HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology

Chapter 5
PRECIPITATION AND DISSOLUTION
(KẾT TỦA VÀ HÒA TAN)

Lecturer: Nguyen Duy Dat

Email: [email protected]

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4.1 Introduction
❖ Precipitation and dissolution
- Two phenomenon are extremely important in both natural
waters and water treatment processes.
- Dissolution of minerals is a prime factor in determining the
chemical composition. Natural water chemical composition can
be altered by precipitation of minerals and the subsequent
sedimentation of these solids from supersaturated solutions.
- Water and wastewater treatment processes such as lime-soda
softening, iron removal, coagulation with hydrolyzing metal
salts, and phosphate precipitation are based on precipitation
phenomena.
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4.1 Introduction
❖ Precipitation and dissolution
- Based on knowledge of equilibrium relationship, concentrations
of species at equilibrium are calculated and thus the amount of
precipitate of material that dissolves can be calculated.
- This chapter will deal with the kinetics and equilibrium
calculations of heterogeneous systems.
- Graphical and computational methods for solving equilibrium
problems will be presented.
- The precipitation of calcium carbonate will be discussed in
some detail.

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4.2 Precipitation
❖ Precipitation and dissolution kinetics

Precipitation can be observed to be occurred in three steps:

1. Nucleation
2. Crystal growth
3. Agglomeration (kết tụ) and ripening (chín) of the solids
When the degree of supersaturation is increased or when fine
particles of a substance are mixed with this solution, precipitation
occurs.

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 4.2 Precipitation
4.2.1. Nucleation
- A nucleus (hạt nhân) is a fine particle on which spontaneous
formation or precipitation of a solid phase can take place.
- Nuclei can be formed from clusters of a few molecules or ion
pairs of component ions of precipitate.

https://www.syrris.com/

- Nuclei = precipitate: homogeneous nucleation

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- Nuclei = foreign particle: heterogeneous nucleation.
4.2 Precipitation
4.2.1. Nucleation
- The monomer concentration steadily
rises in time zone I, and passes the
threshold concentration for
nucleation in time-zone II.
- Nucleation and subsequent growth
decreases the monomer concentration
below the nucleation threshold, such
that nucleation ceases and growth
upon the existing nuclei occurs in
time zone III.

https://doi.org/10.1021/cm402139r 6
4.2 Precipitation
4.2.2. Crystal growth
Crystal forms by deposition of the precipitate constituent ions onto nuclei.
Since water and wastewater treatment processes involving precipitation often do
not reach equilibrium, the rate of crystal growth is of critical importance. Crystal
growth rate can be expressed as:

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4.2 Precipitation
4.2.3. Agglomeration and ripening of the solids
Initial solid (may be not stable) → stable phase → change of crystal structure
(aging) → ripening (crystal size increases)

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4.2 Precipitation
4.2.4. Dissolution

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
Heterogeneous calculations only apply when there is an excess of
the solid of interest present. If solid is absent, the equilibrium
calculations are not valid for predicting solution composition.
4.3.1. The solubility product

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.1. The solubility product

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.1. The solubility product

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.1. The solubility product

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.2. Effect of temperature on solubility

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.2. Effect of temperature on solubility

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.3. The common ion effect

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.3. The common ion effect

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.3. The common ion effect

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.4. Conditional solubility product

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.4. Conditional solubility product

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations

Độ tan của 1 chất có liên quan đến pH hay không?

Nếu có thì liên quan như thế nào?

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 4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.5. Log concentration diagrams

Sparingly: ít tan
Slaked lime: vôi sống 22
4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.5. Log concentration diagrams

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.5. Log concentration diagrams

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.5. Log concentration diagrams

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.5. Log concentration diagrams

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.5. Log concentration diagrams

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.5. Log concentration diagrams

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4.3 Equilibrium calculations
4.3.5. Log concentration diagrams

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4.4 Solubility of salts of weak acids and bases

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Further reading

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Further reading

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Further reading

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Further reading

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Sự kết tủa và hòa tan của các chất phụ thuộc vào
những yếu tố nào?

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