I

ABSTRACT

Agriculture is the main economic activity especially in developing countries like Ethiopia
even though agriculture is the backbone of their economy. It has able to satisfy and solve
the problem of food self-insufficiency. Many of the least developed country particularly in
sub Saharan Africa and in marginal production environments across the developing
world continues to experience lower stagnant agricultural productivity, rising food
deficits and high level of hunger and poverty. IN many developing countries the major
problems are the problem of quality of agricultural productivity and the food self-
insufficiencies. In line with this, the main objectives of this study is to examine the
agricultural productivity and food self-insufficiencies in case of Jardaga Jarte Woreda
and to came up with some possible recommendation for policy makers. To examamine
this problem the cross sectional data is collected from January 2024.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground of the Study

Many of the least developed country particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and in marginal
production environments across the developing world continuous to experience low or
stagnant Agricultural productivity, rising food deficits, and high level of hunger and
poverty (Wik, et al., 2008)

Agriculture is essential for sub-Saharan Africa growth and for achieving the millennium
development goal of halving poverty by 2015. Agriculture employs 65% of African labor
force and accounts for 32% of GDP. Agricultural GDP growth in Sub-Saharan Africa has
accelerated from 2.3% per year 1980s to 3.85 %per year from 2000 to 2005 (Martins,
2014). Agriculture stimulates the industry sector and the service sector, not just in terms
of demand but also concerning the raw material. It creates the taxable base for the
government to invest in education, health and infrastructures(African agricultural
development. Ethiopia is a land locked country split by the Great Rift Valley. It so
located in the horn of Africa, bordering six/6/ countries; Djibouti and Somalia to the east,
Eritrea to the North, and North-east ,Kenya to the South and Sudan and south Sudan to
the west. With a population of 94 million (2013) growing at annual rate of 2.5 % in 2014
Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa (Mohammed, 2017).

The country is the place of origin for the coffee (Arabica) bean and sometimes referred to
as the land of natural contrasts, home to vast fertile west, jungles, and numerous rivers,
and also the world’s hottest settlement of Dallol in its north (Uhligset al., 2017).

Ethiopia is one of the developing countries in which major percent of the people depend
on Agricultural activities. Since more developing countries based their life on agriculture
mostly they may face problems through their life time. But these situations are not true
for developed countries since they based on industry and service sector than agriculture.
(Molla and Fitsume,2017).

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So agriculture is very important and considered as a back bone of Ethiopian economy. It
provides food and raw material to the rest of economy. The Ethiopian agricultural sector
accounts for about 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. The agricultural sector is
also the supplier of food stuff to consumer and about 75% of raw material goes to agro-
industry in a country (Eshete, 2013).

Even though agricultural sector is the main stay of Ethiopian economy, the sector has not
been able to satisfy the requirement of the people as possible which cause food self-
insufficiency and hardship. This is because like other developing countries agriculture,
Ethiopian agriculture predominantly characterized by traditional farming system, back
ward technology and skill, frequently fluctuation rainfall and poor infrastructure. Low
application of modern input (such as fertilizers, pesticides, and improved seeds), poor
animal breads, etc. are also characterizing the Ethiopian agriculture (Ayeleet al., 2006).

In Horo GuduruWallaga zone agricultural activities are poorly developed. Infrastructural

facilities are also poorly developed especially in rural areas in this zone. Roads like the
capacity to carry heavy traffic and the available means of transportation cannot carry the
increasing quantities of output and input. More transportation is by traditional
transportation such as pack-animal and their size of land holding is small, which makes
difficult to mechanize agricultural production. Ethiopian agricultural economy is growing
with a wide range of opportunities for good agricultural activity and to improve and
reduce food self-insufficiency (Ethiopian Agricultural Investment Commission 2015)

The rural areas of Jardaga JarteWoreda engaged in poor agricultural activities despite the
agricultural productivity stay in its deteriorating progress which can be manifested by low
productivity. The cropping system in this rural is under taken by the use of traditional
system. Therefore, the annual income from farming is too low that is not sufficient for
household to live on. These situations directly or indirectly results food insecurity and
poverty. As per researcher knowledge there is a limitation of previous studies have been
conducted on agricultural performance and food self-insufficiency. So, the researcher’s
will try to fill the gap which is to evaluate agricultural performance and food self-
insufficiency in rural areas of Jardaga Jarte Woreda.

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1.2. Statement of the problem

Food insecurity continuously threatens a large portion of households in low income

countries like, Ethiopia. Agricultural production in Ethiopia is characterized by severe
fluctuation in the rainfall (Mekonninet al., 2021). Not only is this, the country’s
agriculture activities were practiced through traditional farming and backward
technologies which leads to food self-insufficiency and famine. More production
produced to satisfy subsistence level. Means, in traditional subsistence production
producer and farmers get most of family consumption requirement from domestic food
production largely from low agricultural production (Rivera, 2020).

Though one major consequence of poor performance of Ethiopian agriculture is widely

spreads of food insecurity. An estimated 29.2% of the country’s population is food
insecure or lay below poverty line (CSA, 2013, Change, 2016)

Particularly in several areas of Jardaga Jarte woreda are chronically food self-insufficient.
Due to political instability peoples are migrated/shifted from their home land to neighbors
leads to the food self-insufficiency is situation by widening the gap between the demand
and supply of food which is resulted from increasing population size, political instability,
variation of climate access instability of agricultural productivity market. In other way
due to the lack of mechanization and commercialization of agricultural productivity
peoples are leads to food self-insufficiency.

All the above poor agricultural productivity is true for rural areas of Horo Guduru
Wallaga zone particularly in the rural areas of Jardaga Jarte Woreda. In this rural areas
most farmers are depend on backward agriculture and subsistence farming system or
level for the case of survival which is not sufficient for life. Most of related paper was
only focused on the agricultural performance in Ethiopia. And they did not focus on the
food self-insufficiency in agricultural performance and food self-insufficiency in Jardaga
Jarte woreda rural areas. So this research tried to answer the following questions.

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 • What are the statuses of main agricultural crops productivity in rural areas of
Jardaga Jarte woreda?

• What is the exact cause of food self-insufficiency in rural areas of Jardaga

Jarte woreda?

• What the major factors of food self-insufficiency in rural areas of Jardaga

Jarte woreda?

1.3. Objective of Study

The general objective of the study is to evaluate the status of agricultural productivity and
the problem of food self-insufficiency in rural areas of Jardaga Jarte woreda.

The specific objectives: - in addition to the above general objectives the study concerns to
identify the following objectives

• To identify the exact cause of food self-insufficiency in rural areas of Jardaga

Jarteworeda.

• To assess the performance and problems in rural areas of Jardaga Jarteworeda

• To identify the major factors affecting food self-insufficiency in rural areas of

Jardaga Jarte woreda.

1.4. Significance of the Study

The study has much importance regarding the provision of the necessary information
about the agricultural productivity and food self-insufficiency in rural areas of Jardaga
Jarte woreda. The study has much importance in creating awareness about the use of
inputs which increases the production and productivity of the farmers in these rural areas.
This research used for additional reference to the existing literatures and it can be used as
spring board for other researchers which conduct as research in some once and also after
we conduct the study the farmers will be independently as they live it helps. Additionally
this study will be uses for commercialized and mechanization of agricultural productivity.

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1.5. Scope of the Study

There are many rural areas that are not studied very well. This study delineates its areas
of investigation to Oromia region, Horo Guduru Wallaga Zone particularly on Jardaga
JarteWoreda. Two kebeles of which, Bone Abuna and Dacha Chabir due to time of
study, political instability and the cost the study will be limited to agricultural
productivity and food self-insufficiency in rural areas of Jardaga Jarte woreda and tried to
forward recommendation that shall under taken to solve the problem.

1.6. Organization of the study

This paper has organized comprising five chapters. All chapters contain many sub parties
relates to the chapter. The first chapter contains introductory topics; including back
ground of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the
study , scope of the study , limitation of the study and organization of the study.

The second chapter contains theoretical and empirical review of related literature. The
third chapter contains research design and methodology; including description of study
area, data source and collection techniques, sampling procedure and method of data
analysis and the fourth chapter contains about finding discussion and data analysis and
also the fifth chapter contains about conclusion and recommendation.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Literature Review

2.1.1 Meaning of agriculture

The term agriculture means the different to different to people, some might think solely
of farmers and ranchers, when they use these terms, others might think of agro-business
firms. In recent years many agricultural economists have reflected to food and industries.
When describing agricultural science (Biswas et al., 2021). Agricultural economist also
divested rule for making decision in an ever changing, uncertain economic and
agricultural environment. These rules can be used to make production, consumption,
marketing and financial decisions. By studying the logic of these managerial rules, when
learn how to adjust managerial decisions to the changing environment in which hour
economic and agricultural activities occurs Doris and Doris.,2002)

According to united nation development program (UNDP) report, two third (2/3) of the
people in developing countries live in rural areas where agriculture is more dominant
activity. Agricultural production is the main source of subsistence and income for
majority of the rural people. Many of them are small-scale farmers who own land, work
the land of other as agricultural labors or graze their herds of animal on land, which is
common property (Oxfam, 1995)

2.1.2 The role of agriculture in development

By looking at experience and success of south Asian countries, it increasingly becomes

important to start modernization for sustainable development. There is a clear belief now
that the strategy can be successful in agricultural productivity and income is significantly
increased in the initial stage of industrial development (Pye, 2019). Firstly, it reduces the
upward pressure on wages, which makes industrial profit higher. Secondly, it increases
the supply of cheap raw materials. These two factors have considerable contribution to
increases industrial saving and investment. This leads to migration people to urban areas,

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increasing supply of labor and causing the pressure on urban wage further (Jayne et al.,
2014)

2.1.3 Agricultural productivity and sustainable agriculture

Sustainable agricultural projects and programs contributed to world development by

improving agricultural productivity and increasing the welfare poor whilst reducing the
negative initial impacts. Issues of global climate changes, population dynamics and
political respective have resulted in development policies to reflect changing in
technological and economic needs (Hallegatte,2016)

The majority of the third world farmers have been untouched by technologies. Thus,
sustainable input of fertilizers, pesticides and other fossil fuel derived production input
needed for these technologies to be unavailable and unaffordable to most resource poor
farmers. Sustainable agriculture builds its foundation on the resources which are
renewable with the farm land and the immediate areas (Pretty &Bharucha, 2014)

Sustainable agriculture is defined as the system of agriculture able to balance productivity

with low vulnerability to problems such as pest infestations and environmental
degradation while maintaining the quality of land for future generation. In practice this
involves as system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded
fertilizers, pesticides, growth, regulatory, feed additives and other harmful substances. It
includes the use of technology such as crop rotation, mechanical cultivation and
biological paste control (Kassie et al., 2013).

Productivity is the ratio of output or production input for group of input. This
productivity measures may be for specific place and time. The appropriate measure of
agricultural activity depends on the objective of measurement. Care must be taken on
interpreting yield per unit of land or input farm worker. A comparison of crop yield is
more productive than the land with low yield. Since it takes more than one input land to
produce crop yield output from particular piece of land will depend on what other inputs
are used within the land (Scheierling&Tréguer, 2018).

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2.1.4 Sustainable development

Agriculture is a major sector of human interaction with environment. The sector is

extremely complex, interacting at all level of human endeavor (production, marketing
and consumption) and environmental consequences (air, soil, water, climate, biodiversity
and natural resources base). Priority is now placed on agricultural activities, which builds
on a countries competitive advantage and optimize and future use of natural resources is
an environmentally sound manner. Important of wellbeing of words less advantage
people is based on addressing on long- range concern about food security and health of
natural resources(Kassie et al., 2013).

2.1.5 Structure of agricultural sector in Ethiopia

The role of agriculture in economic development is providing both food and raw
materials to the rest of economy, export from agricultural are important to earn foreign
exchange which is critical for import of capital goods and other equipment for rapid
industrialization and economic growth. The Ethiopia agricultural sector on average
accounted for 49% of the country’s GDP (Kebedeet al., 2017).

The agricultural sector in Ethiopia is composed of crop production, livestock, forestry

and fishery subsectors. The crop production almost contributes about 65% of agricultural
GDP and animal husbandry contributes 25%, the remaining 10%is generated from
forestry and fishery (Kim &Abafita, 2013).

Ethiopia agriculture appears to be locked in to downward spiral of and declining

productivity caused by on adverse combination of agro climate, demographic, economic
and institutional constraints, trends and shocks. Some observers argue that a Malthusian
crisis is developing as rapid growth (almost 3% per annum) is associated with steadily
falling land holding and per capita food production. The government strategy of
agriculture development lead industrialization (ADLI) as formulated in 1994, views
agriculture as the driving force of the economy and argues for investment on agriculture
as both a motor for economic growth and a means of improving households and national

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food security. ADLI aims to promote the adoption of improved technological inputs and
practices in order to raises agricultural productivity and generate saving for investment in
other sectors. The major component of ADLI includes input provision to peasants,
promotion of small scale irrigation, distributing improved livestock herds, environmental
protection and natural resource management, grain market efficiency and expanding
rural roads (Gebresillassie, 2006).

2.1.6 Role of agriculture to economic development

A. Improve the welfare of the rural people: - agricultural surplus increase the rural
income which leads to the improvement of the rural welfare of the people. Peasants
started to consume more food especially higher nutrition value and other social services
(Umalelle, 1994).

B. contribution of employment: - many people live in developing countries in the rural

areas depends on agricultural sector which is true for majority of Ethiopian people in the
rural areas. About 85% of Ethiopian people depend on the annual income which earned
from agricultural sector activity (CSA, 2003).

This farming system had been successful in adapting to changes by recognizing their
farming system/practice. In their history, leading cultivated land under follow for some
years to all soil regeneration has been suitable and effective strategy to avoid productivity
decline., more even output increases were possible mainly through bring in new land
under cultivation in fact this has the only source of production increase in most of sub-
Sahara Africa (FAO,1986).

C. Food safety and quality: - the food safety is a new problem and it’s becoming
popularized. For example, some of producers started to use food safety as an argument
against the importation of goods. Farmers argue that imported goods products have some
chemical ingredients and so on; therefore buying domestically produced goods are safer
because they produced in a more natural way (Rolf Moehler, 1996).

D. promoting rural development: - there is a shifting from agricultural policy to rural

policy in 1994; some government documents was presented about rural policy and the

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need to shift agricultural policy to rural policy. This shift many portend new function for
agriculture. Rural development policy is discussed as multifunctional in rural areas, but
agriculture here is also multifunctional-essentially its combining the function for rural
areas and agriculture. In document presented by the council of Europe, called the Europe
charter for rural areas significantly distressed rural areas will be treated in new ways. The
document should appreciate rural areas and present agriculture as not only a producer of
agricultural goods but as a source of multifunctional activity (Rolf Moehler, 1996).

E. Contribution to urban areas and industrial sector development: - agriculture has two
contributions on urban and industrial development. Firstly, it reduces the upward pressure
on wage, which leads to increase industrial profit. Secondly, it increases the supply of
cheap raw materials to industrial sector for production of finished and semi-finished
goods. These two effects or contributions will increase the industrial saving and
investment which leads to people’s migration from rural areas to urban areas and
increases labor force in urban areas. This migration will put pressure on urban wage to
fell, increase rural income due to sell of food staff, agricultural inputs and expansion of
employment opportunity for rural people can be a good source of raising the necessary
capital to establish and extend cottage industries in rural and leads to urbanization (Ibid).

F. Contribution to GDP: - A

According to ministry of Ethiopia education, 2002 stated agricultural sector is the most
important contribution to the country’ GDP. In early 1960’s it contributed about 65% of
the GDP, while industry and service sectors are accounted for 12% and 23% respectively.
In 1980/81 it has contributed almost 58% while industry and service sector account for
11% and 13% respectively. The agriculture contributes 52%to the GDP on average
between 1980 and 1990. The sector has contributed 53% to GDP on average between
1991 and 1997.

G. Contribution to foreign exchange earning in Ethiopia:- agriculture is also contributed

to foreign exchange of countries and other foreign exchange earnings. As the ministry of
Ethiopian education pointed out, the agricultural sector contributed almost 90% of the
earnings of the country. The major types of the crops exported were composed of cash

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crops: - such as coffee,, pulses and oil seeds, fruits and vegetables and chats. Among
these, coffees alone contribute almost 60%of the total foreign exchange earnings.

2.1.7 Food insecurity

The slow pace and inequitable pattern of past agricultural experience /growth have been
major factors in the continuing problems of poverty, hunger, food self-insufficiency,
unemployment, especially in the poorer regions of the world. Past experiences show that
agriculture has an important potential in economic development given appropriate
strategy and policy. After 20 years of neglect by international donors, agriculture is now
again in the head lines because high food prices are increasing food in security and
poverty (Deith and Efednberer, 2012).

Food insecurity incorporates low food intake and vulnerability. Livelihood strategies that
generate adequate food in good times but it are not reliant slicks. Those outcomes
correspond broadly to chronic, cyclical and transitory food security and all are endemic to
Ethiopia, the main triggers of transistors’ food insecurity. Structural factors contributing
chronic food insecurity included poverty (as both cause and consequences) the fringe
natural resource base, weak institutional and inconsistence government policies. Ethiopia
has been structurally food deficit since at least 1980. The food gap rose from 0.75 million
tons in 1979/80 to 5 million in 1993/94, falling to 2.6 million tons in 1994/95 despite the
record have (Befekadu and Berhanu, 2000).

“The number of people without enough food to eat on regular basis remains stubbornly
high, at over 800 million and it not falling significantly. Over 60% of the world’s
undernourished people live in Asia and Africa. The proportion of people, who are
hungry, is greater in Africa (33%) than Asia (16%). The latest of FAO figures indicates
that there are 22 countries, 16 of which are in Africa, in which undernourishment
prevalence rate over 35%”(Osabohienet al.,2018).

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2.1.8. Ethiopian Agriculture

Ethiopia has about 85 million hectares of arable land; although no more than 16 million
of hectares of land are cultivated, and nearly three-quarters (3/4) are used as permanent
pastures. The forest area has greatly declined and now amounts to less than 3% of the
total land area due to extremely series soil erosion and overcrowding in some of the
drought-prone areas. Due to this farming is marginal even in the best of time. This
process is resulted low agricultural yield and food insecurity of the people. There is also a
big variation in agricultural production in different parts of the country and the depth of
poverty varies from region to region and from one eco-zone to another. What farmers
(peasants) households produce is determined by the ecological zone rather than their
need. The amounts of land cultivated by peasant households appear not vary from region
to region, thus indicating the limitation of the technology. Even where land is not scarce
low production is exacerbated by limitation of technology and land size under cultivation
(Sperattiet al., 2015).

2.2 Empirical literature review

2.2.1 Performance of food crops; cereals, pulses and oil seeds

According to Befekadu Degife and BerhanuNega annual report on Ethiopian economy,

1999/2000 two data sets of CSA and FAO, were used to analyze the structure and trends
in Ethiopian economy for the period 1980-1996. Area and production figure of cereals
are quite different for two datasets, FAO data being up to 28-31% in the same years.
However, the direction of change is similar for the most parts. FAO estimates appear
more consistent with the larger estimated area under cultivation given by other sources.
Cereal production average 6.6 million tons during under cultivation. On average 5.4
million hectares of land was cultivated to grow cereals, giving a yield level of 12.2
quintals or 1.2 tons/per hectare. Annual pulse production amounted to 8.7, 168 tons
compared to 55,226 tons in the case of oil seeds. Only 930,560 and 145,930 hectare

12
compared of land was allocated to the production of oil seeds and pulses, yield level were
also low, averaged 8.7quintals for pulses and 3.8 for oil seeds respectively.

Cereals output increased by 1.4 % (significantly less than 1%) peanut during the period
1980-1990. One the other hand significance growth rate was recorded for pulses and oil
seeds respectively. Overall the performance of field crops remained very poor especially
when compared to rapid population growth. In particular production stagnated during the
seventh year’s failure of degree. Cereals production for instance, fluctuated between 62
and 65 million during the period 1986-1991. Area under a real production also stayed
around 5.2 million hectares over the same period.

Cereals are by far the most dominant among the field crops, accounting for 88.3% and
83.2% of the total production and cultivated area respectively, for the period 1980-1996.
The share of the pulses and oil seeds was 10.9% and 0.8%in the total production and
14.5% and 2.3% in the total are harvested respectively. It is important to note that the
share of cereals increased over a time. Farmers seem to allocate a larger proportion of
their land to the staple cereal crop mainly due to decline in the farm size. Reduced share
of pulses and oil seeds implies less crop production rotation with leguminous crops;
hence decline in the levels of organic matter. Weed and insects infestation are also
expected to intensify under continuers cereal cropping. Moreover , the nutritional status
of the rural community can be adversely affected by the shortage of plant protein (pulses
and oil seeds, cereals yields increased by only 0.5% per annum between 1980 and 1996
but yield remain unchanged in the case of pulsed and oil seeds (Befekadu and Berhanu,
1999/2000,volume I).

2.2.2 Population growth per capita production and land holding in Ethiopia

According to the census of 1984 the population of Ethiopia was 42.2 million which was
growing at (2.95% per annum (CSA, 1985). By mid-1990,the population was estimated
at 50.6 million of which about 89% live in rural areas (CSA,1990)the population in 1994
was 53.5 million which grew to 61.7 million in 1999 of which 85% live in rural areas

13
and remain 15% like in urban areas (CAS,1999). This progress continue and currently
Ethiopia population is estimated above 85 million (CSA.2012). based on the projection
made by Andersen, et, at, 2000, the population is expected to 102 million by year of 2020
so this situation leads to current population density of 57 persons/ square kilometer is
expected to increases to 93 persons/square kilometers by the year of 2020. Ethiopia today
has approximately 10.2million households with about 5.2 persons/households.

Urban holds are smaller than rural households with a high dependency on agriculture.
The increase in both human and livestock population has led to decreases holding of
arable. Arable land declines leads to declines in households cultivated less than one
hectare of land only 1% of the farming holding greater than 5 hectares and these likely to
be concentrated in the sparsely population areas with low agricultural potential. This
situation continues to reduce precipitate income and agricultural productivity

Agricultural productivity and food self-insufficiency is defined as in adequacy in the

amount of food intake. Because of a lack of money or resources to access enough
food .Despite the abundant food availability and high food wastage in Ethiopia, recent
evidence suggests that a large number of Ethiopian children and peoples that are food in
sufficient. The community child hood hunger identification project indicated that nearly
one(1) in three(3) children younger than twelve years in low income families often went
hungry or were at risk of hunger during the survey year. Food insufficiency on the other
hand a situation of limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe
foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable
ways (United States Department of Agriculture (Foster et al., 2019).

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3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the study area

The study is conducted in Jardaga Jarte Woreda. Horo Guduru Wallaga Zone, Oromia,
Ethiopia. Its central administrative was located in Sekela town, which has 357 km far
from Addis Ababa, capital city of the country. Jardaga Jarte Woreda is one of the 12 and
one administrative town of Horo Guduru Wallaga Zone and it has 12 kebeles.

3.2. Data source and collection Technique

Both primary and secondary data sources are used for study. The primary data is
collected through self-administered questionnaires from households or farmers while
secondary is collected or gathered from Jardaga Jarte woreda agriculture and rural
development office documents of the annual report on the performance of agriculture.
Most of documentation sources and publication that are used in this study was
publication of central statistical agency (CSA, 2009) of Horo Guduru Wallaga zone
agriculture and rural development office documents of the annual report on the
performance of agriculture.

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3.3. Sampling procedure and Sample size determination
The Data was collected from selecting kebele of Jardaga Jarte woreda rural areas. The
sampling technique that is used for this research is simple random sampling technique.
Jardaga Jarte woreda has 12 kebeles and 3 sub-towns. We have selected two kebele
Sombo Kumi and Sute Katali kebele by simple random techniques in order to obtain
information. Sombo Kumi kebele has 772 households while Sute Katali kebele has 1140
households for both kebeles have sum 1912 population. As far has sampling technique
concerned both purposive sampling and simple random sampling procedure is used due
to their simplest usage. The total numbers of sample size of 95 house hold was selected
from two kebeles by using probability proportional to sample of techniques formula
given by Yemane, 1967.

n=N/1+N( e)^2 or n= N/1+(e2)N^ where

n= sample size

e= level of precession

N= total population

Then N=1912

e =10%(0.1) n=N/1+N(e)^2=1912/1+1912(0.1)^2

. =1912/1+1912(0.01) =95

3.4 .Method of data analysis

After representative data is collected, data analysis is carried out by using Descriptive
analysis of by table, graph and percentages. The reason why the researcher chooses
Descriptive analysis is to analysis the quantitative data.

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4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The study focuses on the analysis of agriculture production, contribution and factors
affect the production and trends of the sectors in the rural area of Jardaga Jarte
Woreda .In this chapter we deal with the analysis of the general characteristics of the
respondents. Therefore, the general characteristics of the respondents are explained as
follow.

4.1. Household characteristic

The farm household is the basic social units in which discussion in being made on the
allocation of its resource in view to their multiple objectives.
Table 1. Age and sex characteristics of house hold

Age Number of respondents percentage

10-25 25 26.3%
26-40 55 57.9%
41-55 12 12.6%
>56 3 3.2%
Total 95 100%
Sex
Male 63 66.3%
Female 32 33.7%
Total 95 100%

Source; ours
The above table shows the age and sex characteristics of the two kebeles farmers. The
age distribution shows most of two kebele members (households) are found in almost
active labor force group (26-40). The sex characteristic also show the condition which
males are greater than females. Generally, survey shows greater percentage of male and
less percentage of females participating in agricultural production.

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Table 2 Distribution of family size of respondents

Family size
Interval Number of respondents Percentages (%)
1-3 13 13.7
4-7 30 31.6
7-9 35 36.8
Above 9 17 17.9
Total 95 100

Source; ours

The above table shows the distribution of family size among respondents. Shortly when
we see the table 13.7 and 31.6 of the households had the family size that ranges from 1-3
and 4-7 respectively. In addition to this, the respondents having the largest percentage of
family size which is 36.8% ranges from 7-9 households. Whereas, the percentages of
respondents having greater than 9 family size was only 17.9%.

Figure 1Distribution of level of education

level of education
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Illitrate primary secondary total

Series 1 Column2 Column1

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Source: ours
The above graph shows the distribution level of education among respondents. According
to the study result that indicated in a graph above, large percentage of household are
illiterate which shares above 70%. So more or less many households have no more
education even today, this condition many affect their life. Because education has
important role in using their income effectively and efficiently on the other hand less
education leads to less efficient and effective in their using of resources.
4.1.3 Amount of land owned by households
Figure 2 Amount of land owned by households

120

100

80

Column1
60
Column2
Series 1
40

20

0
No land 0.5-1 hectare 1.5-2 hectare 2.5-3 hectare >3 hectare Total

Source, ours
Above graph depicts about the land holding capacity of 40 respondents from two kebeles
of the sample. As we can see from above graph out of 40 respondents 3 persons have no
lands although they are farmers themselves. They live on rented houses and participate in
daily labor work in these kebeles for wage. When a compare them with others those who
have their own lands, their living condition is not good and often starved. From the graph
shown, the majority of respondents land holding lies between 0.5-1 hectare of land which
are 21 respondents that accounts for 22.1% of the total respondents and 1.5-2 hectare of
land are 12 respondents that accounts 85% of the total simple size. The minimum percent

19
of the sample respondents lay those who are above 3 hectare of land owners which
account for 1% only from the total respondents
4.1.4 Amount of land used for crop production
Figure 3 Amount of land used for crop production

120

100

80

Column1
60 Column2
Series 1
40

20

0
All land 1/2 of land 3/4 of land 1/4 of land Total

Source: ours
Graph 3 shows the land holding for crop production by sample households. As we can
see from above graph, most of the respondents use their lands of farming. As we can see
from the graph, half of the respondents land is used for crop production i.e about 26.3%
of respondents use their land for crop production and the rest respondents also used
greater than half of their land below half of their land for crop production. From this
point of view, more of the respondents or households use their land for crop production
mostly.

20
Figure 4 Types and land share for crop production of households

45

40

35

30

25
Column1
Column2
20
percentage
15

10

0
bean barley wheat maize

Source: Ours survey

The above graph shows that the most important crop grown by farmers was wheat
occupying 40% of the total cropped are followed by barley 30%, bean 20% and maize
10% respectively. When we see land holding of each, cereals take prominent place with
the production plant of farmers.

Let see the productivity one by one.

Bean is the most important types of cereals crop production and has been grown in Dega
and Woina Dega parts of the region. As we can rise from above table the area under bean
cultivation in the study year is 20% of the total areas under crop land holding.
Wheat is also the most important cereal crop to the area and most needed by a farmer
compare to bean. The result of the survey shows that area under wheat cultivation was
40%of the total area under cultivation of crop.
Maize is the major type of cereal crops grown in the area. The area in hectare of maize
account for 10% which is the lowest percent of crop cultivation in the study area.

21
However, these products/crop products are not sufficient for feeding and family income.
According to respondents from households their crop production is not sufficient for
feeding and family income. Some reasons are listed out by sample households regarding
to insufficiency of crop production to their family income, which usually resulted by food
self-insufficiency. These reasons are political instability peoples migrate from their own
land crop, more households are large family size, ploughing is by traditional method and
small land holding.
4.3. Consumption Pattern of Households
Table 3 Consumption pattern of households

Is it sufficient to feed your Number of respondents Percentage (%)

family for the year
Sufficient 10 10.5
Insufficient 85 89.5
Total 95 100

Source: ours
As respondents opinion given in the table most of the farmers in the sample like under
food shortage. The consumption in come did not much throughout the year (90%) of the
households are under food insufficiency and the rest 10% moderately sustain the life.
4.4 The annual income of respondents
Table 4 Analysis of respondent’s annual income

Annual farm income in No. of respondent Percentage (%)

birr
<5000 8 8.2
5000-10000 62 65.7
10000-15000 16 16.8
15000-20000 6 6.2
>20000 3 3.1
Total 95 100

Source, own survey, 2024

22
The above table shows the respondents annual income analysis. According to the table,
more respondents get about 5000-10000 annual farm income. This implies about 67.5%
of respondents earns this explained income and three people from respondents less than
5000 birr/annual are low.
Table 5 Household food sufficiency’s

How long you feed your N0. of respondent Percentage

annual income
<5 months 7 7.4
6-8 48 50.5
9-11 25 26.3
>12 15 15.8
Total 95 100

Source; ours
As shows in the above table, most of selected respondents are food in sufficient. That
means what they produce in the year can stay them not greater than 8 months. This
implies they are found self in sufficiency for next 3 to 4 months in a year. This
percentage is falls between 6-8 months.
Table 6 Major factors leads to food insufficiency

What are the major factors leads to food No. Respondents Percentages
insufficient (%)
A, Poor performance of agriculture 26 27.4
B , Weather condition 35 36.8
C, High family size relation to small size of land 30 31.6
D, Others 4 4.2
Total 95 100

Source, ours survey

Table 6 above tells factors which hinders farmers from feeding enough food throughout a
year. According to the table most respondents are constrained from weather condition
change. Which cannot produce sufficient cereal production for family consumption?

23
About 13 of respondents or 32.5% of households are found in this category and they
cannot produce sufficient products for feeding.
Next to weather condition change and large family size poor, performance of agriculture
is concerned which is other major problem in these area. This poor performance of
agriculture leads to low productivity. According to the respondents responds their
agriculture activity are perform by back ward technology, no more improved seeds used
and etc. this situation leads to low productivity and low production in area which resulted
low family consumption.

24
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The most important crops grown by farmers in rural areas of Horo Guduru Wallaga zone
were cereal crops such as teff, maize, barley, wheat, bean and others. A crop occupies the
prominent place with respect to productivity and survey as a source of food for this rural
area of Horo Guduru Wallaga zone population. It also occupied the largest share of
agricultural production in the area. For example wheat is the highest volume (40%), bean
(20%), and barley (30%).
As we can see from the survey the production level of crops experienced ups and downs
in the study years. This is due to several factors such as traditional farming system,
climate change, fluctuation rainfall, political instability and others factor. In addition,
study shows the value and volume of agricultural production also experiences contain
fluctuation in the study year. This also due to changeable weather condition, unfavorable
rain fall, etc land productivity is also directly affect volume of production.
From survey we can conclude that most the farmers in the area under food shortage that
means their consumption and income did not much throughout the year. Around 90% of
households are under food in-sufficiency. What a farmer produces is stay them up to 8
months and less than it. Only few percent households from feeding enough throughout
the year are largely, large family size relative to small agricultural production, poor
performance of agriculture what is caused by unfavorable condition and change in
weather conditions.

5.2 Recommendation
For sustainable and better performance of agricultural sector of rural areas of Horo
Guduru Wallaga Zone the following points are essentials to be considered by concerned
bodies.
 Encouraging the farmers to grow the crop varieties with the relatively better
yields

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 Promotion environmental awareness among the people greatly to contribute to
land resource conservation and enhance agricultural production and productivity
 Government support to farmers by preparing sufficient seeds and fertilizers when
they are needed
 Create the inter-sectorial relation with other sectors
 Improving the farmers’ knowledge through teaching how to use modern farm
inputs (fertilizers, improved seeds, pesticides and etc).
 Consulting the farmers to produce the marketable products through supplying the
necessary farm inputs.
 Extending the awareness of rural societies on the benefit achieved conserving and
maintain natural environment.

26
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systems. Annals of botany, 114(8), 1571-1596.

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WALLAGA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF BUSSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

APPENDIX

Dear respondents

This questionnaire was prepared to collect data by considering the performance of

agriculture and food self-insufficiency in rural areas of Jardaga JarteWoreda. So since
your responding information are necessary for this paper we request you as you give
your response fairly and honestly to the question provided below.

Instruction

A) Try to give clear and precise response.

B) Make a circle on provided letter that hold your information
C) Your responses must focus to the purpose of the paper personal information
1) Age.......A,(1-20) B,(20-30) C,(39-40) D,(50-69) E, above 60
2) Sex Male Female
3) family size A, (1-2) B, (3-4) C, (5-8) D, above 9
4) Education back ground
A) illiterate B) primary school (1-8) C) secondary school (9-10) D) higher school (11-
12)

General questions

1) How much hectare of land does your households do have?

A, 0.5 hectare B, (0.5-1) hectareC, (1-2) hectareD, (2-4) hectareE, above 4

2) How much time your house holds eat daily? A) One time. B) Two times.
C) Three times D) above three

30
3) What is your occupation? A) Agriculture B) Trade C) Daily work
D) Servant
4) How much calorie available for your households a day?
A) 20-25B)39-40 C) 40- 60 D, above 60
5) How much of the total land do you use for crop production currently?
A) 1/4 of total land B) 1/2 of total land C) 1/3of total land D) 1 of total land

31
6) What type of crop you are growing?

Number T y p e o f c r o p S i z e o f l a n d Output per year

7) Is the crop sufficient to your feeding family income?

A) yes B) no

8) If your answer for the question number 7 is no what the reason do you think?

9) Are there products those you may sell in the market?

A) Yes B) no

10) If your answer for question number 9 is yes what is the exact price of your
production the market?

A) Low B) medium C) High

11) What is your annual farm income?

12) How long can you feed your annual income product ?

A) Less than 5 months B) 6-8months C) 9-11months

D) Greater than 12 months

13) What do you think about the cause of food self-insufficiency?

A) Unfavorable weather conditions B) rapid population growth

32
C) Technological insufficiency low amount D) shortage of fertilizers

E) Others (specify _________________________________

14) What are the major challenges of food self-insufficiency?

A) Poor performance of agriculture B) Challengeable weather conditions

C) High family size D) small land holding E) Others (specify) -----------------------------

15) Is crop diseases here?

A) Yes B) No

15) Is your answer is yes in question15 what kind is the most serious? State some of the
diseases.

16) From where you have got service for agricultural production?

A) Private Service B) government sectors C) NGOs D)

Others,specify______________________

17) What changes have occurred after receiving aid? State some of
them____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

18) What is the limitation in solving the problem of food insecurity in your woreda?

33