Industrial Building Design

Session 1

Webinar

Canadian Institute of Steel Construction

Copyright © 2019
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction
Excerpts from CSA S16-14 are provided with the
All rights reserved. permission of CSA Group, copyright holder.
This book or any part thereof The contents of this material reflect the opinions of
must not be reproduce in any form the author and do not necessarily reflect the
without written permission from the publisher. opinions of CSA Group.

Printed in Canada.

ISBN 978-0-88811-230-9
Course Instructors

Bob MacCrimmon, P. Eng.

Senior Civil / Structural Specialist
Hatch

Bob MacCrimmon. P.Eng. is a Senior Civil/Structural specialist in the Hatch Niagara

Falls office. Bob has more than 40 years experience in design and construction in the
industrial/marine environment, member of the AISC task group for design of industrial
structures, has been a member of the CSA S-16 committee and is the author of the
CISC Design Guide “Crane-Supporting Steel Structures”. Recent projects include the
reconstruction of the Halifax Shipyard.

Bob is the author of the Canadian Institute of Steel Construction publication titled
“Crane-Supporting Steel Structures Design Guide.”

Logan Callele, M.Sc., P. Eng.

Structural Engineer
McElhanney Consulting Services Ltd.

Logan is a consulting structural engineer working with McElhanney Consulting Services

Ltd. out of Cranbrook, BC. Logan’s projects range from across the structural building
spectrum from commercial/institutional through industrial including some unique crane
supporting structures. Logan’s prior experience also includes acting as the Engineering
Manager for Waiward, in Edmonton, Alberta, where he worked on several industrial
projects in Western Canada and NWT, including both new and renovation work with
mining and the major oilsands sites in Alberta. He has also been involved in mining and
bridge projects as well as fire and disaster demolition and reconstruction at both petro-
chemical and mining industrial facilities.

Logan completing his studies at the University of Alberta (B.Sc. 2002, M.Sc. 2004) and
is currently a member of the Canadian Standards Association Technical Committee
on Steel Structures for Buildings, publisher of CAN/CSA Standard S16 ”Limits States
Design of Steel Structures”.
 INTRODUCTION

Webinar Outline
Session 1
1. Code Provisions & Design Standards
2. Course Building Design Example Overview
3. Standing Seam Roofing Systems
4. Support for Cladding
Session 2
5. Building Frames
6. Crane Runways - Overview
7. Stepped Columns
Session 3
8. Crane Runway Beams Design Example
9. Building Information Modelling (BIM)
10. Costs and Coatings
Session 4
11. Building Analysis and Design Example
12. Inspection & Rehabilitation
13. Temperature and Toughness
14. Connections
15. Boiler Supports

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 INTRODUCTION

Industrial Building Design

Introduction

Robert A. (Bob) MacCrimmon, P. Eng. Logan Callele, M.Sc., P.Eng.

Senior Civil / Structural Specialist Structural Engineer
Hatch Ltd McElhanney Consulting Services Ltd.

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 INTRODUCTION

Defined Objectives

• Identify the unique environmental and mechanical loading conditions in

industrial buildings
• Learn the applicability and limitations of current codes and standards in
Canada, with a comparison to other jurisdictions.
• Select the most cost effective framing schemes
• Understand the overall force resisting systems in an industrial building and
the behavior of selected components

Objectives (cont’d)

• Design crane supporting girders, stepped columns, wall systems, lateral

force resisting systems, roof trusses and connections.
• Understand serviceability considerations and limitation.
• Identify conditions and details susceptible to fatigue and its mitigation.
• Other topics include tolerances, coatings and toughness (low temperature
environments)
• Learn the implications of seismic provisions for these structures

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 INTRODUCTION

Webinar Outline
Session 1
1. Code Provisions & Design Standards
2. Course Building Design Example Overview
3. Standing Seam Roofing Systems
4. Support for Cladding
Session 2
5. Building Frames
6. Crane Runways - Overview
7. Stepped Columns
Session 3
8. Crane Runway Beams Design Example
9. Building Information Modelling (BIM)
10. Costs and Coatings
Session 4
11. Building Analysis and Design Example
12. Inspection & Rehabilitation
13. Temperature and Toughness
14. Connections
15. Boiler Supports

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Industrial Buildings

Codes, Standards, Regulations

Introduction

This session deals with building codes, material

design standards and other regulations that may
influence the designer of industrial steel buildings

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Building Codes
• This portion of the presentation relates to the National
Building Code of Canada (NBCC), 2015 edition.
• A main objective of the NBCC is to limit risk of injury as a
result of design or construction of a building.
• It is a model code.
• As adopted by a Province or Territory may differ from the
model code.
• “Building” applies to any structure used to support or
shelter any use or occupancy.
• Focus here is part 4, Structural Design.

Industrial Structures-Challenges
• Provisions not well suited to certain structures
• Jurisdiction of the structural engineer unclear
• Variable loads no longer grouped together under “live
loads”
• Obtaining building permits, variances
• Design-build risks (ie. obtaining permits for structures
not well addressed in building code)
• Dependence on practice outside Canada (ie. WSD
methods used as reference)
• Load combinations for companion action (ie. crane load
cases)
• Seismic design issues

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Supplemental Rules

• By Commentary A to the NBCC, supplemental

rules may be required in certain situations where
the basic load combinations in table 4.1.3.2 may
not apply.
• Liquid storage and multiple-crane-supporting
structures are specifically mentioned.
• By clause 4.1.3, fatigue, resonance, deflections
and vibration sometimes require supplemental
provisions

Companion Action Approach

• Adopted by NBCC and ASCE 7
• Examines the intensity of the companion loads when the
load under consideration (principal load) is at its
maximum
• For crane supporting steel structures with multiple
cranes the simultaneous application of loads, some of
short duration, is an important consideration
• Using the Companion Action approach, the designer can
more realistically assess the likelihood of the
simultaneous value of transient loads

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Wind Loads, Drift

• The provisions of the NBCC may not adequately cover
some structures of unusual configuration as one might
encounter in hydrocarbon processing facilities
• Wind loads during construction can exceed those after
construction due to lack of shielding
• By 4.1.3.5 of the NBCC, the designer is permitted some
discretion for allowable drift due to wind
• The one in ten year wind is used in the mill building
industry to calculate drift
• As an example, allowable drift may be controlled by
interconnection to another structure by a piece of
equipment

Earthquake Loads and Effects, 4.1.8 of

the NBCC
• Provisions for calculation of seismic forces to be
resisted
• Restrictions on systems can create problems for
the industrial building designer (ie. for R >1.5)
• The Structural Commentary for Part 4 contains
important information
• CISC has prepared a separate course on
seismic design.

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Design Requirements for

Steel Structures

S16(now S16-14) is the material design standard

for all steel structures with the exception of
bridges, antenna towers, offshore structures for
hydrocarbon processing, and cold formed
members.

S16

• Applies unconditionally (a few exceptions)

• Supplemental rules may be required (info is
available but probably WSD based)
• Clause 1.4 permits alternative approaches but
must stand scrutiny under S16
• Clause 27 will present challenges for industrial
structures!
• Annex M has been added to S16 to address
seismic design of industrial steel structures

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

S16 and Industrial Structures

What is different about industrial steel structures that
deserves special consideration?
• aspects not envisaged by the code writers (ie. seismic)
• not adequately addressed in codes (ie. crane supporting
structures)
• fabrication and erection tolerances
• deflections
• segmented columns
• notional loads
• fatigue, impact, vibration
• extreme temperatures
• high pressures

Help Wanted

The following slides illustrate instances where

supplemental design rules are often needed.

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Power Plants

Power Plant Buildings

• Equipment supports
• Unique loads & load combinations
• Seismic design issues
Flue gas ductwork
• High temperature
• Creep
• Shear
• Vibration
• Impact

Steel Mills

• Unique loads, load combinations

• High crane loads, severe usage/abuse
• Seismic design issues
• Circular, rectangular ductwork
• Stability, temperature
• Creep, shear
• Corrosive evironments
• Issues of dust loading intensity
• Fatigue, impact, tolerances
• Stacks

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Supports for Pressure Vessels

• Jurisdiction for design of shell/support/connections

• Consistent margin of safety when combining
different code philosophies
• Seismic issues

Machine Supports

• Unique loading conditions (ie. turbines)

• Jurisdiction
• Fatigue
• Impact
• Vibration
• Tolerances

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Pile Foundations

• Performance factors not clearly definined in

codes
• Interface with concrete foundations (ie. do we
need cap plates?)
• Fatigue
• Design of anchorage
• Possibility of uplift

Steel Sheet Piles and Anchorage

• Jurisdiction
• Design criteria
• Unusual shapes
• Heavy cold rolled sections
• Seismic design
• Corrosive environments

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Hydraulic Structures

• Design criteria (ie. gates usually WSD)

• Jurisdiction
• Tolerances
• Seismic design issues
• Vibration and impact

Column Anchorage

• Seismic design issues (see Annex M of S16)

• Pre-tensioned anchor rods?
• Uplift?
• Vibration, fatigue?
• Need for protection?

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Pre-tensioned Anchor Rods

• Design criteria not well

specified
• Turn of the nut vs. torque?
• Direct tension by means of
hydraulic jacks?

Bins and Silos, Elevated Tanks

• Loading conditions (flow of material,

temperature, vibration)
• Special details
• Seismic design issues
• Ring beams

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Wind Turbines

• For tower design, see local regulations and

CAN/CSA-C61400-1 “Wind Turbines-Part1:
Design requirements”
• Foundations and anchorage
• Tower design
• Vibration
• Fatigue
• Seismic (vertical, cantilever)

Stainless Steel Structures

• Design criteria (no

Canadian standard)
• Jurisdiction
• Seismic design issues
• Welding electrode
selection
• Dissimilar metals
(coefficient of thermal
expansion)

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Storage Racks, Warehousing

• Jurisdiction
• Design criteria
• Tolerances
• Seismic design issues
• Stability
• Can be combined with building
structure

Petrochemical Industry

• Jurisdiction
• Definitions
• Supplemental rules
• Pipe Racks
• Owner’s requirements

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Crane-Supporting Structures

• Many variations of traveling cranes (ie.

single/double girders, number/type/spacing of
wheels etc.)
• Unique loads, many load combinations
• Class of service
• Fatigue
• Tolerances
• Deflection/distortion
• Segmented columns

Runway Beams for Monorails &

Underslung Cranes
• Local stresses at the wheels, bi-axial bending
• Limit states methods (no Canadian standard)
• Lateral support for compression flanges
• Treatment of curved beams

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Useful References for These Structures

A useful set of references has been assembled by

the AISC Task Group on Industrial Buildings and
Nonbuilding Structures.

Adaptation to Canadian procedures is required in

many cases.

Notional Loads and Industrial

Buildings
• A mandatory procedure for design of columns
using P-Δ, actual column lengths.
• To account for initial imperfections and partial
yielding
• No need to use K>1 because bending moment
is increased to compensate in the interaction
equations
• For a rigorous analysis of segmented columns,
supplemental information is required

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

Segmented Columns

Other Regulations
Refer to Provincial, Territorial or local regulations regarding
health and safety, including but not limited to:
• Fall arrest
• Overhead protection
• Stairs, ramps, ladders
• Aisles
• Barriers
• Access and egress
• Lifting devices
• Inspection requirements
• Construction considerations

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 CODES PROVISIONS & DESIGN STANDARDS

The buck stops here!

The function of the building is dominant in

determining its final form

The Engineer should therefore have an intimate

knowledge of the purpose for which the building is
intended

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 COURSE BUILDING DESIGN EXAMPLE OVERVIEW

Industrial Building Design

Course Building Design Example Overview

Julien Richard, Eng., M.A.Sc.

Civil/Structural Engineer, Hatch Ltd

Building geometry

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 COURSE BUILDING DESIGN EXAMPLE OVERVIEW

Building geometry

Building geometry

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 COURSE BUILDING DESIGN EXAMPLE OVERVIEW

Building geometry

Location

• Montréal, Québec

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 COURSE BUILDING DESIGN EXAMPLE OVERVIEW

Climatic and seismic data

• Appendix C of CNBC 2010 : Montréal, Québec

- Snow load Ss = 2.6 kPa

Sr = 0.4 kPa

- Wind load q1/50 = 0.42 kPa

- Seismic Sa(0.2) = 0.64 g

Sa(0.5) = 0.31 g
Sa(1.0) = 0.14 g
Sa(2.0) = 0.048 g
PGA = 0.33 g

Dead loads

• Frame selfweight • Roofing

- Truss - Steel deck 0.10 kPa
- Columns - Insulation 0.20 kPa
- Purlins 40 kg/m*
• Crane runway beam - Miscellaneous 0.20 kPa
- Runway beam 276 kg/m*
- Rail ASCE 60 30 kg/m • Siding
- 15% : stiffeners, rail - Steel deck 0.10 kPa
attachements, cables - Insulation 0.20 kPa
- Girts 30 kg/m*
• Lateral loads resisting system - Sag rods
- Vertical braces - Miscellaneous 0.10 kPa
- Horizontal braces
- Struts, Bridging * To be confirmed

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 COURSE BUILDING DESIGN EXAMPLE OVERVIEW

Crane data

• Class CMAA Class D

• Lifting capacity 40 m.t. per crane = 392 kN
• Number of cranes 2
• Bridge weight (excluding trolley/hook) 190 kN
• Trolley and hook weight 28 kN
• Number of wheels 2 per side
• Wheel spacing 3800 mm c/c
• Distance from wheels and truck end 200 mm
• Maximum wheel load 265 kN
(unfactored and excluding impact)

Snow load

• Building category Normal importance IS = 1.0 for ELU

IS = 0.9 for ELS
• Ss = 2.6 kPa Sr = 0.4 kPa

• Wind exposure factor Cw = 1.0

• Basic snow load factor

- Smaller plan dimension w = 24 m
- Larger plan dimension l = 165 m
- Characteristic length lc = 2w - w2/l = 44.5 m
lc < 70 m and Cw = 1.0  Cb = 0.8

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10

Snow load
• Slope factor
- Roof slope 1:12 = 4.8° < 15°
- Unobstructed slippery roof Cs = 1.0

• Shape factor Ca = 1.0

10

11

Wind load – External pressures

• Building category Normal importance IW = 1.0 for ELU

IW = 0.75 for ELS
• q1/50 = 0.42 kPa

• Building dimensions
- Reference height h = 16 m (at eave since roof slope is less than 7°)
- Building width w = 24 m
- h/w = 0.67 < 1.0 and h < 20 m  Low-rise building

• Exposure factor (open terrain) Ce = (h/10)0.2 Ce = 1.10

11

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12

Wind load – External pressures

• Primary structural actions CgCp from Fig. I-7 of NBCC commentary

12

13

Wind load – External pressures

• Primary structural actions

13

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14

Wind load – External pressures

• Structural components CgCp from Fig. I-8 of NBCC commentary

and cladding (walls)

At girt = 2.0 m x 9 m = 18 m2

-1.6

+1.4

z = min(10% x 24 m ; 40% x 16 m) = 2.4 m

14

15

Wind load – External pressures

• Structural components CgCp from Fig. I-9 of NBCC commentary

and cladding (roof)

At purlins = 2.0 m x 9 m = 18 m2

z = 2.4 m

-2.0
-1.5

+0.3

15

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16

Wind load – External pressures

• Structural components and cladding

• Girts
- CgCp+ = +1.4  pe+ = 1.0 x 0.42 kPa x 1.10 x (+1.4) = +0.65 kPa
- CgCp- = -1.6  pe+ = 1.0 x 0.42 kPa x 1.10 x (-1.6) = -0.74 kPa

• Purlins
- CgCp+ = +0.3  pe+ = 1.0 x 0.42 kPa x 1.10 x (+0.3) = +0.14 kPa
- CgCp- = -2.0 (edge)  pe+ = 1.0 x 0.42 kPa x 1.10 x (-2.0) = -0.92 kPa
- CgCp- = -1.5 (center)  pe+ = 1.0 x 0.42 kPa x 1.10 x (-1.5) = -0.69 kPa

16

17

Wind load – Internal pressures

• Exposure factor using h = 16 m / 2 Cei = 0.96

• Internal gust effect factor Cgi = 2.0

• Internal pressure coefficient Category 3 Cpi = ±0.7

17

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18

Seismic load

• Conventional construction system  Rd = 1.5 Ro = 1.3

- Moment resisting frame
in transverse direction
- Braced frame in
longitudinal direction

• See Building Analysis and

Design Example presentation
for more details related to
seismic load

18

19

Temperature effects

• Neglected since the building is unrestrained in both directions

19

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20

Load combinations

• Combinations according to Tables 4.1.3.2.A and 4.1.3.2.B of NBCC 2010

Case Principal loads Companion loads

1 1.4D
2 (1.25D or 0.9D) + (1.5C + 1.0L) 1.0S or 0.4W
3 (1.25D or 0.9D) + (1.5L + 1.0C) 0.5S or 0.4W
4 (1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.5S (1.0C + 0.5L) or 0.4W
5 (1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.4W (1.0C + 0.5L) or 0.5S
6 (1.25D or 0.9D) + C7
7 1.0D + 1.0E 1.0Cd + 0.5L + 0.25S

20

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 STANDING SEAM ROOFING SYSTEMS

Industrial Buildings

Standing Seam Roofs

Standing Seam Roofs (SSR’s)

Photo: www.cssbi.ca

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 STANDING SEAM ROOFING SYSTEMS

Basic Features

• Preformed metal pans

• Field joined at elevated seams, usually with
portable seaming devices
• Concealed fasteners that allow relative
horizontal movement
• Through fasteners only for anchorage
• Very good weather protection if executed
properly
• Several profiles and finishes are available

Typical Panel

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 STANDING SEAM ROOFING SYSTEMS

Basic System

Basic System (cont’d)

• For low slope rectangular roofs

• Not meant for large snow loads
• Note thermal blocks
• No diaphragm action
• Penetrations must be isolated (differential
movement)

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 STANDING SEAM ROOFING SYSTEMS

Typical Detail at Purlin

System with Flat Liner

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 STANDING SEAM ROOFING SYSTEMS

Flat Liner system (cont’d)

• Constant depth insulation

• Enhanced water resistance
• Light liner, not good to walk on

System with Ribbed Liner

10

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 STANDING SEAM ROOFING SYSTEMS

With Ribbed Liner (cont’d)

• Structural roof deck

• Diaphragm action
• Rigid insulation added
• Air/vapor barrier for best water resistance

11

SSR Anchorage

• Floats, therefore requires anchorage

• Often anchored at the eaves for low slopes
• Hipped roof anchorage can be problematic

12

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 STANDING SEAM ROOFING SYSTEMS

Hip Roofs

13

Advantages of SSRs

• Durable weather protection

• Accommodate differential thermal movements
• Good resistance to uplift
• Possible superior warranties
• Possible lowered insurance rates
• Lightweight
• Relatively easy to maintain

14

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 STANDING SEAM ROOFING SYSTEMS

Disadvantages

• Lack of diaphragm action

• Lack of lateral, torsional restraint capability to
purlins/joists
• Complex details at roof openings
• Adapting details to non-rectangular roofs
• Anchorage issues at hip roofs and gables
• Expansion joints can be expensive (numerous,
complex)
• Capital cost may be high

15

Overcoming Disadvantages

• Use a separate roof bracing system of rods or

straps
• Use a horizontal roof bracing system or
cantilever columns for crane-supporting
structures, particularly for the more severe
service conditions
• Use the third system (Ribbed liner) for
diaphragm action
• Use well conceived details
• Seek advice if you are not an expert!

16

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 SUPPORT FOR CLADDING

Industrial Building Design

Support for Cladding

With thanks to Julien Richard, Eng., M.A.Sc.

Why I Love Steel

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 SUPPORT FOR CLADDING

Why I Love Steel

Why do we Love Steel?

• Because we can be part of building things.

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 SUPPORT FOR CLADDING

What are our Structural Steel Projects Made Of?

Building geometry

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 SUPPORT FOR CLADDING

Building geometry

Roof and wall system

• Typically, industrial buildings use conventional wall system

- Horizontal channels as wind girts
- Corrugated cladding
- Wind girts are typically supported by sag rods

• Purlins supporting roof loads

- W sections or channels inclined as per roof slope
- Corrugated decking
- Sag rods may be used for bigger roof slope

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 SUPPORT FOR CLADDING

Design of purlins – Geometry

Design of purlins – Loads

• Dead loads
- Roofing steel deck 0.10 kPa
- Insulation 0.20 kPa
- Purlin’s selfweight 40 kg/m / 2 m 0.20 kPa
- Miscellaneous (electrical, piping, etc.) 0.20 kPa
_______
Total : 0.70 kPa

wD_max = 0.70 kPa x 2 m 1.40 kN/m

wD_min = (0.70 kPa – 0.20 kPa) x 2 m 1.00 kN/m

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 SUPPORT FOR CLADDING

10

Design of purlins – Loads

• Snow load 2.48 kPa

wS = 2.48 kPa x 2 m 4.96 kN/m

• Live load
- 1.0 kPa, or
- 1.3 kN at mid-span

Note : Since snow load is more critical and do not have to be

combined with roof live load, live load is not considered.

10

11

Design of purlins – Loads

• Wind load
- External pressure (succion) -0.69 kPa
- Internal pressure (positive) -0.57 kPa
________
Total : -1.26 kPa

wW = -1.26 kPa x 2 m -2.52 kN/m

Note : External pressure for components and cladding is applicable

for the purlins design. Edge pressure is used.

11

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12

Design of purlins – Load combinations

Case Combination Load Comp. flange support

1 1.4Dmax 1.96 kN/m Yes
2 1.25Dmax + 1.5S 9.19 kN/m Yes
3 0.9Dmin + 1.4W -2.63 kN/m No

• Case 1 is not critical

• It is assumed that L and S do not act together on the roof

• Combinations of L or S with W are not critical

12

13

Design of purlins – 1.25D + 1.5S

13

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14

Design of purlins – 1.25D + 1.5S

• Refer to Section 5.13 of Kulak and Grondin to better

evaluate how the torsion is resisted by flange warping
using the modified flexural analogy

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15

Design of purlins – 1.25D + 1.5S

Ref: Limit States Design in Structural Steel, 9th ed., Kulak and Grondin
Uniform
µL Concentrated Torque
Torque
a = 0.1 a = 0.2 a = 0.3 a = 0.4 a = 0.5 a = 0.5
0.5 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97
1 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91
2 0.91 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.70
3 0.83 0.72 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.51
4 0.76 0.62 0.54 0.50 0.48 0.37
5 0.70 0.54 0.45 0.41 0.39 0.27
μL = 6.54
6 0.65 0.47 0.39 0.34 0.33 0.20
8 0.55 0.37 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.12
10 0.48 0.31 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.08

β = 0.18

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Design of purlins – 1.25D + 1.5S

• Purlin section
- W360x39 Steel grade : CSA G40.21-350W Fy = 345 MPa
- Section class 1 in bending

• Factored moment resistance

- Mrx = 206 kN-m (Compression flange supported by roof deck)
- Mry = 28.5 kN-m
- Zflange = t x b2 / 4 = 10.7 x 1282 / 4 = 43.8 x 103 mm3
- Mr_flange = φFyZflange = 13.6 kN-m

• Interaction

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Design of purlins – 0.9D + 1.4W

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18

Design of purlins – 0.9D + 1.4W

• Since bottom flange is in compression

and is not laterally supported, lateral-torsional
buckling shall be considered

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Design of purlins – 0.9D + 1.4W

• Factored moment resistance

- Mrx = 36.8 kN-m (Calculated with L = 9 m and ω2 = 1.13)
- Mry = 28.5 kN-m
- Mr_flange = 13.6 kN-m

• Interaction

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Design of purlins – Deflection check

• Deflection due to snow load (using IS = 0.9)

• wS = 0.9 x 4.96 kN/m = 4.46 kN/m

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Design of purlins – Other considerations

• Sag rods may also be used to support purlins for steep roofs

• Consider stiffeners to restrain the rotation at the ends of the purlins – this is
especially important for LTB dominant designs (cantilevered awnings).

• Purlins may have to resist to axial loads due to lateral or stability loads.

• Purlins connections have to be designed to transfer axial loads if

existing….especially consider the load path for the transfer of any shear
diaphragm (or roof bracing) forces from the roof to the vertical bracing
system.

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Design of girts – Geometry

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Design of girts – Geometry

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Design of girts – Loads

• Dead loads
- Siding steel deck (wall cladding) 0.10 kPa
- Insulation 0.20 kPa
- Girt’s selfweight 30 kg/m / 2 m 0.15 kPa
- Miscellaneous (electrical, piping, etc.) 0.10 kPa
_______
Total : 0.55 kPa

wD = 0.55 kPa x 2 m 1.10 kN/m

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Design of girts – Loads

Cladding may be supported elsewhere though….

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Design of girts – Loads

• Wind load – Windward

- External pressure (positive press.) +0.65 kPa
- Internal pressure (negative) +0.57 kPa
________
Total : +1.22 kPa

wW = +1.22 kPa x 2 m +2.44 kN/m

Note : External pressure for components and

cladding is applicable for the girt design

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Design of girts – Loads

• Wind load – Leeward or sidewall

- External pressure (suction) -0.74 kPa
- Internal pressure (positive) -0.57 kPa
________
Total : -1.31 kPa

wW = -1.31 kPa x 2 m -2.62 kN/m

Note : External pressure for components and

cladding is applicable for the girt design

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Design of girts – Load combinations

Case Combination Load Load Unsupported length

vertical horizontal
1 1.4D 1.54 kN/m - N.A.
2 1.25D + 1.4W+ 1.38 kN/m +3.42 kN/m 0 mm
3 1.25D + 1.4W- 1.38 kN/m -3.67 kN/m 3000 mm

• Case 3 is the most critical

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Design of girts – 1.25D + 1.4W-

• Bending moment about strong axis

• Factored moment
- Mfx (L/2) = 37.2 kN-m
- Mfx (L/3) = 33.0 kN-m

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Design of girts – 1.25D + 1.4W-

• Bending moment about weak axis

• Factored moment
- Mfx (L/2) = 0.31 kN-m
- Mfx (L/3) = 1.24 kN-m

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Design of purlins – 0.9D + 1.4W

• Purlin section
- C250x30 Steel grade : CSA G40.21-300W Fy = 300 MPa
- Section class 1 in bending

• Factored moment resistance

- Mrx = 52.0 kN-m (Calculated with L = 3 m and ω2 = 1.0)
- Mry = 5.8 kN-m

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Design of purlins – 0.9D + 1.4W

• Interaction at L/2

• Interaction at L/3

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Design of girts – Deflection check

• Deflection due to wind load (using IW = 0.75)

• wW = 0.75 x 2.62 kN/m = 1.97 kN/m

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Design of girts – Other considerations

• Locate sag rods closer to compression flange to provide lateral support

(two nuts required)

• Sheeting and other attachments may or may not provide lateral support to
compression flanges of girts

• Watch sag rod details (especially for the last point – stabilizing columns)

• Watch sag rod connection at top (picture next side)

• Consider sag rod connection at multiple levels for high buildings

• Girts may be considered as lateral support for columns in lighter buildings

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Design of girts – Other considerations

• Out-of-plane force due to sag rod connection

Additional lateral load due

to sloping sag rod must
be accounted for.

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Design of girts – Other considerations

• Connect sag rod on rigid element

Truss at top Top girt

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