Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Motion Notes
🔹 A body is said to be in a state of rest when its position does not
change with respect to a reference point.
Motion
A body is said to be in a state of motion when its position change
continuously with reference to a point.
Motion can be of different types depending upon the type of path
by which the object is going through.
Circular motion – In a circular path.
Linear motion – In a straight line path.
Oscillatory motion – To and fro path with respect to origin.
Physical Quantity
There are seven basic physical quantity. Every quantity in written
in two parts : first write the magnitude of the physical quantity
and then write the unit of the quantity. i.e. magnitude 4 Unit.
Physical Quantities can be grouped into two :-
🔶 Scalar quantities :- Those Physical quantities that has only
magnitude but no direction. i.e. :- speed, distance, mass,
volume, time, temperature, work, electric current.
🔶 Vector quantities :- Those physical quantities that has both
magnitude as well as direction. i.e. velocity, force, momentum,
displays etc.
Distance The actual path or length travelled by an object
during its journey from its initial position to its final position is
called the distance.
It is denoted by Distance is a scalar quantity which requires only
magnitude but no direction to explain it. Example :- Ramesh
travelled 65 km. (Distance is measured by odometer in vehicles.)
Displacement
🔹 Displacement is a vector quantity requiring both magnitude and
direction for its explanation.
🔹 Example :- Ramesh travelled 65 km south-west from Clock
Tower.
🔹 Displacement can be zero (when initial point and final point of
motion are same) Example :- circular motion.
🔹 Distance and displacement are denoted by ‘S’.
❇️Difference between Distance and Displacement :-
Distance Displacement
Length of actual path travelled by an Shortest length between initial point and far point of an
object. object.
It is scalar quantity. It is vector quantity.
It remains positive, can’t be ‘0’ or Displacement can be equal to distance in linear path or it is
negative. lesser than distance.
Distance can be equal to displacement (in
It can be positive (+ve), negative (-ve) or zero.
linear path).
❇️Uniform Motion :-
🔹 When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time,
then the motion is said to be uniform motion.
🔹 eg :- movements of hands of a clock rotation and revolution of
the earth.
❇️Non – uniform Motion :-
🔹 In this type of motion, the body will travel unequal distances in
equal intervals of time.
🔹 eg :- motion of a car on busy road.
❇️Types of Non – uniform :-
🔹 Non – uniform motion is of two types :-
🔶 Accelerated Motion :- When motion of a body increases with
unequal time.
🔶 De – accelerated Motion or Non uniform
Retardation :- When motion of a body decreases with unequal
interval of time.
❇️Speed :-
🔹 The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit time
is called speed. It is denoted by v.
Speed = Distance travelled / Time taken
V = s/t
SI unit = m/s (meter/second)
If a body is executing uniform motion, then there will be a
constant speed or uniform motion.
If a body is travelling with non – uniform motion, then the speed
will not remain uniform but have different values throughout
the motion of such body.
For non – uniform motion, average speed will describe one
single value of speed throughout the motion of the body.
Average speed = Total distance travelled/Total time taken
❇️Velocity :-
🔹 It is the speed of a body in given direction.
Velocity = Displacement/Time
🔹 Velocity is a vector quantity. Its value changes when either its
magnitude or direction changes. It is also denoted by v
🔹 For non – uniform motion in a given line, average velocity will be
calculated in the same way as done in average speed.
Average velocity = Total displacement /Total time
🔹 For uniformly changing velocity, the average velocity can be
calculated as follows :-
velocity :- Initial velocity + Final velocity Avg / 2
V(avg) = u+v/2
🔹 where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
🔹 SI unit of velocity = ms⁻¹
Velocity = Displacement/Time
❇️Acceleration :-
🔹 Acceleration is seen in uniform motion and it can be defined as
the rate of change of velocity with time.
Acceleration :- Change in velocity/Time
Acceleration :- Final Velocity Initial/Velocity Time
a = v-u/t
where, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity
If v > u, then ‘a’ will be positive (+ve).
❇️Retardation/Deacceleration :-
🔹 Deacceleration is seen in uniform motion during decrease in
velocity with time. It has same definition as acceleration.
= Change in velocity/time
A=V-u/t
Here v < u, ‘a’ = negative (-ve).
Unit of Acceleration and deacceleration is m/s² or ms⁻²
❇️Uniform Circular Motion :-
🔹 If a body is moving in a circular path with uniform speed, It is
motion is called uniform circular motion.
🔹 In such a motion the speed may be same throughout the motion
but its velocity (which is tangential) is different at each and every
point of its motion due to continuous change in direction. Thus,
uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion.
🔹 so, velocity of an object in a circular motion is :-
V=2πr/t
