small particles of a solid are spread
The solutions made by dissolving various
throughout a liquid without dissolving in it.
solutes in water are called aqueous solutions.
Ex. Chalk-water mixture, Muddy water, Milk of
 Properties of solutions magnesia, Sand particles suspended in water,
 A solution is homogeneous in nature. and Flour in water.

 The solute particles in a solution easily pass  Properties of suspensions

through a filter paper. Thus, a true solution  A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
passes through a filter paper.  The particles of a suspension do not pass
 The solute particles in a solution cannot be through a filter paper. Hence, it is possible to
seen by naked eyes. separate them by ordinary filtration.
 The particles of suspension can be seen with
 The properties of solute are retained in the naked eyes or with the help of a simple
true solution. Thus a sugar solution is sweet microscope.
in taste and a solution of salt in water is saline
in taste.  The particles of suspension settle down when
a suspension is left undisturbed. Thus, a
 A true solution does not scatter light and suspension is unstable.
hence does not show tyndall effect. In other
 The size of particles in a suspension is greater
words, solutions are transparent to light.
than 100 nm in diameter.
 The solute particles in a solution do not settle  A suspension is not transparent to light.
on keeping.
(C) Colloids :
 The diameter of solute particles in a solution
 A colloid is a kind of solution in which the
is about 10–9 m. size of solute particles is intermediate
 Types of solutions between those in true solutions and those in
suspensions. The size of solute particles in a
 Solution of solid in a solid : Metal alloys are colloids is bigger than that of a true solution
the solutions of solids in solids. but smaller than those of a suspension.
Ex. Brass is a solution of zinc in copper. Brass is
prepared by mixing molten zinc with molten
 Dispersed particles
copper and cooling their mixture.
The solute particles are also called ‘dispersed
 Solution of solid in a liquid : This is the particles’
most common type of solutions. Sugar
solution and salt solution are the solutions of  Dispersion medium
solids in liquids. A solution of iodine in  Solvents are also known as dispersion
alcohol called ‘tincture of iodine’ is also a medium.
‘solid in a liquid’ type of solution. This is  Solution, suspensions and colloids differ in
because it contains a solid (iodine) dissolved the size of solute particles, the size of
in a liquid (alcohol) solution. particles being minimum in solutions and
 Solution of liquid in a liquid : Vinegar is a maximum in suspensions.
solution of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) in  Properties of colloidal solutions
water
 Heterogeneous Nature : A colloidal solution
is heterogeneous in nature. It consists of two
 phases : dispersed phase and dispersion Colloids are classified according to the
medium. physical state of dispersed phase (solute) and
 Filtrability : The size of the colloidal the dispersion medium (solvent). Most of the
particles is less than the pores of a filter colloids can be classified into the following
paper, and, therefore, they easily pass through seven groups.
a filter paper. Colloidal particles however,  Sol : Sol is a colloid in which tiny solid
cannot pass through the parchment paper or particles are dispersed in a liquid medium.
an animal membrane or ultra-filter. Ex. Ink, Soap solution, starch solution and most
 Tyndall Effect : When a strong beam of light paints.
is passed through a colloidal solution placed  Solid sol : Solid sol is a colloid in which
in dark place, the path of the beam gets solid particles are dispersed in a solid
illuminated by a bluish light . This medium.
phenomenon is called Tyndall effect. The
Ex. Coloured gemstones (like ruby glass).
phenomenon is due to the scattering of light
by the colloidal particles.  Aerosol : An aerosol is a colloid in which a
solid or liquid is dispersed in a gas (including
 The same phenomenon is noticed when a
air).
beam of sunlight enters a dark room through a
small slit, due to scattering of light by dust Ex. The examples of aerosols in which a solid is
particles in the air. dispersed in a gas are : Smoke (which is soot
in air) and Automobile exhausts. The
 Visibility : Colloidal particles are too small
examples of aerosols in which a liquid is
to be seen by the naked eye. They however,
dispersed in a gas are : Hairspray, Fog, Mist
scatter light and become visible when viewed
and clouds.
through an ultra microscope.
 Emulsion : An emulsion is a colloid in which
 Brownian movement : When colloidal minute droplets of one liquid are dispersed in
particles are seen under an ultra microscope, another liquid which is not miscible with it.
the particles are found to be in constant Milk, butter and Face cream.
motion in zig-zag path in all possible Ex.
directions. This zig-zag motion of colloidal  Foam : The foam is a colloid in which a gas
particles is called Brownian movement. The is dispersed in a liquid medium.
movement of the particles is due to the Ex. Fire-extinguisher foam ; Soap bubbles,
collisions with the molecules of the shaving cream and Beer foam.
dispersion medium.  Solid foam : The solid foam is a colloid in
 Diffusion : Colloidal particles diffuse from a which a gas is dispersed in a solid medium.
region of higher concentration to that of Ex. Insulating foam, foam rubber and Sponge.
lower concentration. However, because of
 Gel : The gel is a semi-solid colloid in which
their bigger sizes colloidal particles move
there is a continuous network of solid
slowly and hence diffuse at slower rate.
particles dispersed in a liquid.
 Sedimentation or settling : Under the
Ex. Jellies and Gelating.
influence of gravity, the solute particles tend
to settle down very slowly. This rate of
settling down or sedimentation can be
accelerated by the use of high speed
centrifuge called ultra-centrifuge.
 Classification of colloids
  Differences between the true solutions, colloidal solutions and suspensions :
Name of the True solutions Colloidal solutions Suspensions
property

The solute particle in true The particle size in The size of the particles in
Size of
1 solutions are molecules colloidal solution lies in the case of suspension is
particles
having diameter less than 1 the range 1nm to 100 nm. greater than 100 nm
nm
The solute particles are
The solute particles are The solute particles are
invisible to the naked
Visibility or invisible to the naked eye visible even to the naked
2 eye but their scattering
Appearance as well as under the most eye or can be seen with the
effect can be viewed
powerful microscope help of a microscope
with the help of a
microscope.
The solute particles in the
The solute particles in the
The solute particles in the true colloidal solution can be
3 Setting suspension settle under
solution do not settle. made to settle by
gravity
centrifugation.
The solute particles in the true The solute particles in the
The solute particles in the
solution diffuse rapidly, pass colloidal solution do not
suspension cannot pass
4 Filterability through a parchment pass through a parchment
through a parchment
membrance as well as filter membrane, but pass
membrane or a filter paper.
paper. through a filter paper.
Tyndall True solution does not show Colloidal solution shows Suspension may or may
5
effect tyndall effect. tyndall effect. not show tyndall effect.
Brownian True solution does not show Colloidal solution shows Suspension may show
6
movement Brownian movement. Brownian movement. Brownian movement.

 Concentration of solution We can calculate the concentration of a

solution in terms of mass percentage of solute
 Dilute solution : The solution having small
by using the following formula.
amount of solute is said to have low
concentration of solution
concentration. it is known as a dilute solution.
Mass of solute
 Concentrated solution : The solution having = × 100
Mass of solution
a large amount of solute is said to be of high
concentration. It is known as a concentrated The mass of solution is equal to the mass of
solution. The concentration of a solution is solute plus the mass of solvent. That is :
amount of solute present in a given quantity Mass of solution = Mass of + Mass of
of the solution. The most common way of
solute solvent
expressing the concentration of a solution is
So, we can obtain the mass of solution by
the ‘percentage method’.
adding the mass of solute and the mass of
Ex. A 10 per cent solution of common salt means solvent.
that 10 grams of common salt are present in
In the above given example :
100 grams of the solution.
Mass of solute (salt) = 10 g
And, Mass of solvent (water) = 90 g
 So, Mass of solution = Mass of + Mass of  Physical change
solute solvent  A change in which no new substances are
= 10 + 90 = 100 g formed but physical form of the substance
changes is known as physical change.
Now, putting these values of ‘mass of solute’
and ‘mass of solution’ in the above formula,  The product formed in such changes is
we get : chemically identical to the starting substance.
10 Ex. When ice is heated, it changes into liquid
Concentration of solution = × 100
100 water, on further heating it changes into
= 10 per cent (by mass) steam. But water in the solid form (ice) or
liquid form or in gaseous form (steam) is
 The case of a liquid solute dissolved in a chemically the same substance.
liquid solvent : In the case of a liquid solute
dissolved in a liquid solvent : The Thus, this transformation represents a
concentration of a solution is defined as the physical change. Physical changes can be
volume of solute in millilitres present in 100 reversed easily.
millilitres of the solution.
Ex. Steam on colling forms liquid water, which
Ex. A 20 per cent solution of alcohol means that on further cooling changes into ice.
20 millilitres of alcohol are present in 100
millilitres of solution.  Chemical change
Concentration of solution  A change in which one or more substances
Volume of solute change into new substances is known as
= ×100 chemical change.
Volume of solution
 Such a change cannot be reversed easily.
 Solubility
Chemical changes are also known as
 The maximum amount of a solute which can chemical reactions.
be dissolved in 1 litre of a solution at a
specified temperature is known as the Ex. When electricity is passed through water. it
solubility of that solute in that solvent (at that decomposes into two new substances,
temperature). hydrogen and oxygen. Thus, it represents a
Effect of temperature and pressure on chemical change. Similarly, burning of

solubility candle, rusting or iron and calcination of
lime-stone are also examples of chemical
 The solubility of solids in liquids usually changes.
increases on increasing the temperature; and
decreases on decreasing the temperature.  Differences between physical and chemical
 The solubility of solids in liquids remains changes
unaffected by the changes in pressure.
Physical change Chemical change
 The solubility of gases in liquids usually
decreases on increasing the temperature; and 1 No new substance 1 A new substance is
increases on decreasing the temperature. is formed in a formed in a
physical change chemical change
 The solubility of gases in liquids increases on
2 A physical change is 2 A chemical change is
increasing the pressure; and decreases on a
decreasing the pressure. a permanent change
temporary change.
3 A chemical change
3 A physical change is usually
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
is easily reversible. irreversible.
On the basis of whether new substances are
formed or not we can classify all the changes
into two groups.
 4 Very little heat (or 4
A lot of heat (or  Separation by a magnet : Iron is attracted
light) energy is light) energy is by a magnet. This property of iron is used to
usually absorbed or absorbed or given separate it from a mixture. So, if a mixture
given out in a out in a chemical contains iron as one of the constituents, it can
physical change change be separated by using a magnet.
5
5 The mass of a The mass of a Ex. A mixture of iron filings and sulphur power
substance does not substance does can be separated by using a magnet. This is
alter in a physical alter in a chemical because iron filings are attracted by a magnet
change. change. but sulphur is not attracted by a magnet.

 Separation of mixtures  Separation of mixture of a solid and a

liquid
 Many of the materials around us are mixtures.
All the mixtures containing a solid and a
These mixtures have two or more than two liquid are separated by one of the following
substances mixed in them. It may not be processes:
possible to use a mixture as such in homes
and in industries. We may require only one  Separation by filtration : The process of
(or two) separate constituents of a mixture for removing insoluble solids from a liquid by
our use. So, we have to separate the various using a filter paper is known as filtration.
mixtures into their individual constituents to Filtration is used separating insoluble
make them useful in our daily life. substances from a liquid. The liquid passes
through the filter paper and collected in the
 Separation of mixture of two solids beaker kept below the funnel. The solid
All the mixtures containing two solid particles do not pass through the filter paper
substance can be separated by one of the and remain behind on the filter paper. The
following methods: solid substance left behind on the filter paper
is called residue. The clear liquid obtained is
 Separation by a suitable solvent : In some called filtrate.
cases, one constituent of a mixture is soluble
in a particular liquid solvent whereas the Ex. A mixture of chalk and water is separated by
other constituent is insoluble in it. This filtration.
difference in the solubilities of the Separation by centrifugation : We can

constituents of a mixture can be used to separate the suspended particles of a
separate them. substance in a liquid very rapidly by using the
Ex. Sugar is soluble in water whereas sand is method of centrifugation. Centrifugation is
insoluble in it, so a mixture of sugar and sand done by using a machine called centrifuge.
can be separated by using water as solvent. Centrifugation is a method for separating the
suspended particles of a substance from a
 Separation by sublimation : The changing liquid in which the mixture is rotated at a
of a solid directly into vapours on heating, high speed in a centrifuge.
and of vapours into solid on cooling is called
sublimation. The solid substance which  In the method of centrifugation, the mixture
undergoes sublimation is said to ‘sublime’. of fine suspended particles in a liquid is taken
The process of sublimation is used to in a test-tube. The test-tube is placed in a
separated those substances from a mixture centrifuge machine and rotated rapidly for
some time. As the mixture rotates round
which sublime on heating. The solid
rapidly, a force acts on the heavier suspended
substance obtained by cooling the vapour is
particles in it and brings them down to the
known as sublimate.
bottom of the test-tube. The clear liquid,
Ex. Ammonium chloride, Iodine, Camphor,. can being lighter, remains on top
be separated from a mixture by sublimation.
Ex. We can separate the clay particles suspended
in water very rapidly by the method of
 centrifugation. The suspension of clay (c) The clear solution is heated gently on a water
particles in water is taken in a test tube and bath till a concentrated solution or saturated
rotated very fast in a centrifuge machine. the solution is obtained (This can be tested by
clay particles settle down at the bottom of the dipping a glass rod in hot solution from time
test-tube and clear water remains at the top. to time. When small crystals form on the
glass rod, the solution is saturated). Then stop
 Separation by Evaporation : The changing heating.
of liquid into vapours is called evaporation.
Evaporation is used to separate (d) Allow the hot, saturated solution to cool
a solid substance that has dissolved in water slowly.
(or any other liquid). The dissolved substance
is left as a solid residue when all the water (e) Crystals of pure solid are formed. Impurities
(or liquid) has evaporated. The use of process remain dissolved in solution.
of evaporation for separating a mixture is (f) Separate the crystals of pure solid by
based on the fact that liquids vapourise easily filtration and dry.
whereas solids do not vapourise easily.
Though evaporation of a liquid can take place  Separation by chromatography :
even at room temperature but it is very slow Chromatography is a technique of separating
at room temperature. Evaporation can be two (or more) dissolved solids which are
made quicker by heating the solution. present in a solution in very small quantities.
 If we have a mixture of common salt and By using paper chromatography, we can
water, then we cannot separate common salt separate two (or more) different substance
from water by filtration or centrifugation. present in the same solution. This separation
This is because common salt is completely is based on the fact that though two (or more)
dissolved in water and not insoluble in it. We substances are soluble in the same solvent but
can recover common salt from salt-water their solubilities may be different. Some may
mixture (or salt solution) by the process of be more soluble than the others.
evaporation. Ex. Black ink is a mixture of several coloured
Ex. The common salt dissolved in water can be substances which can be separated by paper
separated by the process of evaporation. The chromatography.
solution of common salt and water is taken in  Separation by distillation : Distillation is the
a china dish and heated gently by using a process of heating a liquid to form vapour,
burner. The water present in salt solution will and then cooling the vapour to get back
form water vapours and escape into liquid. Distillation can be represented as :
atmosphere. When all the water present in the
solution of common salt and water gets Heating
Liquid Vapour (or Gas)
evaporated, then common salt is left behind in Cooling
the china dish as a white solid.
The liquid obtained by condensing the vapour
The process of evaporation is used on a large is called ‘distillate’. When the homogeneous
scale to obtain common salt from sea-water. mixture of solid and a liquid is heated in a
 Purification by crystallisation : The process closed distillation flask, the liquid, being
of cooling a hot, concentrated solution of a volatile, forms vapour. the vapours of liquid
substance to obtain crystals is called are passed through a ‘condenser’ where they
crystallisation. The process of crystallisation get cooled and condense to form pure liquid.
is used for obtaining a pure solid substance This pure liquid is collected in a separate
from impure sample. vessel. The solid, being non-volatile, remains
behind in the distillation flask.
(a) The impure solid substance is dissolved in the
minimum amount of water to form a solution. Ex. Salt-solution can be separated into salt and
water by distillation.
(b) The solution is filtered to remove insoluble
impurities.  Separation of mixture of two or more
liquid
 All the mixtures containing two (or more) and water vapour rise up in the fractionating
liquids can be separated by the following two column. The upper part of the fractionating
methods: column is cooler, so as the hot vapours rise up
in the column, they get cooled, condense and
(i) By the process of fractional distillation. trickle back into the distillation flask.
(ii) By using a separating funnel. The more volatile liquid distils over first, and
(A) Miscible liquids : the less volatile liquid distils over later. A
mixture of alcohol and water can be separated
 Those liquids which mix together in all by fractional distillation.
proportions and form a single layer are called
miscible liquids. (ii) Separation by a separating funnel :
Ex. Alcohol and water are miscible liquids A mixture of two immiscible liquids can be
because they mix together in all proportions separated by using a separating funnel. A
and form a single layer on mixing. A mixture separating funnel is a special type of funnel
of miscible liquids is separated by the process which has a stop-cock in its stem to allow the
of fractional distillation. flow of a liquid from it, or to stop the flow of
liquid from it. The separation of two
(B) Immiscible liquids : immiscible liquids by a separating funnel
Those liquids which do not mix with each depends on the difference in their densities.
other and form separate layers are called The mixture of two immiscible liquids is put
immiscible liquids. in a separating funnel and allowed to stand
Ex. Oil and water are immiscible liquids because for some time. The mixture separates into two
they do not mix with each other., and form layers according to the densities of the liquids
separate layers on mixing. Water being in it. The heavier liquid or denser liquid
heavier forms the lower layer, and oil being forms the lower layer whereas the lighter
lighter forms the upper layer. A mixture of liquid forms the upper layer. On opening the
immiscible liquids is separated by using an stop-cock of separating funnel, the lower
apparatus called separating funnel. layer of heavier liquid comes out first and
collected in a beaker. When the lower layer of
(i) Separation by fractional distillation : heavier liquid has completely run off, the
Fractional distillation is the process of stop-cock is closed. The lighter liquid in the
separating two (or more) miscible liquids by upper layer is collected in a separate beaker
distillation, the distillate being collected in by opening the stop-cock again.
fractions boiling at different temperatures. A Ex. Water and kerosene oil are two immiscible
mixture of two miscible liquids can be liquids. So, a mixture of water and kerosene
separated by the process of fractional can be separated by using a separating funnel.
distillation. The separation of two liquids by
fractional distillation depends on the
difference in their boiling points. Fractional
distillation is carried out by using a
fractionating column.
Ex. Alcohol and water are miscible liquids. The
boiling point of alcohol is 78ºC and the
boiling point of water is 100ºC. Since the
boiling points of alcohol and water different,
therefore, a mixture of alcohol and water can
be separated by fractional distillation. The
mixture of alcohol and water is heated in a
distillation flask fitted with a fractionating
column. When the mixture is heated, both
alcohol and water form vapours as their
boiling points approach. The alcohol vapour
 EXERCISE- 1
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.13 Classify the following into elements and

Q.1 Composition of mixture is fixed or variable. compounds :

(i) H2O (ii) He (iii) Cl2 (iv) CO (v) Co

Q.2 Name a method to check the purity of a
liquid. Q.14 Name the apparatus you would use to
separate oil from water.
Q.3 Is sugar in water solution homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture ? Q.15 Name the process which is used in milk
dairies to separate cream from milk.
Q.4 Give one example each of a homogeneous
and a heterogeneous mixture Q.16 Give one example of chemical changes.

Q.5 Which of the two will scatter light, soap B. Short Answer Type Questions
solution or sugar solution? (About 30–40 words)

Q.6 A solution contains 30 g of sugar dissolved in Q.17 What are the three general classes of matter ?
370 g of water. What is the concentration of Give one example of each type.
sugar solution?
Q.18 Draw a flow chart for the schematic
Q.7 Name the process by which the coloured representation of different types of matter.
components can be obtained from blue ink?
Q.19 Give reason why :
Q.8 Name the process used to separate a mixture (a) Copper metal is used for making electric
of salt and ammonium chloride. wires.

(b) Graphite is used for making electrode in a

Q.9 Name the method used to separate two
dry cell.
miscible liquids.

Q.20 What is meant by saying that metals are

Q.10 When we heat iron filings and sulphur till red
malleable and ductile?
hot, do we get compound or mixture ?

Q.21 What is meant by saying that non-metals are

Q.11 Name the solution which show Tyndall
brittle?
effect.

Q.22 Explain why, a solution of salt in water is

Q.12 What is the general name of the materials
considered a mixture and not a compound.
which contain at least two pure substances
and show the properties of their constituents? Q.23 Define (a) solute, and (b) solvent.
Q.24 Explain what happens when a beam of light is (b) Salt from sea water.
passed through a colloidal solution ?
Q.31 Write the steps you would use for making tea.
Q.25 Define the following”
Use the words : Solution, solvent, solute,
(a) Sol (b) Aerosol (c) Emulsion (d) Foam dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtration and
residue.
Q.26 How will you separate a mixture of sodium
chloride and sand?

Q.27 What do you understand by

(i) Saturated solution

(ii) Unsaturated solution

(iii) Super saturated solution.

Q.28 How can we obtain coloured component from

blue/black ink? Explain.

Q.29 Define the terms ; solution, suspension and

colloid. Make a comparison of size of their
particles.

Q.30 Explain the technique to separate

(a) Butter from curd

 EXERCISE- 2
A. Long Answer Type Questions Q.12 Gases can be separated from air by .........
method.
(More than 60–70 words)
Q.13 ......... show Tyndall effect.
Q.1 What separation techniques will you apply of
the separation of the following: Q.14 Brass is a mixture of ......... and ............
(i) Sodium chloride from its solution in
water Q.15 Miscible liquids are separated by...............
(ii) The different pigments from an extract of Q.16 Immiscible liquids are separated by using
flower petals. a...............
(iii) Butter from curd. Q.17 The separation of liquids by fractional
(iv) Oil from water. distillation is based on the difference in
their...............
(v) Tea leaves from tea
(vi) Iron pins from sand. Q.18 A heterogeneous mixture of liquid and solid
(vii) Wheat grains from husk. is conveniently separated by...............
(viii)Fine mud particles floating in water. Q.19 If a mixture contains iron filings as one of the
Q.2 Define he following terms : constituents, it can be separated by using
a...............
(i) Dispersed phase
(ii) Dispersion medium Q.20 An element is made up of only one kind
(iii) Brownian movement of...............
(iv) Solvent Q.21 Marble is a .............
Q.3 Explain the following terms used for
separation of mixtures :
(i) Filtration (ii) Crystallisation Q.22 Blood is a...............mixture.
(iii) Evaporation (iv) Sublimation Q.23 Vinegar is a ............ solution and milk is a
.......... solution.
Q.4 What is chromatography ? State its two
applications. Q.24 The size of solute particles in a colloid is
Q.5 Which technique can be used to detect and between ............... and................m.
identify traces of poison present in the
stomach wash of a person ? Q.25 Gun powder is a ..............
Q.6 A mixture contains water, kerosene and sand. Q.26 Chalk is a ..............
How will you separate this mixture? Q.27 Gold is a ..............
Q.7 How will you separate camphor, common salt
and iron nails from their mixture ?
C. True /False Type Questions
B. Fill in the Blanks Q.28 Mercury, diamond and bromine are elements.
Q.8 .............is a pure substance.
Q.29 Sugar is a compound which contains elements
Q.9 Wood is a ............. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.

Q.10 Digestion of food is a.................change.

Q.11 .............. is a metal which exists as liquid.

 ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE-1
A. Very Short Type Answer
1. Variable composition 2. Determination of boiling point
3. Homogeneous 4. Homogeneous : salt in water, Heterogeneous : salt and
sulphur
5. Soap solution
6. 7.5%
7. Evaporation
8. Sublimation
9. Distillation
10. Compound
11. Colloids
12. Mixtures
13. Elements : He, Cl2 & Co, Compound : H2O, &
CO 14. Separating funnel
16. Burning of incense stick
15. Centrifugation

EXERCISE-2

8. Element 9. Mixture 10. Chemical

11. Mercury 12. Fractional 13. Colloids
14. Zinc, Copper 15. distillation 16. Separating funnel
17. Boiling points 18. Fractional 19. Magnet
20. Atoms 21. distillation Filtration 22. Homogeneous

23. True, colloidal 24. Compound 25. Mixture

26. Compound 27. 10–7 , 10–9
28. True 29. False