ANSWERS TO REVISION QUESTIONS : CLASS XII : MATHS

TOPICS
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
COMPILED BY
M SRINIVASAN, PGT(MATHS), KVS
 INTERGRATION AS REVERSE PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION

Integration is the reverse process of

differentiation
The process of finding the original
function from the derivative of the
function is called integration or anti
differentiation
 INTERGRATION AS REVERSE PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION
𝒅 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏𝒙 𝒏−𝟏
is an integral or an anti-derivative
𝒙 =𝒏𝒙 𝒏
𝒅𝒙 of 𝒙
𝒅 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 is an integral or an anti-derivative
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 of
𝒙

𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 is an integral or an anti-derivative

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 of 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 is an integral or an anti-derivative
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 of 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
 INTERGRATION AS REVERSE PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION
𝒅 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒅 𝟏
𝒙 +𝒄 =𝒏𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒄 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
The anti-derivative of a function is not unique
The infinitely many anti-derivative of a
function can be obtained by choosing C
arbitrarily from the set of real numbers
 INTERGRATION AS REVERSE PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION
𝒅
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝑭 𝒙 𝒃𝒆 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑪,
𝒅
𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
The family 𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪, 𝑪 ∈ 𝑹 denotes the
family of anti derivatives of 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 denotes the entire class of anti-derivative and
read as indefinite integral of 𝒇(𝒙) with respect to 𝒙
The family 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪, 𝑪 ∈ 𝑹 denotes the family of anti derivatives of
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙
PHRASES USED IN INTEGRATION
 STANDARD FORMULE OF INTEGRATION
𝒅
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒙 =𝟏
𝒅𝒙

𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 𝒅 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏 As 𝒙 = (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙
𝒏+𝟏 𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝒅 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 =
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
 STANDARD FORMULE OF INTEGRATION

𝒙 𝒙 𝒅 𝒙 𝒙
𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 +𝒄 As 𝒆 = 𝒆
𝒅𝒙

𝒙
𝒙
𝒂 𝒅 𝒙 𝒙
𝒂 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄 As 𝒂 = 𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 𝒅𝒙
 STANDARD FORMULE OF INTEGRATION
𝒅
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝒅
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝒅 𝟐
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
 STANDARD FORMULE OF INTEGRATION
𝒅
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝒅
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝒅
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
 STANDARD FORMULE OF INTEGRATION
𝟏 −𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙+𝒄 As 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝟏− 𝒙𝟐
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙+𝒄 As
𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏−𝒙𝟐

𝟏 −𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 =
𝟏+𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
 STANDARD FORMULE OF INTEGRATION
𝟏 −𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄 As 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 =
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

𝟏 −𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙+𝒄 As 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

−𝟏 −𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙+𝒄 As 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 =
𝟏+𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
 STANDARD FORMULE OF INTEGRATION
𝒏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
−𝟐+𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐
𝒙 𝟏
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪= − +𝐂
𝒙 −𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙
−𝟑+𝟏
𝟏 −𝟑
𝒙 𝟏
𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪= − 𝟐+𝐂
𝒙 −𝟑 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟑 + 𝐂 𝒏
𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒏−𝟏
+𝐂
𝒙 𝟑𝒙 𝒙 𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
− +𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪= +𝐂=𝟐 𝒙
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
− +𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
 PROPERTIES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
 For a function 𝒇 𝒙
𝒅 ′
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒅𝒙
 Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative
lead to the same family of curves and so they are
equivalent
 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 ‘k’
𝒌 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
 EVALUATING INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
The given function 𝒇(𝒙) is simplified and the properties of
indefinite integral are applied to use the standard formulae
and evaluate indefinite integral
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒙 −𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗) 𝒅𝒙

𝟒 𝟐
= 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟗 𝒅𝒙

= 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟗 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟓 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟓
= −𝟔 + 𝟗𝒙 = − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟗𝒙
𝟓 𝟑 𝟓
 EVALUATING INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
The standard formulae of integration of the function 𝒇(𝒙)
can be extended for functions of the form 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
Method to evaluate integral of functions of the form 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
 Extend the standard formula and divide by the derivative of (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄, 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏

𝟐 𝟐𝒙−𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐𝒙−𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = × +𝑪= + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟐 𝟔

𝟒 𝟑−𝒙 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑−𝒙 𝟓
𝟑−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = × +𝑪=− + 𝑪
𝟓 −𝟏 𝟓
Method to evaluate integral of functions of the form 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
 Extend the standard formula and divide by the derivative of (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙

𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 𝟑
𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙 −𝟑
Method to evaluate integral of functions of the form 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
 Extend the standard formula and divide by the derivative of (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒄

−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟐
−𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙)
𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟓 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
−𝟐
 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
 Integration by substitution is one of the
technique or method for finding the
integral by reducing them into standard
forms
 In this method the given integral
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 will be transformed into another
form by changing the independent variable
𝒙 to 𝒖 by selecting a suitable substitution
 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
 We make the substitution for the function whose
derivative also occurs in the integrant
INTEGRAL SUBSTITUTION

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥
𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (log 𝑥) = , 𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝑑
𝒖=𝒆 𝑑𝑥
( 𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝒆𝒙 , 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
 We make the substitution for the function whose
derivative also occurs in the integrant
 The integrant is changed in terms of the new
variable as per the substitution

 The formula is applied after simplification

 Re-substitution done after applying the formula
 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
𝒍𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟏
𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒍𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝒍𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝒙
𝒖𝟐
= +𝑪
𝟐
𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙
= +𝑪
𝟐
 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙𝒅𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒖
𝒖𝟑
= +𝑪
𝟑
𝟑
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
= +𝑪
𝟑
INTEGRATION FORMULA OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏 −𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = (−𝒅𝒖)
𝒖
= −𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒖 + 𝑪
= −𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟏
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝑪
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝑪
INTEGRATION FORMULA OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖
𝒖
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒖 + 𝑪
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙) + 𝑪

𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪

INTEGRATION FORMULA OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = (𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)𝒅𝒙

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙) 𝟏

𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒖

= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙

= 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙) + 𝑪

𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪

INTEGRATION FORMULA OF TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙)
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙
𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙

𝒅𝒖 = (−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙)𝒅𝒙

−𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙) 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = (−𝒅𝒖)
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 𝒖
= −𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙)
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒖 + 𝑪
= −𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟏
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝑪
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝑪

INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
When the integrand involves some trigonometric functions,
we use some known identities to evaluate the integral

𝟐 𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 =
𝟐
𝟐
𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟐𝒙) =
𝟐
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 =
𝟐
𝟐
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝒙) =
𝟐
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
𝟑
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟑
𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 =
𝟒
𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟑
𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 =
𝟒
INTEGRATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒚)
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝒚)

𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 − 𝒚)

𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙 + 𝒚)

INTEGRATION OF SOME PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 +𝑪
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒂+𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝑪
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒂 −𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒙 −𝒂
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝑪
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂 𝒙+𝒂
 INTEGRATION OF SOME PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS
𝟏
Integrals of the form 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄

𝟐
Make the coefficient of 𝒙 as 1
𝒃 𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
𝟐
Convert 𝒙 ± 𝒙 into 𝒙 ± −
𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
Use the formula
 QUADRATIC CONVERSION FOR INTEGRATION
EXPRESSION
𝟐
𝟐 𝟗 𝟑
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟗 𝟐
𝟒 𝒙 +
𝟒
𝟐
=𝟒 𝒙 +
𝟐
𝟐
𝟓 𝟓
𝟐𝒙 𝟐−𝟓 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −
𝟐
= 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −
𝟐

𝟐 𝟐

𝟓 − 𝟒𝒙 𝟒
𝟓
𝟒
− 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒
𝟐
𝟓
− 𝒙𝟐

𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐
−𝟒
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 = 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟒+6= 𝒙−𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟐

𝟐𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝟐 − 1 +3 = 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟐
INTEGRATION OF SOME PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 +𝑪
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒂

𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐

𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
 INTEGRATION OF SOME PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS
𝟏
Integrals of the form 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝟐
Make the coefficient of 𝒙 as 1
𝒃 𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐
𝟐
Convert 𝒙 ± 𝒙 into 𝒙 ± −
𝒂 𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒂
Use the formula
 INTEGRATION OF SOME PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS
𝒑𝒙+𝒒
Integrals of the form 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝒅 𝟐
Let 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝒌 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 + 𝒍
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate 𝒌 and 𝒍
Split the integral into two
𝟐
The value of the first integral is 𝒌 × 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟏
The second integral is evaluated using the type 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
 INTEGRATION OF SOME PARTICULAR FUNCTIONS
𝒑𝒙+𝒒
Integrals of the form 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝒅 𝟐
Let 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒒 = 𝒌 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 + 𝒍
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate 𝒌 and 𝒍
Split the integral into two
The value of the first integral is 𝒌 × 𝟐 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟏
The second integral is evaluated using the type 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
𝑷(𝒙)
Rational function is of the form where 𝑸 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝑸(𝒙)
Rational function is proper if 𝒅𝒆𝒈 𝑷 𝒙 < 𝒅𝒆𝒈(𝑸(𝒙)
Rational function is improper if 𝒅𝒆𝒈 𝑷 𝒙 > 𝒅𝒆𝒈(𝑸(𝒙)
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟐
− 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟐
− 𝑰𝒎𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
The improper Rational function can be reduced to proper
rational function by long division process
 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS
The process of expressing the rational
function to be integrated as the sum of
simpler rational functions and integrating is
called integration by partial fractions
The form of partial fraction is decided by the
factors in the denominator
 FORMS OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
For every linear factor of the form (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) in
the denominator of the proper fraction, there
𝑨
exists a partial fraction of the form
𝒂𝒙+𝒃
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩
= +
𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟑 𝟒−𝒙 = + +
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟑 𝟒−𝒙
 FORMS OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
For every repeated linear factor of the form
𝒏
(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) in the denominator of the proper
fraction, there exists a partial fraction of the
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟑 𝑨𝒏
form + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + ⋯+ 𝒏
𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝒂𝒙+𝒃 𝒂𝒙+𝒃
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝟐 = + +
𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫
= + 𝟐
+ + 𝟐
𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙+𝟑
 FORMS OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
For every irreducible quadratic factor of the form
𝟐
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 in the denominator of the proper
fraction, there exists a partial fraction of the form
𝑨𝒙+𝑩
𝟐
𝒂𝒙 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟒= 𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 ;𝒙 −𝟗= 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟑
are reducible quadratic factors
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟏, 𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝟑 are irreducible quadratic factors
 FORMS OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
For every irreducible quadratic factor of the form
𝟐
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 in the denominator of the proper
fraction, there exists a partial fraction of the form
𝑨𝒙+𝑩
𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
= + 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙 +𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙 +𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟑 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫
= 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙 +𝟑
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Let 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗 are two differentiable functions of
the same variable 𝒙
Then the integral of the product of 𝒖 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒗 is
given by

𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖 𝒗 − 𝒗 𝒅𝒖
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
To integrate the given product of two function using
integration by parts
Identify the function 𝒖
The remaining function inside integral is
taken as 𝒅𝒗 (along with 𝒅𝒙)
Differentiate 𝒖 to get 𝒅𝒖
Integrate 𝒅𝒗 to get 𝒗
Apply the formula 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖 𝒗 − 𝒗 𝒅𝒖
 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
To integrate the given product of Logarithmic function and
polynomial Take u = Logarithmic Function
INTEGRAL IDENTIFICAITON OF u , 𝒅𝒗
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
To integrate the given product of inverse trigonometric
function and polynomial
Take u = Inverse Trigonometric Function
INTEGRAL IDENTIFICAITON OF u , 𝒅𝒗
−𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙

−𝟏 𝒖= −𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒖= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝒙; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
To integrate the given product of trigonometric function and
polynomial
Take u = Polynomial Function
INTEGRAL IDENTIFICAITON OF u , 𝒅𝒗

𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝟐
𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒙; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
To integrate the given product of exponential function and
polynomial
Take u = Polynomial Function
INTEGRAL IDENTIFICAITON OF u , 𝒅𝒗

𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐𝒙
𝟐
𝒙 𝒆 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆 𝒅𝒙

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
To integrate the given product of trigonometric function and
exponential
Take u = trigonometric Function
INTEGRAL IDENTIFICAITON OF u , 𝒅𝒗

𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐𝒙
𝟐𝒙 𝟐
𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆 𝒅𝒙

𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 ; 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

 𝒂𝒙
𝒆
𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 − 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐

𝒂𝒙
𝒆
𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐
Integrals of the form 𝒆 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 + ′
𝒇 (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇′(𝒙)
𝐒𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐰𝐨
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝒙
𝒆 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 in the form 𝒖𝒗 − 𝒗 𝒅𝒖
by taking 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙)
 𝒙
𝒆 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 gets cancelled on substitution
𝒙
𝒆 𝒇 𝒙 is the final answer
 𝟏
1. The anti-derivative of 𝐱 + equals
𝐱
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
a) 𝐱 𝟑 +𝟐 𝐱+𝐂 b) 𝐱 𝟑 + 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 +𝐂 c) 𝐱 𝟐 +𝟐 𝐱+𝐂 d) 𝐱 𝟐 +𝟐 𝐱+𝐂
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
The antiderivative of 𝒙 + = 𝒙+ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
+𝟏 − +𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
= 𝟏 + 𝟏 +𝑪
+𝟏 − +𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

𝟑 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= +
𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
𝟐
c) 𝐱 𝟐 +𝟐 𝐱+𝐂
𝟑
2. 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 equals
a) 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑪 b) 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝑪 c) 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪 d) 𝒆𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 ′
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝒆 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒇′ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝐂

𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝑪

b) 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝑪
 𝟐 𝒙𝟑
𝟑. 𝒙 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 equals
𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝒙𝟐
a) 𝒆 +𝑪 b) 𝒆 +𝑪 c) 𝒆 +𝑪 d) 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐

𝟐 𝒙𝟑
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏
𝒙 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 𝒖=𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖
𝟑

𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒖
𝟏 𝟏 𝒖
𝒙 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆 𝒅𝒖
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 𝒙𝟑
= 𝒆 + 𝑪 = 𝒆 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝒙𝟑
𝒂) 𝒆 + 𝑪
𝟑
 𝒆𝒙 𝟏+𝒙
4. 𝒅𝒙 equals
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙𝒆𝒙
a) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪 b) cot 𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪 c) cot 𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪 d) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒆𝒙 𝟏+𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙𝒆𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝒆 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒙𝒆 + 𝒆 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆 𝟏 + 𝒙
𝒆𝒙 𝟏+𝒙 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒖
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙𝒆𝒙

= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖 + 𝑪
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
a) 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒆 𝒙 +𝑪
 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙
5. 𝒅𝒙 equals
𝒙𝟐

𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
a) 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝑪 b) +𝑪 c) − 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝑪 d) +𝑪
𝟐 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝟐

𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟐
𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏
𝒙 𝒗=−
𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − − = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − + 𝑪
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
c) − 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒙
6. 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 equals
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
a) +𝑪 b) +𝑪 c) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑪 d)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

−𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖(−𝒅𝒖)
= −(−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖) + 𝑪 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝑪
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒄)𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) + 𝑪
 𝒅
7. If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃, and 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝟎, then 𝒇(𝒙) is equal to
𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒙𝟐
a) a + b b) b c) + 𝒃𝒙 d) + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐
𝒂
𝒇 𝟎 =𝟎 ⟹𝟎=
𝟐
𝟎 +𝒃 𝟎 +𝑪 𝒄=𝟎
𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙
𝟐
𝒂𝒙𝟐
c) + 𝒃𝒙
𝟐
 𝟐
𝟖. 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙
𝒂) cot 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒃) tan 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒄) + 𝑪 𝒅) sec 𝒙 tan 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟑

𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒃) tan 𝒙 + 𝒄
 𝟏
9. 𝒅𝒙 equals
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
a) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝑪 b) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝑪
c) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝑪 d) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝑪
b) 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝑪
 ′ 𝟏 𝒙𝟐
10. Assertion : If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 + ,𝒇 𝟎 = 𝟎 then 𝒇 𝒙 = + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
Reason : 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏

′
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙+ ⟹𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙+ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟏+𝒙
𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
𝒇 𝟎 =𝟎 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝟎 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟎 + 𝑪 𝑪=𝟎
𝒙𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟐
+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 Assertion is True
𝒏+𝟏
𝒙
𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒏+𝟏
+𝑪 Reason is True
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
11. Evaluate: 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒚

𝟏
= 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐

𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙

= + +𝑪
𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 = + +𝑪
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
 𝟏
12. Evaluate: 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝟏−𝟐𝒙

𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩
= +
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
⇒ 𝟏 = 𝑨 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙
Put 𝒙 = 0 ⇒𝟏=𝑨 𝟏−𝟎 +𝑩 𝟎 ⇒𝑨=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
Put 𝒙 =
𝟐 ⇒𝟏=𝑨 𝟎 +𝑩
𝟐 ⇒𝑩=𝟐
 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
= +
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
𝑨=𝟏 𝑩=𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= +
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟐 +𝑪
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 −𝟐

𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙
 −𝟏
13. Evaluate: 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 −𝒙
𝟐

𝝅
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 −𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝝅
= − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
𝝅 𝟐
= 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 𝒙
𝟐 = 𝒙 − +𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
14. 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Let 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝒅𝜽
⟹ 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝒖=𝜽 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝜽

𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙

= 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 + 𝑪

= 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 + 𝑪

−𝟏
= 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝑪
 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔
15. Evaluate: 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟕 −𝟔𝒙 −𝒙
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔
𝒅𝒙
𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅
Let 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝒌 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒍
𝒅𝒙
 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝒌 −𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒍
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 = −𝟐𝒌𝒙 + −𝟔𝒌 + 𝒍
Equating 𝒙 coefficient 2= −𝟐𝒌 ⇒ 𝒌 = −𝟏
Equating 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔 −𝟔 = −𝟔𝒌 + 𝒍 ⇒ −𝟔 = 𝟔 + 𝒍 𝒍 = −𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝒌 −𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒍 𝒌 = −𝟏 𝒍 = −𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 = − −𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 − −𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙
𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
−𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 −𝟏𝟐
=− 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
=𝟐 𝒙+𝑪
𝒙

𝟏
= −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
= −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟕 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟐
−𝟗
𝟏
= −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟕 − 𝒙+𝟑 𝟐 −𝟗
𝟏
= −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟕+𝟗 − 𝒙+𝟑 𝟐

𝟏
= −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟐
 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟔 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟐

𝟏
= −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟐 − 𝒙+𝟑 𝟐

𝒅𝒙 −𝟏
𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 +𝑪
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒂

𝒙+𝟑
= −𝟐 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 +𝐂
𝟒
 −𝟏 𝝅 𝝅
16. Evaluate: 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 , − <𝒙<
𝟐 𝟐

−𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝝅 𝝅
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒙 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 +𝒙 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏 +𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
+𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
+𝒙 +𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
 𝝅
+𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
+𝒙 +𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝝅 𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 +
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝒙 𝝅 𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 +
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝝅 𝒙 𝝅 𝒙
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝟐
𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝒙
= 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙+ +𝑪
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
17. 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐

Let 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒅𝜽

⟹ 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝜽
𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝟐

𝜽 𝜽
= 𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝜽
= 𝟐
𝒅𝜽 = 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒖=𝜽 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝜽 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝜽 𝒗= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙)
= 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝟏
=𝜽 × − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝑪
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝟏
=𝜽 × − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝑪
𝟏− 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽

𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
= − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 +𝑪
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
 𝒙𝟐 +𝒙−𝟏
18. Evaluate: 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 (1
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 6
𝟐
𝟓
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟏 𝑹
=𝑸+
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝑫
𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟏 𝟓
=𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝟓
𝟐 𝒙𝟐+𝒙−𝟔
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟓
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏+ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟓
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 𝒙 + 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 𝒙 + 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩
= +
𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐
⇒𝟏=𝑨 𝒙−𝟐 +𝑩 𝒙+𝟑
Put 𝒙 = 𝟐 ⇒𝟏=𝑨 𝟐−𝟐 +𝑩 𝟐+𝟑
⇒𝟏=𝑩 𝟓 𝟏
⇒𝑩=
𝟓
Put 𝒙 = −3
⇒ 𝟏 = 𝑨 −𝟑 − 𝟐 + 𝑩 −𝟑 + 𝟑
𝟏
⇒ 𝟏 = 𝑨 −𝟓 ⇒ 𝑨 = −
𝟓
 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝟏 𝟏
= + 𝑨=− 𝑩=
𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 −
= 𝟓 + 𝟓
𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 𝒙 + 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
−
=𝒙+𝟓 𝟓 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝒙+ + 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙−𝟐

= 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟑 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝟐 + C
 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 −𝟒
19. Evaluate: 𝒆 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙

𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒
= 𝒆 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙

𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝟒
= 𝒆 𝟐
− 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙

𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 𝟐
= 𝒆 𝟐
− 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙

= 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒
𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒙
𝒆𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟐𝒙
′ 𝟐
𝒇 (𝒙) = −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟐𝒙 × 𝟐 𝒇′ (𝒙) = −𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝒙

𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙
𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟒𝒙
 20. A function 𝑭(𝒙) is called the anti-derivative or primitive of a given function 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒅
with respect to 𝒙 if 𝑭 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 . The anti-derivative of function is not unique.
𝒅𝒙
If 𝑭(𝒙) is anti-derivative of 𝒇(𝒙) then 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪 is also anti-derivative of 𝒇(𝒙)
We represent anti-derivative of 𝒇(𝒙) by 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙
a) Find the anti-derivative of 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙
Anti-derivative of = 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟑
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙
= 𝟔
𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙
Anti-derivative of = 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝟔
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
= 𝟔
𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
= 𝟔
𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟔
− 𝟒
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Let 𝒕 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒕 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒅𝒕

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟔
− 𝟒
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟔
− 𝟒 (−𝒅𝒕)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒕 𝒕
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟔
− 𝟒
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟔
− 𝟒 (−𝒅𝒕)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒕 𝒕

𝒕−𝟓 𝒕−𝟑
=− − +𝑪
−𝟓 −𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= × 𝟓− × 𝟑+𝑪
𝟓 𝒕 𝟑 𝒕
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= × 𝟓
− × 𝟑
+𝑪
𝟓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟓 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙

Anti-derivative of = − +𝑪
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙 𝟓 𝟑
 𝟑
𝒙𝟑
b) If the primitive of 𝒇 𝒙 = is 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪, find the value of
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒂 and 𝒃
𝟑
𝒙𝟑
Primitive of = 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

𝒙𝟐 (𝒙) 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙) 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
Let 𝒖 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖
𝟐
𝟏
𝒖−𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟑
𝟐
=𝒂 𝟏+ 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝒖

𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 𝟑
− 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝒖 𝒖

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
−
𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖 𝟐 =𝒂 𝟏+ 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
−
𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖 𝟐 =𝒂 𝟏+ 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐
𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟑
− =𝒂 𝟏+ 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟑

𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟑
𝟏
𝒂= 𝒃 = −𝟏
𝟑