DEVELOPMENT

Q1. Define Infant mortality rate. [1M, 2020]

A1. Infant mortality rate: It indicates the number of children that die before the age year as a proportion of 1000
live children born in that particular year.

Q2. What may be goal of landless rural laborers regarding their income? [1M, 2019]

A2. More days of work and better wages Local school is able to provide quality education for their children.

Q3. What may be a goal of the prosperous farmer of Punjab? [1M, 2019]

A3. Assured high family income. Easy availability of cheap labourers. (Anyone)

Q4. State any two goals of development other than income [1M, 2018]

A4. I) Equal treatment, security and dignity for all citizens.

II) Safe and secured environment for women to make progress in every walk of their life.

Q5. What may be development for one may not be development for the other." Explain with

suitable example. [1M, 2015]

A5 Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different. For
example, Construction of dams leads to generation of hydroelectricity, thus development. However many people
have be displaced from their villages, hence it may not be development for them.

Q6. Why is sustainable development essential? Give one reason. [1M, 2015]

A6. Sustained development aims at economic development without damaging the environment and at the same
time conserving for the future. Resources are to be used in such a way that they are not overexploited.

Q7. What do final goods and services mean? [1M, 2014]

A7. The various production activities in the primary, secondary and tertiary sector produce large number of goods
and services for consumption and investment are final goods and services.

Q8 What is the advantage of per capita income? Mention any one. [1M, 2014]
A8. It helps to compare the development of countries as per capita income tells us whether people in one country
are better off than others in a different country.

Q9. What term is used to describe the 'average number of years a person is expected to live at

birth'? [1M, 2013]

A9. Life Expectancy

Q10. What is Human Development Index ? [1M, 2013]

A10. Human Development Index is a composite index of achievements of a nation in terms of three important
variables, namely-longevity, knowledge and standard of living, that determine the quality of life.

Q11 Why is the total income of countries not used to make comparisons between them? [1M, 2012]

A11. The total income of countries is not used to make comparisons between them, because the population of
different countries is different and does not give a clear picture if comparisons are made on this basis.

Q12. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related
o development. [3M, 2018]

A12. 1. Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between countries. Since countries have different
populations, comparing total income does not tell what an average person is likely to earn. Hence, we use
average income which is total income of the country divided by total population.

2. The defect of average as measure is that does not show the distribution (dispersion) of income between the
rich and the poor.

3. Two countries may have the same average income but in one country almost every family may enjoy more or
less the same kind of income, whereas in the other, some may be very rich and others very poor. The disparity
between rich and poor is an important feature that the average measure (per capita income) does not consider.

Example: In terms of development, we can take the example of India, where the metro towns are full of high-rise
buildings and shopping malls while some villages have not yet been ret provided with a basic necessity like
electricity.

Q13. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development ? [3M, 2018]

A13. Though income is one oft most important components ( development, but there are other important goals
which people look at for development

1. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
2. Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or to run businesses as entrepreneurs.

3. People seek a pollution free environment.

4. Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.

Q14. One what basis the rich and low income countries have been categorized in the world? What are the
limitations of this approach? According to the World Development Report, 2006, India comes in which category?
Give reason for the same. [3M, 2015]

A14. The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as criterion for classifying different countries.
Countries with per capita income of ₹4,53,000 per annum and above (in the year 2004) are called rich countries
and those with per capita income of ?37,000 or less are called low income countries (India comes under low
income countries; the | capita income in India is ₹28,000 per annum). Those falling in between ₹37,000 -
₹4,53,000 are placed in the middle category. Limitations of this criterion.

1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. Two countries may have identical average
income, but one country may have equitable distribution where people are neither very rich nor very poor, while
in the other country most citizens are very poor and very few are extremely rich,

2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored certain attributes
of a good life which do not depend on income or cannot be bought with money.

Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities, free atmosphere, provision of unadulterated medicines,
etc.

Q15. "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well" Do you agree with this
statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments. [3M, 2015]

A15. Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and material goods alone are not an adequate
indicator of a good quality of life. Money cannot buy all the goods services one needs to live well.

• Money cannot buy a pollution free and dean environment with fresh air.

• It cannot protect u from infectious diseases and guarantee good health for us.

• Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not adulterated.

To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, security, equal opportunity to
learn, a pollution free environment, good and safe working conditions etc

Q16. What are common developmental goals? Give any two suitable examples of common developmental goals.
[3M, 2015]
A16.

• There are certain goals which are the common for all. These are common developmental goals. The
developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in
life. More income more material goods do not always give us a good quality life.

• There other aspects such as equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity : learn, good working conditions,
pollution-free atmosphere, job security and good social life which a very important for a good quality life. Money
or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But life quality of our life also
depends on non-material things, for example, the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but
mean a lot to us.

Q17. On the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka has better rank than India? [3M, 2014]

A14. Three indicators of HDI 2004 in which Sri Lanka has better rank than India:

1. Per capita income The per capita income of Sri Lanka in US dollars was 4,390 US dollars while that of India was
3,139 US dollars.

2. Life expectancy at birth-The life expectancy at birth for Sri Lanka was 74, higher than that of India at 64.

3. Gross enrolment ratio for three levels-Sri Lanka had Gross Enrolment ratio of 69 while that of India was 60.

Q18. 'Conflicting goals can also be developmental goals'. Elaborate with examples. [3M, 2014]

A18.

• All persons do not have the same notion of development or progress. Each one of them seeks different things.
The seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can

• fulfil their aspirations or desires. In fact at times two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are
conflicting.

• A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the household work.
Her brother may not like this.

• To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the
lives of people who are displaced, such as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or
tanks to irrigate their land.

Q19. Explain with examples that there are other important development goals also besides income. [3M, 2014]

A19.
• More income or more material goods do not always give us a good quality life. There are other aspects such as
equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere,
job security and good social life which are very important for a good quality life.

• Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But quality of our
life also depends on non-material things, for example, the role of our friends in our life which cannot be
measured but mean a lot to us. Another example, i we get a job in a far off place, before accepting it we would
try consider many factors apart from income such as facilities for our family, working atmosphere, or opportunity
to learn. Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid
work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more
sharing of house work and greater acceptance of women.

• The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important
things in life.

Q20. Explain any five fields other than income where development is needed. [5M, 2018]

A20. Fields other than income where development is needed:

1. Education: The government must provide adequate education facilities in all rural urban areas. The
government must necessarily focus on education for girls so that all girls are able to acquire at least secondary
level schooling. Running proper schools and providing quality education, particularly elementary education, is
the duty of the Government.

2. Health: Basic health care facilities are a must for all. Establishment of government hospitals, clinics and
dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to provide subsidized and unadulterated medicines to the poorer sections
of society.

3. Nutrition: An effective Public Distribution System-proper functioning of ration shops and equitable distribution
of food grains is very essential.

4. Transportation: A well developed public transport system to make it easy for general public commute.

5. Electricity: It is the duty of the government to provide electricity and water at reasonable rates to the common
and prevent him from exploitation by private companies

Q21. Explain with reasons why state of Punjab with a very high per capita income has a low literacy rate. [5M,
2017]

A21

• Per capita income is not a useful criterion a the human development ranking of a state. High per capita income
is not the only attribute to a good quality life. Money cannot buy all the essential things required for a good life.
• This can be seen in the case of Punjab which has a very high per capita income but a low literacy rate. Having
money in one's pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we need to live well. Money cannot ensure
education and literacy. Another reason for low literacy rate in Punjab could be the lack of free and compulsory
educational facilities. The government needs to open more schools and provide other facilities so that all children
have a chance to study.

• Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection from infectious diseases, lowering of mortality
rate, promotion of literacy, etc. are essential for good standard of living. In order to achieve these, joint efforts
have to be made by all members of a community, be it rich or poor.

Q22. One what basis the rich and low income countries have been categorized the world? What are the
limitations of this approach? According to the World Development Report, 2006, India comes in which category?
Give reason for the same. [5M, 2015]

A22. The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a criterion for classifying different countries.
Countries with per capita income of € 4,53,000 annum a I above (in the year 2004) are called rich countries and
those with per capita income of T37,000 or less are called low income countries (India comes under low income
countries; the per capita income in India is R28,000 per annum). Those falling in between 137,000 74,53,000 :
placed in the middle category

Limitations of this criterion.

1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. Two countries may have identical average
income, but one country may have equitable distribution where people are neither very rich nor very poor, while
in the other country most citizens are very poor ver few are extremely rich.

2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored certain attributes
of a good life which do not depend on income or cannot be . bought with money. Example, freedom, equal
treatment, equal opportunities, free atmosphere, provision of unadulterated medicines, etc.

Q23. What does HDI stand for? Explain the main criteria of measuring HDI according to UNDP Report of 1990.
[5M, 2015]

A23. HDI Stand for Human Development Index.

Main criteria of measuring HDI:

1. HDI published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status
and per capita income.

2. HDI determines the rank of a country by its overall achievement in three areas, i.e., life expectancy,
educational level and per capita income.
3 Many improvements have been suggested calculating HDI and many new components have been added to
Human Development Report.

4. Pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it clear that what is important i development is what is
happening to citizens of a country, i.e., the health and well being of the is people is most important.

Q24. Explain with examples that there are other important development goals also besides income. [5M, 2014]

A24. • More income or more material goods do not always give us a good quality life. There are other aspects
such equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working conditions, pollution-free
atmosphere, job security and good social life which very important for a good quality life.

• Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But quality of our
life also depends on non-material things, for example, the role of ourfriends in our life which cannot be measured
but mean lot to us. Another example, if we get a job in a far off place, far before accepting it we would try
consider many factors apart from income such as facilities for our family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to
learn. Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid
work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more
sharing of house work and greater acceptance of women.

• The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important
things in life.