Lab name: Communications.

Ministry of Scientific Research

Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

OMEGA TYPE ETB-209 Experimental Training Board has been designed specifically for study of
delta modulation and demodulation. The board is absolutely self-contained and requires only CRO.
Practical experience on this board carries great educative value for Science and Engineering
Students.

OBJECT:-
- To study delta modulation and demodulation .

FEATURES :-
 The board consists of the following built-in parts:
1. 5 V D.C. at 100mA IC regulated power supply internally connected.
2. +12V D.C. at 100mA IC regulated power supply internally connected.
3. Quad Op-Amp IC.
4. Two Up/Down counter IC.
5. Digital to Analog Convertor (DAC) IC.
6. Quad two input NAND gate IC.
7. Timer IC.
8. Comparator IC.
9. Potentiometer for varying amplitude of modulating signal.
10.Mains ON/OFF switch, fuse and jewel light.
 The unit is operative on 230V ±10% at 50Hz AC Mains.
 Adequate No. of patch cords stackable from rear both ends 4mm spring loaded
plug length /½ miter.
 Good Quality, reliable terminal/sockets are provided at appropriate places on
panel for connections /observation of waveforms.

OTHER APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

- Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20MHz.

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Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

INTRODUCTION:-

In radio transmission, it is necessary to send audio signal (e.g. Music, speech etc.)
from a broad casting station over great distances to a receiver. This communication of
audio signal does not employ any wire and is sometimes called wireless. The audio
signal cannot be sent directly over the air for appreciable distance. Even if the audio
signal is converted into electrical signal, the latter cannot be sent very far without
employing large amount of power. The energy of a wave is directly proportional to its
frequency. At audio frequencies (20Hz to 20KHz), the signal power is quite small
and radiation is not practicable.

The radiation of electrical energy is practicable only at high frequencies e.g. Approx
18KHz. The high frequency signals can be sent thousands of miles even with
comparatively small power. Therefore, if audio signal is to be transmitted properly,
some means must be devised which will permit transmission to occur at high
frequencies while it simultaneously allows the carrying of audio signal. This is
achieved by imposing electrical audio signal on high frequency carrier. The resultant
waves are known as modulated waves or radio waves and the process is called
modulation. At the radio receiver, the audio signal is extracted from the modulated
wave by the process called demodulation. The signal is then amplified and
reproduced into sound by the loudspeaker.

MODULATION:-

A high frequency carrier wave is used to carry the audio signal which is done by
changing some characteristic of carrier wave in accordance with the signal. Under
such conditions, the audio signal will be contained in the resultant wave. The process
is called modulation and defined as "The process of changing some characteristic
(e.g. Amplitude, Frequency or Phase) of a carrier wave in accordance with the
intensity of the signal is known as Modulation". Modulation means to "change". In
some characteristic of a carrier wave is changed in accordance with the intensity (i.e.
Amplitude) of the signal. The resultant wave is called modulated wave or radio wave
and contains the audio signal. Therefore, modulation permits the transmission to
occur at high frequency while it simultaneously allows the carrying of the audio
signal.

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Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

NEED FOR MODULATION:-

Modulation is extremely necessary in communication system due to the following

reasons.

1. PRACTICAL ANTENNA LENGTH:

In order to transmit a wave effectively, the length of the transmitting antenna should
be approximately equal to the wave. Now:

𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = = 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (𝑯𝒛)

As the audio frequencies range from 20Hz to 20KHz, Therefore, if they are
transmitted directly into space, the length of the transmitting antenna required would
be extremely large. For instance to radiate a frequency of 20KHz directly into space,
3 𝑥 108
we would need an antenna length of = 15000 meters. This is too long antenna
20 x 103
to be constructed practically. For this reason, it is impracticable to radiate audio
signal directly into space. On the other hand if a carrier wave say of 1000KHz is used
to carry the signal we need an antenna length of 300 meters only and this size can be
easily constructed.

2. OPERATING RANGE :

The energy of a wave depends upon its frequency. The greater the frequency of the
wave, the greater the energy possessed by it. As the audio signal frequencies are
small, therefore these cannot be transmitted over large distances if radiated directly
into space. The only practical solution is to modulate a high frequency carrier wave
with audio signal and permit the transmission to occur at this high frequency (i.e.
carrier frequency).

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Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

3. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION:-

One desirable feature of radio transmission is that it should be carried without wires
i.e. Radiated into space. At audio frequencies radiation is not practicable because the
efficiency of radiation is poor. However, efficient radiation of electrical energy is
possible at high frequencies (>20KHz). For this reason, modulation is always done in
communication systems.

DELTA MODULATION:-

Delta Modulation is a differential Pulse Code Modulation Technique, in which the

difference signal between two successive samples is encoded into a single bit code.
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the Delta Modulation. This is also known as Linear
Delta Modulator. The signal m(t) is the analog input signal. While r(t) is a
reconstructed signal which is same as the quantized input signal with 1 bit delay. The
signal r(t) tries to follows the input signal m(t) with one bit period delay.

Fig. 1 Delta Modulation

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Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

THEORY:-

The process of encoding is as follows. The comparator compares the input signal m(t)
and r(t). if m(t) > r(t) a logic 1 generated at the output of the comparator otherwise a
logic 0 is generated. The value of logic 1 or logic 0 turned as A(t) is held for the bit
duration by the sample and hold current to generate so(t). the Delta Modulated
Output. This output So(t) is fed to the 8 bit binary up/down counter to control it's
count direction. A logic 1 at the mode control input increases the count value by one
and a logic '0' decrements the count value by one. All the 8 outputs of the counter are
given to DAC to reconstruct the original signal. In essence the counter & Decoder
forms the Delta Modulator in the feedback loop of the comparator. Thus, if the input
signal is higher than the reconstructed signal the counter increments at each step so as
to enable the DAC output to reach to the input signal values. Similarly if the input
signal m(t) is lower than the reconstructed signal r(t), the counter decrements at each
step, and the DAC output gets reduced to reach a value to that of m(t).

The block diagram of Delta demodulator is shown below. It works in the same way
as it was in the Feedback loop of the Delta modulator. The received Delta modulated
signal So(t) is given to the mode control input (U/D) of the up/down counter. The
counter is a 8 bit wide and counts in binary fashion. All the 8 outputs are connected
to an 8 bit DAC which gives a quantized analog signal (stepped waveform). A low
pass filter is used to smooth out the steps. A buffer amplifier provides the necessary
drive capability to the output signal. Thus the digital delta modulated data is
demodulated and reconstructed into an analog signal.

Although this process of Delta Modulation and Demodulation is a simple and cost
effective method of coding, there will be poor approximation at starting buildup and
'hunting' at flat top signals.

Another limitation in Delta Modulation is 'slope overloading'. Basically the DAC can
produce a Max. signal variation of (256x5) volts in 256 clock pulses where is the
quantization step size Tc is the clock period the max. Slope that the DAC can
produce in SL/TC volts/second which is the limiting factor of the input signal slope is
higher than this or in other words, if the input signal frequency is greater than the
limiting value slope overloading occurs. In such a case true reproduction of the
analog signal is not possible.

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Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

A sinusoidal wave form of amplitude A & frequency f has a maximum slope of 2∆fA
which occurs at zero crossing of the sine wave. If the overloading is to be avoided
then the following condition should be satisfied.

𝑆𝑓𝑠 ≥ 2𝜋𝑓А

S = quantization step size.

fs = sample frequency(Bit frequency).
f = Signal frequency.
A = Signal Amplitude.

2𝜋𝑓А 𝜋𝑓2А
𝑓𝑠 = =
𝑆 𝑆
When :

2𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑡𝑜 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

= 256 𝑥 𝑆 = 𝐷𝐴𝐶 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑓𝑠 = 𝜋𝑓 256 = 256𝜋𝑓

For a signal frequency of 200Hz, the sampling frequency should be:

𝑓𝑠 = 256 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 200 160𝐾𝐻𝑧

PANEL DISCRIPTION:-

Mains ON/OFF Switch, fuse & jewel light are provided at the extreme left hand
bottom part of the panel. On the panel two main circuit are provided namely FSK
MODULATOR AND DATA GENERATOR (upper half) & FSK DEMODULATOR
(Lower half). On the Panel Sockets are provided for measurement of inputs &
respective outputs.

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Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

OBJECT:- Study The Delta Modulation And Demodulation:-

 Procedure :-
1. Switch ON the experimental board.
2. Connect Clock Signal to the Delta Modulator circuit.

Fig. 2 Response Of Delta Modulator To A Base Band Signal

7
Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

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Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

3. Connect Modulating Signal to the Modulating signal input of the Delta

Modulator and observe the same on channel 1 of a Dual Trace Oscilloscope.
4. Observe the Delta Modulator output on channel II.
5. Connect this Delta Modulator output to the Demodulator.
6. Also connect the clock signal to the demodulator.
7. Observe the Demodulator output with and without RC filter on CRO.

QUESTION:-
1. What is modulation?
2. What is the need for modulation?
3. What are the applications of DM?
4. What are the methods of demodulation of DM?
5. List advantages and disadvantages of DM?

REFERENCE

Electronics Communication Systems: By KENEDY GEORGE

ACCESSORIES:
Patch cords stackable 4mm length 50Cm Red-3
Patch cords stackable 4mm length 50cm Black-3

ENCLOSURES: NIL.

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Lab name: Communications. Ministry of Scientific Research
Experiment No. : 7 and Scientific Research
Lab. Supervisor: Ass.T. Ahmad Jabbar Southern Technical University

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