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Y n= a1 a 7 _ —, > 4 > —_—— — <—_~ A aA ~A Dddii bien Veoturs . wf) 2 veckes are adolad ving the powatlele gran lard - A PEF FB Fold) oO B /B poraltlele, yaw) ve pronto oe nadllan of tH 2 Yectos BESSubtraction Vectors Bow de be subtectad nev? adolitien ifean be nopretentid A then sf hazed om Os ») _ _ a= # +B) Tus mevense Se B (Crewe the rt vor -l) AU recken by onaulhip by 29 and add Gd de obteuo a a UN OZ Ne _ v Vv "A A B Z 6 & ~ > gubba ctiew se Losi chur Qo veotws q aud B . Tere, are 2 types 4 products | ) Dot podest (Sealer) — j B anc Boe 2 veohws how'ng o b]e then » them He Ho subhadan . va B % MH yest & ere vay Hood OF hy zh call&ed law prods ef. SLO2) Cross Product (veoh tet) - Coosicler He 2 ae A owol B day the COS procluct ro) olrvoted ag A xB: ub, qxe- [Al)B Bu & iv Wht Ay = wad veel porpewclienlovs do re plant dy A wo B % T olesrribe a vectey oceurately ound e expr veotes och tem 438 cowsprnesels gh us neces dp have. SOME her ctisections . Surele director Oe Aw tows d, youl ov co -ovoli nate syst - We will be wy 3 co -exkinaks ~ 1 Copter co~ wordline ts oust? Rooter a. Cylindrical ep-erdinad Gee C ria 3 Sphuvicad to-cvdina sgt ttm < . T+ Canrhision Co-evclinal cus tm x WS sop hos SG co-orinath Axes piped utd oo yy ands . ne mutaralll. 4 . | : ( - a { o agi aie dey occk oaw?w Prey intersech odo cammen priad co Ded ~= odlavgy low . ) Re punt ae a | sont an f Coord nat Systers A point in rectangular co-ordinate system is located by three co-ordinates namely % ¥ and z co-ordinates. The point can be reached by moving from origin, the distance x in x direction then the distance y in y direction and finally the distance z in z direction. Consider a point P having co-ordinates x,y 1 and 2. It is represented as P(x, 1/21): It can be shown as in the Fig, 1.62 (a). The co-ordinates x1, y 1 and z; can be positive or negative. The point Q(3,-1, 2) can be shown in this system as in the Fig. 1.62 (b) ve Bose veety (und vecks) - 7 te 2)m . Hae 3S Cur coatisian Coverdina { yeeleat bose veokrs axe ea i the 4 8 EH gon Ay ad 2B OP 6 ) fie lors ay od % ome ee cl Bern EYP , a \Paster and Diance Veokes Cursidey a point PCY Z) 19 cartes ane co-ordinate systny . Thaw He post hiw weed ( 7 a point Pw vepareac obec ley Ha chintau co A port P jrsm Hoe oy? - a9, OP w Pp int Po tom be Mus post een vecks 4 pe pan tod a3 P= 44,4 yay tA Az a ( ¥op, « BP) Ta rmages bods gy Heist vets P's aren by | IPl= JO + Ye te@ny poe T Note iB Posi tn vests ‘a clnoled by the veohy 2 prays Hho pin tse} . we he point P , pesiticn yeoks u P : Pe io pint 8, pen tan | veolu “a &. | Nwo consider 2 porwks ia oD) 2 cortestaw tonndinelt 9; Ton Powd A wore pomdui vali e A ace Pr Buz owed of {——+y > dilauce . £ / (In) Yeo ) J vecka PETre incl 5 leet “ nat dud posi ken veotus ae P= Wary ytz, a2 ee a didante veoky PR (from P # 9) ive _ oe ai pe. A- P= farsa DR + fea) _ a \Pal 2 fea to Wr O" onigains yuh vector along direction PA i wee ea 28 | Pa | oa Dil onutrad) E lbw in Carbsiow Lo-vrdli- icler at PCW Y-2D io Hee a Cove a pe dine 2fro deb L or Cor ne ee co -enclinat? by a small oumount - A now pow p? voll be— obteind vorhe cn -codinoes (a4 4 rqrty ,ztdz) 4 30 bugth in % ol rvec bm da = Aifhoon ts 9 dy = otfjerto ‘a, cn y hirectien dz = chiffon vtec bugth in a har eoktinoliffane hal yeokd lovglh al Atay + dyay4 da, -~ ; a . ) ( Maw wy dhe yectus qo “7 Po P ) jan) -Jooto’ 4 (oly 4cdey”™ malo ONO m1 clifford? rolume. qf verlangiet P Uslepipad ay = aa ay dz Ad uw clef wwe hrfparertod suafett 4 anoasrs Tha olifjew a tN Surface clrmeud ls is ; ye praca bl as As = ASX, ohne AS = Di {foes Sunjae oven of dto elbowed . a, nil veotut permet dy He. Su foes Ds Ane u hus youn lyfe thal sunfecs elit SUM tou tisian co-edina Ls fun ove , mre veeby vest whabien 4, Havre Demands anc = =oli tial yeobr sun lece Ady? oli he wu veo! c ak numod do bivectoy, = Ayde ay aA Syecti hove bet vectur sunfpee corn neormod 4. olivetbor = Paew 4 ! ar. D cwubed — Yeckud Surface arco numal to = Aiyoclon ~ dady aoXL sacdricot) Co-orclina th & ‘tm a G L M - 7 } a2! The sun faut ured to ado free xhe ) , mi eo-acbinall “em Are yf dle Lins ¥(eatis vs the ares ‘Da eybncey 4 roti ne Wa So tL to oy _ rrve brig c am onal g vor = 2 plane c wt) Ze plane para Let bs ay Plone | Me point P te cytinclvical to -eaclinabh sypten pas conrad 6g PCa bh? The point P(t, 1,21) can be shown as in the Fig. 1.7.1(b). (@) Cylindrical co-ordinate system (b) Point P (r4, 04,24)Fig. 1.7.1 Note that angle @ is expressed in radians and for is treated positive while clockwise measurement is treated negative. 6, anticlockwise mensurement The point P can be defined as the intersection of three surfaces in cylindrical co-ordinate system. These three surfaces are, = Constant which is a circular cylinder with z-axis as its 6 = Constant plane which is a vertical plane perpendicular # axis. 0 xy plane making angle with respect to xz plane. z = Constant plane is a plane parallel to xy plane These surfaces are shown in the Fig. 1.7.2, (@) r= constant > ()2= constant ‘The intersection of any two surfaces out of the above three surfaces is either a line or circle and intersection of three surfaces defines a point P. The intersection of z = constant and r = constant is a circle. The intersection of constant and r = constant is a line. The point P which is intersection of all three sexfaces is shown in the Fig. 1.7.3. Intersection Zz of r= constant and z = constant isacircle constant cylinder y— P(r, 0,2) constant plane Intersection of = constant and = constant is, a straight line -~ = constant plane x Fig. 1.7.3 Representing point P in cylindrical systemGH Base Vectors (Unit Vectors) Similar to cartesian co-ordinate system, there three unit vectors in the r, @ and z directions svoted as a,,@% and a, ese unit vectors are shown in the Fig. 1.7.4 hese are mutually perpendicular to each a The a, lies in a plane parallel to the xy plane cd is perpendicular to the surface of the cnder at a given point, coming radially coward The unit vector ay lies also in a plane parallel she xy plane but it is tangent to the cylinder pointing in a direction of increasing $, at the Fig. 1.7.4 Unit om in cylindrical sen point. The unit vector a, is parallel to z axis and directed towards increasing z. Hence vector of point P can be represented as, |P Wohue Pr raokius Baas Pe uize where P, is radius r, Py is angle and P, is z co-ordinate of point P. In cartesian co-ordinate system, the unit vectors are not dependent on the co-ordinates. But in cylindrical co-ordinate system a, and ag are functions of } co-ordinate as their directions change as changes. Hence in integration or differentiation with respect to , components in 4, and a4 should not be treated constants. Differential Elements in Cylindrical Co-ordinate System Consider a point P(r,,2) in a cylindrical co-ordinate system. Let each co-ordinate is increased by the differential amount. The differential increments in 1,6, are dr, do and dz respectively. Now there are two cylinders of radius r and r+dr. There are two radial planes at the angles @ and @+d9. And there are two horizontal planes at the heights 2 and z-+dz. AIL these surfaces enclose a small volume as shown in the Fig. 1.7.5. The differential lengths in r and z directions are dr and dz respectively. In $ direction, do is the change in angle @ and is not the differential length. Due to this change do, there exists a differential arc length in @ direction. This differential lenoth due to do, in @ direction is r dip as shown in the Fig. 1.7.5.ztaz «length in r edg = Dees: length ing om ma engh in = 5 e Hence te differential vector length in cylindrical co-ordinate system is given by, = (178) Jae)? +(ea0)? +(@z" (179) ferential volume of the differential element formed is given by, rdrdo dz ++ (1.7.10) erential surface areas in (he three directions are shown in the Fig. 1.7.6. oz, Fig. 1.7.6 Differential surface elements in cylindrical system ‘Theyectsr representation of these differential surface areas are given by, £5, = Differential vector surface area normal to r direction = 1d dza, o (17.1) ¢S, = Differential vector surface area normal to @ direction = drdzay ~ (17.12) Differential vector surface area normal to z direction rdrdo a, (1.7.13)Rolobiens hi belween Carsian ancl 2 hadvicad : ae ihre ho ranlsian 6n dive bes point Po i lovsider & gy and 2 whirls He eybads ob ore se nendina te ave v, ¢ avd 2 st» ap dhe wy plone we tay & 9 ay cos f aud yor bing 222 Zz gemornp came wa both te opm: alse ve ay dang = L tin veal to caesar) Fras parmebion po “4 cam be yee bem gf BAe tered ’ cortisian ¢o eg linch seo! | Paaatne ee fos? te epuatoy | ve(aye _» Protea PTMe cartesian / 7 | I O phere 4 yous x, ong ot conte d sp 2 Ope p cuculas cone voit apex ot Lhe. ov, Dt half augh ab axe gs 2 ake Z 4 BOF cofaby about 2aru - 3. A half plane perpendicular to xy plane containing z axis, making an angle @ with the xz plane. Thus the three co-ordinates of a point P in the spherical co-ordinate system are (1,0,0). These surfaces are shown in the Fig. 1.8.1. ae ‘a (a) Sphere of radius r with centre as origin (©) Right circular cone (c) Half plane perpendicular with apex at origin to xy plane Fig. 1.8.1 The ranges of the variables are, Osr<@ | -. (1.8.1) O .Dpe ro =] LP = Pra, +Poao +Pyay ~ (1.8.4) where P, is the radius r and Py, Py are the two angle components of point P. Difforeatad Elemerts jin Sphemrad Co -crcltnaty Cysteno Cosiclor on point P(e, e, e) wn OW sphutcof co-enehinate system ke eack combina be invacsed by o small cmeeranb . Pra chiffon juss in x, 6,6 ane. alr, de, olf . a Now tare one 2 sphoer raclins ¥ md vel x 2 conse orth hal oungilts &® wd etde. e 2 plows ot a af g ond gtd g Al) fhare surfaces cucloce a small solure * a pyection feo get a rele > dhiffovete? a rbonod pf = cliffamteD length of ckivectonFind do, Fig. 1.8.6 Differential volume in spherical co-ordinate system Herce the differential vector length in spherical co-ordinate system is given by, | +» (1.8.8) Se magnitude of the differential length vector is given by, Mary? = (ar)? +(e 40)? +(csinoae)? = (1.8.9) dence the differential volume of the differential element formed, in spherical late system is given by, 2 sin @ dr d0 do | (1.8.10) Fig. 1.8.7 Differential surface elements in spherical co-ordinate systemRola tion chip _ he hvern Cogti sian om ad Spherical Re Bon / | , wp bese por tistan x levsidey point I co cactiaates ane ay owel Zz 1 Lb, He sphevio? eae ovclinet tis ove 6,0 and gb | z | a? "1 { xe pra” ‘oo? p) | e » | | "| wt ie WA l +N uA / a } K ne COM wit ot He ay plowe y oven O6aZ bool Ae FO taf pe oblured [pe tea 24 ophorcet do contsian Can woctions gerbe lad , ye Thin 9h F (ee ple Nuw ¥ con be. eppred aly at gt ere 1 band los 4 Pa ORIG AT OEK = 7 Biv? ® fas? fot fos? #] +7 2¢ 2g? [But Ooh CeO ‘< Wty? 2? she Q% dang =f 4Fe Bansfomakon prem rom bata do be ro-ndirnak spho'cr oblained fw ¢ 2 tan" a sf ca ye Le . ot" [| ary? 2*