UNIT – 2 Operating Web (points in brief)
Unit 2: Operating Web
2.1 Web-Based Applications
A web-based application runs on a web browser over the Internet.
Examples: online booking, e-governance, online shopping, online learning.
Accessible 24x7 from anywhere.
2.2 Online Reservation Systems
Used for booking tickets (airline, railway, bus, movie), hotels, tours, etc.
Advantages for Consumers
Convenience: Book anytime, anywhere.
Price comparison: Choose best deals online.
Security: Password-protected user accounts.
Quick confirmation: Instant booking confirmation.
Choice: Select seats, meals, berths, etc.
Time saving and discounts available.
Advantages for Providers
Less staff required.
No location limits: Can operate from anywhere.
Global reach via the Internet.
Precautions for Online Transactions
Use strong passwords (mix letters, numbers, symbols).
Don’t share passwords or write them down.
Avoid using personal names as passwords.
Steps for Using Online Reservation (Example: IRCTC)
1. Open www.irctc.co.in
2. Sign up for a new account or login if existing user.
3. Enter journey details → Find Trains.
4. Choose train, class, seats → Fill passenger details.
5. Make payment via card/net banking.
6. E-ticket is displayed and emailed.
2.3 E-Governance
Use of ICT (Internet, LAN, mobiles) for government services.
Provides information and online services to citizens.
Ensures transparency and saves time and money.
Started with NICNET (1987) and National e-Governance Plan (2006).
Main Initiatives
National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
National e-Governance Division (NeGD)
Mission Mode Projects
Citizen, Business & Government Services
Important Websites
1. india.gov.in – National portal of India.
2. goidirectory.nic.in – Directory of all government websites.
2.4 Online Shopping and Bill Payments
Benefits
Shop anytime, anywhere.
Save travel time and cost.
Send gifts easily.
Compare prices, read reviews.
Get discounts and offers.
Steps in Online Shopping
1. Visit site (e.g., www.flipkart.com).
2. Sign up / Login.
3. Browse products → Add to cart.
4. Review order → Place order.
5. Make payment (card, net banking, COD).
6. Receive confirmation and delivery.
Examples
Flipkart, Amazon, eBay, Snapdeal, Myntra, Yebhi, Infibeam.
Bill Payments
Can pay electricity, water, tax, etc. online safely using secured payment gateways.
2.5 Online Learning (E-Learning)
Learning and tutoring via the Internet.
Types
Video/slide tutorials
Interactive tutorials
Webinars (live classes)
Popular Websites
khanacademy.org
udacity.org
coursera.org, edx.org
w3schools.com
GCFLearnFree.org
ncert.nic.in
Online Tests
british-study.com/quizzes – English grammar tests.
pearsonvueindia.com/lsatindia – Law entrance test (paid).
2.6 Project Management – Web Application Development
Project Characteristics
Has a start and end.
Uses limited resources.
Has defined goals and timeline.
Considered complete when objectives achieved.
Phases of Development
1. Requirement Definition: Identify problem, feasibility, and goals.
2. Design: Plan structure, database, and page layout.
3. Implementation: Build backend (database) and frontend (interface).
4. Testing: Check for errors, fix bugs, validate.
Case Studies
1. Online Game (Hangman)
User guesses letters to find a word.
Tables: Category, Words_in_Category.
2. Online Quiz
User registers, takes quiz, views results.
Tables: Admin_Login, Quiz_Info, User_Info, Result.
3. Online Bill Calculator
User registers, enters bill details, and system calculates total.
Tables: User_Info, Bill_Info.
Key Takeaways
Web-based apps simplify everyday tasks.
Ensure security and accuracy in online transactions.
Use ICT to make governance, education, and commerce efficient.
Follow structured project phases when developing web apps.
NOTE:
Kindly refer the text book for the detailed discussion on each topic.
