CHAPTER 2
MODULE 2: INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
GAME CHANGERS:
COPERNICUS, DARWIN, &
FREUD
OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
1. Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and
Freud contributed to the spark of the scientific revolution.
2. Analyze how the scientific revolution is done in various parts
of the world like in Europe.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONISTS
Intellectual Revolutionists (L to R) Nicolaus Copernicus, Charles Darwin, Sigmund Freud)
• Below shows how science as an idea includes theories, observations,
systematic methods about the nature and physical world through the
process of learning by humans that develop better understanding of
the world.
• As humans socialize and seeks answers to many questions on his or her
environment and even on the outside world, humans discovered or
find solutions through concrete ideas and explanations in the life or
lifeless forms.
• During 16th – 18th century in Europe, the scientific revolution was very
significant in terms of biological science and physical sciences that
clearly gave birth to the modern science that established a strong
foundation for the modern society also.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• Polish Name: Mikolaj, Kopernik
• German Name: Nikolaus Kopernikus.
• Born: February 19, 1473; Torun, Royal Prussia, Poland.
• Died: May 24, 1543; Frauenburg, East Prussia (now
Frombork, Poland)
• Important Contributions: Heliocentric theory,
• Commentariolus (Little Commentary) and De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri vi (Six Books
Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orb)
(Westman, 2020)
• Religion: Roman Catholic
LIFE, EDUCATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS
• The youngest of the four children,
• Barbara Watzenrode, the daughter of a leading trading family in Torun
and Nicolaus Copernicus, Sr., was a trader who moved to Torun from
Cracow.
• University of Cracow (today the Jagiellonian University) which offered
courses in mathematics, astronomy, and astrology.
• Lucas Watzenrode (1447–1512) uncle
• Geocentric that the earth was fixed in the center of the universe. The
sphere of stars spun around the earth each day, but as it spun the sun
slowly moved along its tilted path, completing its circuit in a year.
WORKS OF COPERNICUS
1. Commentariolus or Little Commentary - he wrote out a description of his startling new arrangement for
planetary motions, and stated
2. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) - He boldly introduced the idea that the earth is not fixed in
the middle of the universe, but is really a planet in orbit around the sun.
OTHER IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS WHO SUPPORTED
THE IDEA OF COPERNICUS (SCHARF, 2014)
1. Galileo Galilei – an Italian who built his telescopes and seen the moons of Jupiter and phases of Venus, convincing
him that Copernicus was right.
2. Johannes Kepler – the German contemporary of Galilei, stated that the orbits of the planets, including the Earth are
traced and not perfect circles but rather eccentric ellipses, unsettling any conception of a rational universe.
3. Isaac Newton – English scientist who published his monumental Principia, laying out the laws of gravitation and
mechanics that unwittingly, make the arrangement of solar system and of the universe at large a thing of austere
beauty, untended by any guiding hand but physics and mathematics.
CHARLES DARWIN
British Name: Charles Robert Darwin
Born: February 12, 1809;
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
Died: April 19, 1882; Downe, Kent
Important Contributions: The Voyage of the
Beagle and Descent of Man
Religion: Christian
(Desmond, 2020)
LIFE, EDUCATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS
• son of society doctor Robert Waring Darwin who taught him about human psychology
and Susannah Wedgwood, daughter of the Unitarian pottery industrialist Josiah
Wedgwood, she died when Darwin was just 8.
• He was also the grandson of Erasmus Darwin, a poet, freethinking physician and stylish
before the French Revolution
• Edinburgh University in 1825
• Darwin’s father switched him to Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1828 and was educated
as an Anglican gentleman.
• Darwin joined at Henslow’s suggestion of a voyage to Tierra del Fuego, at the southern
tip of South America, aboard a rebuilt brig, HMS Beagle. He prepared himself with
weapons, books and advice on preserving carcasses from London Zoo’s experts. The
Beagle sailed from England on December 27, 1831 (Desmond, 2020).
LIFE, EDUCATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS
• The Galapagos Islands Darwin’s navigation continued to these frying hot volcanic prison
islands wherein he observed the following (Sulloway, 2008)
• The Origin of Species (Based on the summary of Barnes, 2018)
SIGMUND FREUD
Austrian Name: Sigismund Schlomo Freud (later changed
to Sigmund Freud)
Born: May 6, 1856; Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire
(now Příbor, Czech Republic)
Died: September 23, 1939; London, U.K.
Important Contributions: A General Introduction to
Psychoanalysis, The Ego and the Id, The Interpretation of
Dreams
Religion: Atheist but his Jewish background and upbringing
played an important role in the development of his ideas.
(Jay, 2020)
LIFE, EDUCATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS
• Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in the Czech Republic.
• Freud's early work in psychology and psychoanalysis endeavored to understand and cure the
human mind by means of hypnosis.
• In 1886 Freud started a clinical practice in neuropsychology at Berggasse, Austria.
• Freud was able to make the breakthrough into seeing the connections with sexual feelings,
with early childhood trauma, and with the subtleties of the human psyche.
• The Structure of the Personality - Libido, Pleasure principle, Reality principle
• The Developing Child - Oral Stage, Anal Stage, Genital Stage, Phallic Stage and Latency
period
• Stages of Superego Maturity - A primitive layer, The benign Superego, Oedipally, Acquisition
of parental standards and values and Superego death.
• Consciousness and the Unconscious - Conscious state, Subconscious, Preconscious contents,
Neuro-psychoanalysis
