PRE - TEST

THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Choose the correct answer among the options. Encircle the letter that corresponds
to the correct answer.
1. The ratio of the adjacent side and the opposite side.
A. Cosine function C. Sine function
B. Cotangent function D. Secant function

2. The cofunction of sine function.

A. Cosecant function C. Secant function
B. Cosine function D. Sine function

3. It is the reciprocal function of cosine function.

A. Cosecant function C. Secant function
B. Cotangent function D. Sine function

4. It is the ratio of sine function.

𝑏 𝑏
A. C.
𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 𝑐
B. D.
𝑐 𝑏

5. This term refers to the “complements’ function”.

A. Co function C. Cosecant function
B. Cosine function D. Cotangent function

6. Function value of tan 45°.

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

7. In which quadrant must an angle lie if it its sine is positive and its tangent is
negative?
A. QI C. QIII
B. QII D. QIV

8. It is the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse side.

A. Cosecant function C. Secant function
B. Cosine function D. Sine function

9. The longest side in any right triangle.

A. adjacent C. leg
B. hypotenuse D. opposite

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 10. Angles that are frequently used whose trigonometric functions may be derived
without the use of the trigonometric table.
A. Complementary C. Special
B. Coterminal D. Supplementary

TEST III. Find what is asked.

11. – 13. Given a point (−12, −9) on the terminal side of an angle 𝜃 in
standard position, find the value of the first three trigonometric
functions for angle 𝜃.

14. – 18. In right triangle ABC if C = 90°, c = 12 m and B = 40° 15’, solve the
triangle.

19. – 20. A car is 35 ft. from the base of a church, if the angle that the car
makes with the ground is 38°37′:
a. Find the height of the church?
b. Find the distance of the car from the top of the church?

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 LESSON 6: DEFINITION 1 OF THE SIX
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: RIGHT TRIANGLE RATIOS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Φ define the six trigonometric functions of an acute angle of a
right triangle;
Φ calculate trigonometric ratios of a given right triangle;
Φ find the value of the trigonometric function when given the
angle measure and the measure of the angle when given the
value of the trigonometric function;
Φ express the given trigonometric functions in terms of their
complementary functions; and
Φ maintain justice while fulfilling one’s function in life.

LEARNING CONTENT
In the given right triangle the hypotenuse is the side opposite the right
angle. The side opposite angle A is denoted by a, the side opposite the angle B is denoted
by b, and the side opposite angle C is denoted by c. This is the conventional way the parts
of right triangles are labelled and identified.

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 For any right triangle, there are six possible ratios of sides that can be calculated
for each angle 𝜃.

𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

These ratios are referred to as trigonometric ratios or trigonometric functions,

since they depend on 𝜃. The given table defines the six trigonometric functions of the
acute angle 𝜃 of the given right triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

FUNCTION ABBREVIATION WORDS MATH RATIO

NAME
Sine sin The sine of 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃 𝑏
=
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
Cosine cos The cosine of cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 𝑎
=
𝜃 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
Tangent tan The tangent tan 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃 𝑏
=
of 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 𝑎
Cosecant csc The cosecant css 𝜃 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
=
of 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃 𝑏
Secant sec The secant of sec 𝜃 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
=
𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 𝑎
Cotangent cot The cot 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝜃 𝑎
=
cotangent of 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜃 𝑏
𝜃

Definition (1) Trigonometric functions

𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
𝑐 𝑐 𝑎

𝑐 𝑐 𝑎
csc 𝜃 = 𝑏 sec 𝜃 = 𝑎 cot 𝜃 = 𝑏

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

The main three trigonometric functions should be learned in terms of the ratios.
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑂𝐻

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cos 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝐴𝐻

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑂𝐴

SOH-CAH-TOA is a mnemonic used for remembering these ratios.

The remaining three trigonometric functions also known as reciprocal functions

can be derived from these using the reciprocal relations.

1 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
csc 𝜃 = =
sin 𝜃 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

1 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

1 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

EXAMPLE 1
Identify the opposite and adjacent side as well as the hypotenuse side of
the given angle 𝜃.

SOLUTION:
𝒂 – is the opposite side of the given angle 𝜽
𝒃 – is the adjacent side of the given angle 𝜽
𝒄 – is the hypotenuse of the given angle 𝜽

EXAMPLE 2
Given ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, define the six trigonometric functions of 𝜃. Simplify your
answers if possible.

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

SOLUTION:
With respect to angle 𝜃, the side opposite is 4, the side adjacent is 3, and
the hypotenuse is 5. The six trigonometric functions of 𝜃 are:

𝟒 𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟒

𝟑 𝟓
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟑

𝟒 𝟑
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟒

EXAMPLE 3
Find the six trigonometric functions of 𝜃 given right triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

SOLUTION:
Since the hypotenuse is unknown, solve first for the hypotenuse side
using Pythagorean Theorem.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 2 = (5)2 + (12)2
𝑐 = 13

The opposite side of 𝜃 is 12, the adjacent side is 5, and the hypotenuse is
13. The six trigonometric functions of 𝜃 are:

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟐

𝟓 𝟏𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟓

𝟏𝟐 𝟓
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟐
Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions
EXAMPLE 4
Find the values of the remaining trigonometric functions of acute angle 𝜃
5
if tan 𝜃 = 12.

SOLUTION:
tan 𝜃 is the ratio of the opposite side and adjacent side, therefore the
opposite side is 5, and the adjacent side is 12. The hypotenuse is unknown so solve first
the hypotenuse using Pythagorean Theorem.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐 2 = (5)2 + (12)2
𝑐 = 13

The remaining trigonometric functions are:

𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝟏𝟑 𝟓 𝟓

𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟐

CALCULATOR SOLUTION TO FIND THE VALUES OF A GIVEN

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

EXAMPLE 5
Find the value of sin 50° up to four decimal places.

SOLUTION:
To find the value of sin 50°, set the calculator in the DEG mode. Press
sin and enter 50, then press equal. The screen displays.
0.766044443 =. 𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟎

Note: the sequence of keystrokes may vary in different calculators. In some

calculators, you enter first 50 before you press sin key.

CALCULATOR SOLUTION TO FIND THE MEASURE OF AN ANGLE

GIVEN THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION VALUES.

EXAMPLE 6
Find the measure of the angle 𝜃 given the trigonometric function tan 𝜃 =
.3872. Express you answer in degree, minute form.

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

SOLUTION:
Set the calculator in the DEG mode. Press SHIFT , tan then enter
. 3872, then press equal. The screen displays.
𝟐𝟏°𝟏𝟎′

Notice prefix co in cosine, cosecant, and cotangent functions. These cofunctions

are based on the relationship of complementary angles.

Three pairs of cofunctions

sine and cosine

tangent and cotangent
secant and cosecant

Basically, the term cofunction refers to the “complement’s function”. That is, the
sine of an angle is the same as the cosine of the complement of that angle. This is true
for all trigonometric cofunctions.

Cofunction theorem & identities

A trigonometric function of an angle is always equal to the cofunction of the

complement of the angle. If 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 90°, then
sin 𝛽 = cos 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝛽 = sin 𝛼
sec 𝛽 = csc 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 csc 𝛽 = sec 𝛼
tan 𝛽 = cot 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cot 𝛽 = tan 𝛼

Since 𝛽 = 90° − 𝛼, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,

sin 𝛼 = cos(90° − 𝛼) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝛼 = sin(90° − 𝛼)

sec 𝛼 = csc(90° − 𝛼) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 csc 𝛼 = sec(90° − 𝛼)
tan 𝛼 = cot(90° − 𝛼) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cot 𝛼 = tan(90° − 𝛼)

EXAMPLE 7
Write each function in terms of its cofunction.
a. sin 35°
b. cot 𝑥

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

SOLUTIONS:
a. Cosine is the cofunction of sine sin 𝛼 = cos(90° − 𝛼)
Substitute 𝛼 = 30° sin 35° = cos(90° − 35°)
Simplify sin 35° = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟓°

b. Tangent is the cofunction of

cotangent cot 𝛼 = tan(90° − 𝛼)

Substitute 𝛼 = 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟗𝟎° − 𝒙)

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

GIVE IT A TRY
A. Draw and label the right triangles whose sides have the following values.
1. 𝑎 = 3 𝑏=4 𝑐=5

2. 𝑎 = 5 𝑏 = 12 𝑐 = 13

3. 𝑎 = 2 𝑏=3 𝑐 = √13

4. 𝑎 = 3 𝑏=5 𝑐=7

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 5. 𝑎 = 6 𝑏=8 𝑐 = 10

B. Complete the table.

Sine cosine tangent cosecant secant cotangent
3 4 3 1) 2) 3)
7 7 4
4) 4 3 3 5) 4
5 4 5 3
2√13 6) 2 7) 3√13 3
13 3 13 2
8) 9) 10) 13 13 12
5 12 5

PRACTICE MORE
Find the six trigonometric functions of 𝜽 in each of the following right triangles.
Express your answer in simplest fractional form and radical form.
1.
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

2.
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

3.
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

4.
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

5.
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

KEEP MOVING
A. Draw the right triangles then solve for the unknown side using Pythagorean
Theorem and find the trigonometric functions of angle A with the right angle
at vertex C.
1. 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑏 = 7
sin 𝐴 = __________ csc 𝐴 = __________

cos 𝐴 = __________ sec 𝐴 = __________

tan 𝐴 = __________ cot 𝐴 = __________

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

2. 𝑎 = 12 and 𝑏 = 8
sin 𝐴 = __________ csc 𝐴 = __________

cos 𝐴 = __________ sec 𝐴 = __________

tan 𝐴 = __________ cot 𝐴 = __________

3. 𝑎 = 21 and 𝑐 = 29
sin 𝐴 = __________ csc 𝐴 = __________

cos 𝐴 = __________ sec 𝐴 = __________

tan 𝐴 = __________ cot 𝐴 = __________

4. 𝑎 = √7 and 𝑐 = √43
sin 𝐴 = __________ csc 𝐴 = __________

cos 𝐴 = __________ sec 𝐴 = __________

tan 𝐴 = __________ cot 𝐴 = __________

5. 𝑎 = √3 and 𝑐 = 4
sin 𝐴 = __________ csc 𝐴 = __________

cos 𝐴 = __________ sec 𝐴 = __________

tan 𝐴 = __________ cot 𝐴 = __________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

B. Use the given information to find the remaining trigonometric functions.
1. Given:
3
sin 𝜃 = 4 csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

2. Given:
2
cos 𝜃 = 5 sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

3. Given:
9
tan 𝜃 = 40 sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

cot 𝜃 = __________

4. Given:
√11
sec 𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

5. Given:
csc 𝜃 = 10 sin 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

C. Supply the missing functions.
1. sin 72° = ______18°
2. sec 15°20′ = ______74°40′
3. sin 39°32′ = ______50°28′
4. csc 4°5′ = ______85°55′
5. cot 29° = ______61°

D. Supply the missing acute angles.

1. sin 78° = cos __________
2. tan 35°18′ = cot __________
3. cos 0°48′ = sin __________
4. sec 45°23′ = csc __________
5. cot 73°25′ = tan __________

DO IT YOURSELF
A. Find the six trigonometric functions of 𝜽 in each of the following right
triangles. Express your answer in simplest fractional form and radical form.
1.
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

2.
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

3.
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

B. Draw the right triangles then solve for the unknown side using Pythagorean
Theorem and find the trigonometric functions of angle A with the right angle
at vertex C. Simplify your answer.
1. 𝑎 = 20 and 𝑏 = 21
sin 𝐴 = __________ csc 𝐴 = __________

cos 𝐴 = __________ sec 𝐴 = __________

tan 𝐴 = __________ cot 𝐴 = __________

2. 𝑏 = 7 and 𝑐 = 8
sin 𝐴 = __________ csc 𝐴 = __________

cos 𝐴 = __________ sec 𝐴 = __________

tan 𝐴 = __________ cot 𝐴 = __________

C. Use the given information to find the remaining trigonometric functions.

Simplify your answer.

1. Given:
7
csc 𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

2. Given:
2√3
tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________
7

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

cot 𝜃 = __________

D. Supply the missing functions.

1. csc 72° = ______18°
2. sin 15°20′ = ______74°40′
3. tan 39°32′ = ______50°28′
4. sec 4°5′ = ______85°55′
The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2
 5. cos 29° = ______61°

E. Supply the missing acute angles.

1. sin 28° = cos __________
2. tan 31°18′ = cot __________
3. cos 0°08′ = sin __________
4. sec 45°23′34′′ = csc __________
5. cot 73°0′12′′ = tan __________

INFUSED VALUE ACTIVITY

Every person has his/ her own function to fulfill. In doing this function, we must
treat other people fairly to avoid injustice. Share one experience that you manifest
justice to others while doing your function.

FORMATIVE EVALUATION

A. Find the six trigonometric functions of an acute angle 𝜽. Simplify your answer.
Use the figure at the right.
1. 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 4, 𝑐 = 2√5
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

2. 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = √52
sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

B. Use the given information to find the remaining trigonometric functions.

Simplify the final answer.

1. Given:
11
sin 𝜃 = 15 csc 𝜃 = __________

cos 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

2. Given:
2√3
cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 = __________ csc 𝜃 = __________
9

sec 𝜃 = __________

tan 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

C. Supply the missing functions.

1. sec 72° = ______18°
2. cos 15°20′ = ______74°40′
3. cot 39°32′ = ______50°28′
4. csc 4°5′ = ______85°55′

D. Supply the missing acute angles.

1. sin 58° = cos __________
2. tan 21°18′ = cot __________
3. cos 0°09′ = sin __________
4. sec 45°34′′ = csc __________

Brain Booster

1. Write 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 in terms of its cofunction.

2. Find an angle 𝜃 that makes cos 2𝜃 = sin(45° + 3𝜃) true.

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 LESSON 7: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF
SPECIAL ANGLES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Φ give the function values of special angles;
Φ evaluate and simplify trigonometric expressions involving special
angles: and
Φ impart the value of discernment and goal setting.

LEARNING CONTENT

Certain special angles, such as 30°, 45°, and 60°, occur so often in
trigonometry and in more advance mathematics that they deserve special study. The
process of determining the trigonometric functions of these angles can be done without
the use of the trigonometric table or a calculator.

The trigonometric function values for the three special angles are summarized in
the table below.

𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽

𝟑𝟎° 1 √3 √3 √3 2√3 2
2 2 3 3

𝟔𝟎° √3 1 √3 √3 2 2√3
2 2 3 3

𝟒𝟓° √2 √2 1 1 √2 √2
2 2

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

EXAMPLE 1
Find the numerical value of the expressions sec 30° + cot 60°.

SOLUTION:
Substitute
sec 30° + cot 60°

2√3 √3
+ 3
3

Simplify
√𝟑

EXAMPLE 2
If 𝑥 = 45°, show that 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 3

SOLUTION:
Substitute
(sec 45°)2 + tan 45° = 3

Sinplify
(√2)2 + 1 = 3
2+1=3
𝟑=𝟑

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

GIVE IT A TRY
Match each trigonometric function in column I with its value in column II. Write only
the letters.
Column I Column II
√2
1. sin 45° __________ a. 2

2. sec 30° __________ b. √3

1
3. tan 60° __________ c. 2

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 2√3
4. csc 60° __________ d. 3

5. cot 45° __________ e. 2

f. 1

PRACTICE MORE
Evaluate each expression. Write the exact value.
1. sin 30° − cos 60° = __________

2. csc 30° + tan 45° = __________

3. (sin 60°) (cos 30°) + (cos 60°)(sin 30°) = __________

4. 2 cos 45° + 3 sec 45° = _________

5. (sec 45° + cos 45°)2 = _________

KEEP MOVING
Prove the following.
1. cos 60° = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 60°

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

2. sec 60° = 1 − 2𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 30°

3. sin 60° = 2 sin 30° + cos 30°

4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 60° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 45°

5. (cos 60° + sin 60°)2 = (cos 45° + sin 45°)2

DO IT YOURSELF
A. Evaluate the given expression.
1. tan 45 ° − cos 60°

2. 3(tan 45°)2 + 8(cos 60°)2

3. 2 sin 45° + 4 cos 45°

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 B. Prove the following.
1. If 𝑥 = 30°, show that 3 csc 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 0

2. If 𝑥 = 45°, show that 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 = 3

INFUSED VALUE ACTIVITY

In evaluating trigonometric expression involving special angles, it is important

to know the values of the six trigonometric functions.

Evaluation is necessary to determine a condition in a careful and a thoughtful

way. The process of evaluation is important in times that we need to decide on
something for us to come up with a more sensible decision. Because through evaluation
we will be able to know the pros and cons of the situation at hand, and be able to identify
the possible outcome of the options.

Create a vision board that will contain your dreams and aspirations for the year
and the next five years. Your vision board must comprise pictures of what you want to
have and be on the specified time table.

FORMATIVE EVALUATION

A. Complete the table.

𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽

𝟑𝟎° 1 √3
2 2

𝟔𝟎° √3 1
2 2

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

𝟒𝟓° √2 √2
2 2

B. Prove the following.

1. sin 30° + sin 60° = sin( 30° + 60°)

2. 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 30° = 6

Brain Booster

𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 −𝑡𝑎𝑛 4
1. Evaluate 𝜋 𝜋
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4

𝜋 𝜋
1. Prove cos 3 = 2 cos 6

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 LESSON 8: DEFINITION 2 OF THE SIX
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: CARTESIAN PLANE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Φ determine the six trigonometric function values for any angle in
standard position when the coordinates of a point on the
terminal side are given;
Φ state the quadrant in which an angle may lie given the sign of
the function;
Φ give the values of the trigonometric functions of quadrantal
angle;
Φ find the remaining trigonometric functions when one function is
given as well as the quadrant where the angle lies, or the sign of
the other function;and
Φ encourage the value of goal setting and having big dreams.

LEARNING CONTENT

In lesson 7, we defined trigonometric functions as ratios of side lengths of right

triangles. This definition only holds for acute angles, since the two angles in a right
triangle other than the right angle must be acute, but then, angle measures are not
limited to acute angles only. In this lesson, we define trigonometric functions as ratios of
x and y coordinates and distances in the Cartesian plane. However, this second definition
enables us to formulate trigonometric functions for quadrantal angles.

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 Definition (2) Trigonometric functions

Let (𝑥, 𝑦) be a point other than the origin on the terminal side of an angle 𝜃 in
standard position. Let 𝒓 be the distance from the point (𝑥, 𝑦) to the origin; then
the six trigonometric functions are defined as

𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑟

𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 𝑟

𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 = 𝑥

𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟
csc 𝜃 = =
𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦

𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟
sec 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 = 𝑥

𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑥
cot 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑦

Where1𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . The distance r, is positive

EXAMPLE
The terminal side of an angle 𝜃 in standard position passes through the
point (3, 5). Give the the values of the six trigonometric functions for angle 𝜃.

SOLUTION:
The abscissa is 2, while the ordinate is 5. Solve the radius r.
𝑟 = √(3)2 + (5)2
𝑟 = √34

The six trigonometric functions are

𝟓 𝟓√𝟑𝟒 𝟐 √𝟑𝟒 𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = = 𝟑𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = = 𝟏𝟕 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟐
√𝟑𝟒 √𝟑𝟒

√𝟑𝟒 √𝟑𝟒 𝟐
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟓

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 Suppose that the terminal side of an angle coincides with one of the axes. In that
case, one of the coordinates is zero. The definitions of the trigonometric functions still
apply except that in some cases the trigonometric function values of quadrantal angles
will be undefined because a denominator will be 0.

The following table summarizes the trigonometric function values for common
quadrantal angles: 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, 360°.

𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽

𝟎° 0 1 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 1 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝟗𝟎° 1 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 1
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 0 −1 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 −1 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝟐𝟕𝟎° −1 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 −1
𝟑𝟔𝟎° 0 1 0 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 1 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate the six trigonometric functions when the terminal side of 𝜃
passes through the point 𝑃(0, −4).

SOLUTION:
Since 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = −4, the terminal side passes through the negative
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Hence the measure of 𝜃 is 270°. Also the distance 𝑟 from the origin is 4. The
six trigonometric functions of 270° are

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝜶 𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅

𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = −𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝜶 𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟎

EXAMPLE 3
Find the numerical value of the expressions cos 180° + sin 270°.

SOLUTION:
Substitute
cos 180° + sin 270°
−1 + (−1)

Simplify
−1 + (−1) = −𝟐

The signs of the trigonometric functions of an angle depend on the algebraic

signs of the abscissa and the ordinate, since radius is always positive.

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 The following table indicates the signs of all six trigonometric functions when the
terminal side of the angle 𝜃 lies in each quadrant.

TERMINAL
SIDE OF 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽
IN
QUADRANT
I + + + + + +
II + − − − − +
III − − + + − −
IV − + − − + −

The phrase “All Students Take Calculus” help us remember which of the first three
functions is positive in each quadrant. A indicates “all” in quadrant I, S represents “sine”
in quadrant II, T represents “tangent” in quadrant III, and C stands for “cosine” in
quadrant IV.

EXAMPLE 4
In which quadrant must an angle lie if its sine is positive and its tangent is
negative?

SOLUTION:
Sine is positive in first and second quadrants. Tangent is negative in the
second and fourth quadrants. Therefore, the angle lies in the second quadrant
where sine is positive and tangent is negative.
Illustration:
sin(+) Q-I
Q-II
Therefore the angle is in the second
quadrant
tan(−) Q-II
Q-IV

EXAMPLE 5
3
If cos 𝜃 = − 5 , and the terminal side of 𝜃 lies in quadrant III, find the
remaining trigonometric functions.

SOLUTION:
Identify known quantities from information given.

𝑥
Recall that cos 𝜃 = 𝑟, 𝑟 > 0 and 𝑥 is negative in quadrant III

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 −3
csc 𝜃 = 5 𝑥 = −3 𝑟=5

Since 𝑥 and 𝑦 are known, find 𝑦.

𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
(5)2 = (−3)2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦 = ±4

Select the sign of 𝑦 based on the quadrant information

Since 𝜃 is lies in quadrant III, therefore 𝑦 is negative.

𝑦 = −4

The remaining trigonometic functions are

−𝟒 𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 =
𝟓 −𝟒

𝟓
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = −𝟑

−𝟒 𝟒 𝟑
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = −𝟑 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟒

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

GIVE IT A TRY
Indicate the quadrant in which the terminal side of 𝜽 must lie.
1. tan is positive and sin is negative. __________________

2. sin is negative and cos is positive. __________________

3. csc is negative and tan is positive. __________________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 4. cos and tan are both negative. __________________

5. sec and sin are both positive. __________________

PRACTICE MORE
A. The terminal side of an angle 𝜽 in standard position passes through the given
point. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for angle 𝜽.
1. (1, 2)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

2. (3, 6)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

1 2
3. (2 , 5)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

4. (−2, 4)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 5. (−√2, √3)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

B. Given below are points where the terminal side of an angle 𝜽 passes through.
Find the measure of 𝜽 (𝟎° < 𝜽 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎°) and evaluate the six trigonometric
functions.
1. (3, 0)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

2. (0, 4)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

3. (5, 0)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

4. (2, 0)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

5. (0, −8)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

KEEP MOVING
A. Find the remaining trigonometric functions.
5
1. tan 𝜃 = − 12, and the terminal side of 𝜃 lies in quadrant II.

sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

40
2. cos 𝜃 = 41, and the terminal side of 𝜃 lies in quadrant IV.

sin 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

7
3. sin 𝜃 = −
25
, and the terminal side of 𝜃 lies in quadrant IV.

cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

4. cot 𝜃 = 1, and the terminal side of 𝜃 lies in quadrant I.

sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________

5
5. sec 𝜃 = − 3, tan 𝜃 is negative.

sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

B. Evaluate each expression.
1. 2 sin 90° cos 180° Final Answer:________

2. sin 270° cos 90° + cos 360° sin 180° Final Answer:________

3. cot 45° + sin 90° Final Answer:________

4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 180° − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 180° Final Answer:________

tan 30°+sec 60°

5. Final Answer:________
2 csc 270°

DO IT YOURSELF
A. Indicate the quadrant in which the terminal side of 𝜽 must lie.
1. cos is positive and sin is negative. __________________

2. tan is negative and sin is positive. __________________

3. sec and csc are both positive. __________________

B. The terminal side of an angle 𝜽 in standard position passes through the given
point. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for angle 𝜽.
1. (2, 3)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 4 2
2. (7 , 3)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

C. Given below are points where the terminal side of an angle 𝜽 passes through.
Find the measure of 𝜽 (𝟎° < 𝜽 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎°) and evaluate the six trigonometric
functions.
1. (4, 0)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

2. (0, −9)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

D. Find the remaining trigonometric functions.

3
1. cos 𝜃 = − 5, and the terminal side of 𝜃 lies in quadrant III.

sin 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

√11
2. sin 𝜃 = 6 , and the terminal side of 𝜃 lies in quadrant II.

cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 E. Evaluate each expression.
1. sin 180° cos 270° + cos 90° sin 180° Final Answer:________

2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 180° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 180° Final Answer:________

tan 30°−sec 60°

3. Final Answer:________
(2 csc 270°)2

INFUSED VALUE ACTIVITY

Radius is the distance between the given point and the origin. It is always
positive.
Looking beyond from where we are is a distance between today and our dream
for tomorrow. The radius is our journey from today to the realizations of our dreams.
Our dreams differentiate our now to who we are in the future and all our dreams are
positive. The outcome will depend on the way we travel the distance of origin to the
given point.
How do you see yourself fifteen years from now? Why?

FORMATIVE EVALUATION

A. Indicate the quadrant in which the terminal side of 𝜽 must lie.

1. cot and cos are both positive. __________________

2. tan is positive and sec is negative. __________________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

B. The terminal side of an angle 𝜽 in standard position passes through (𝟐, 𝟑).
Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for angle 𝜽.

sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

C. Given below is the point where the terminal side of an angle 𝜽 passes through.
Find the measure of 𝜽 (𝟎° < 𝜽 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎°) and evaluate the six trigonometric
functions.
(−10, 0)
sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ sec 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

D. Find the remaining trigonometric functions.

13
sec 𝜃 = − 5 , and the terminal side of 𝜃 lies in quadrant II.

sin 𝜃 = __________ cos 𝜃 = __________ tan 𝜃 = __________

csc 𝜃 = __________ cot 𝜃 = __________

E. Evaluate each expression.

1. tan 180° sec 270° − cos 90° sin 180° Final Answer:________

2. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 180° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 90° Final Answer:________

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 Brain Booster

1. If the terminal side of angle 𝜃 passes through the point (−3𝑎, 4𝑎), find
cos 𝜃 .
𝑎
2. If tan 𝜃 = 𝑏 , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are positive, and if 𝜃 lies in quadrant III, find sin 𝜃.

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 LESSON 9: SOLVING RIGHT TRIANGLE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Φ solve the unknown measures of the sides and angles of a right
triangle given one acute angle and a side;
Φ solve the unknown measures of the sides and angles of a right
triangle given two sides; and
Φ instill the value of obedience.

LEARNING CONTENT

To solve a right triangle means to find the measures of its unknown sides and
angles using the given sides and angles. These two parts may be any of the following:
a. One acute angle and one side.
b. Two sides
In a right triangle, one angle is already known (right angle). When one acute angle
is known, the other angle can be solved since the acute angles in a right triangle are
complementary. When two sides in a right triangle are given, the third side can be solved
by applying the Pythagorean theorem. Here are some important reminders in solving a
right triangle.

1. A labeled sketch is an important aid in solving a right triangle.

2. Mark the known and the unknown parts. Use capital letters for the
known and unknown angles, and small letters for the known and
unknown sides.
3. In solving for an unknown part, it is better, where posssible, to find
that part using the given parts rather than from the computed
parts. This will result to more accurate results and avoids carrying
forward erroneous computation.

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 Solving a right triangle given one acute angle and a side

1. Illustrate the triangle and label it properly (if the illustration is given
start at step 2).
2. Compute the third angle by finding the complement of the given angle.
3. Choose the second side you want to solve. Select the trigonometric
function of the given angle that relates the given side and the side you
want to compute. Compute the second side.
4. Solve the third side by repeating step 3

EXAMPLE 1
Solve right ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 if 𝐵 = 56° and 𝑐 = 15 𝑓𝑡.

SOLUTION:
Step 1 Illustrate the triangle and label it properly.

Step 2 Compute the third angle by finding the complement of the given
angle.

𝐴 = 90° − 𝐵
𝐴 = 90° − 56°
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟒°

Step 3 Choose the second side you want to solve. Select the
trigonometric function of the given angle that relates the given
side and the side you want to compute. Compute the second side.
The second side is 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
cos 𝜃 = ℎ = 𝑐

𝑎
cos 56° = 15 𝑓𝑡

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 𝑎 = (cos 56°)(15 𝑓𝑡)
𝒂 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟗 𝒇𝒕

Step 4 Solve the third side by repeating step 3.

𝑜 𝑏
sin 𝜃 = ℎ = 𝑐

𝑏
sin 56° = 15 𝑓𝑡

𝑏 = (sin 56°)(15 𝑓𝑡)

𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒇𝒕

Solving a right triangle given two sides

1. Illustrate the triangle and label it properly (if the illustration is given
start at step 2).
2. Choose the second angle (excluding the right angle) you want to solve.
With respect to that angle choose the trigonometric function that relates
the two given sides, write the equation then compute the value of the ratio
of the sides up to four decimal places and solve the angle.
3. Compute the complement of the second angle.
4. Apply the Pythagorean theorem to solve for the third side.

EXAMPLE 2
Solve right ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 if 𝑏 = 19.67 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑐 = 37.21 𝑐𝑚.

SOLUTION:
Step 1 Illustrate the triangle and label it properly

Step 2 Choose the second angle (excluding the right angle) you want to
solve. With respect to that angle choose the trigonometric
function that relates the two given sides, write the equation then

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 compute the value of the ratio of the sides up to four decimal
places and solve the angle. Compute the complement of the
second angle.
The second angle is 𝐴

𝑎 𝑏
cos 𝐴 = ℎ = 𝑐

19.67 𝑐𝑚
cos 𝐴 = 37.21 𝑐𝑚

cos 𝐴 = .5286
𝐴 = cos −1 . 5286
𝑨 = 𝟓𝟖°𝟓′

Step 3 Compute the complement of the second angle.

𝐵 = 90° − 𝐴
𝐵 = 90° − 58°5′
𝑩 = 𝟑𝟏°𝟓𝟓′

Step 4 Apply the Pythagorean theorem to solve for the third side.

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
(37.21)2 = 𝑎2 + (19.67)2
𝑎2 = (37.21)2 − (19.67)2
𝒂 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓𝟗 𝒄𝒎

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

GIVE IT A TRY
A. Use a calculator to find the angle measures for the values of the following
trigonometric functions. Express the angle measures in degrees and minutes.
1. sin 𝐴 = 0.5592 𝐴 = __________
2. cos 𝐵 = 0.9840 𝐵 = __________
3. tan 𝐴 = 4.7046 𝐴 = __________

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

4. sin 𝐵 = 0.9205 𝐵 = __________
5. cos 𝐴 = 0.9990 𝐴 = __________

B. In a right ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝑨 and 𝑩 are the acute angles, 𝒂 and 𝒃 are the legs, and 𝒄 is
the hypotenuse. Find the unknown measures of the sides and angles.
1. 𝐴 = 13°, 𝐵 = __________

2. 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = 12, 𝑐 = __________

3. 𝐴 = 40°50′, 𝐵 = __________

4. 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 13, 𝑎 = __________

5. 𝑎 = 12, 𝑐 = 20, 𝑏 = __________

PRACTICE MORE
A. Solve the right triangle given the information in each problem.
1. 𝐵 = 35°, 𝑐 = 17 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 2. 𝐴 = 55°, 𝑐 = 22 𝑓𝑡

3. 𝐴 = 20°30′ , 𝑏 = 14.7 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

4. 𝐵 = 25°, 𝑎 = 11 𝑘𝑚

5. 𝐴 = 48.25°, 𝑎 = 15.37 𝑐𝑚

B. Solve the right triangle given the information in each problem.

1. 𝑎 = 29 𝑚, 𝑐 = 38 𝑚

2. 𝑏 = 2.3 𝑐𝑚, 𝑐 = 4.9 𝑐𝑚

3. 𝑎 = 42.5 𝑓𝑡, 𝑏 = 28.7 𝑓𝑡

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 4. 𝑎 = 89 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠, 𝑐 = 99 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

5. 𝑏 = 7.8 𝑚, 𝑐 = 13 𝑚

KEEP MOVING
Solve the right triangle given the information in each problem.
1. 𝐵 = 38°, 𝑐 = 16 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

2. 𝐴 = 63°, 𝑐 = 28 𝑓𝑡

3. 𝑎 = 69 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠, 𝑐 = 108 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

4. 𝑏 = 10.8 𝑚, 𝑐 = 16.7 𝑚

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 5. 𝐴 = 19°30′ , 𝑏 = 15.3 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠

DO IT YOURSELF
Solve the right triangle given the information in each problem.
1. 𝐵 = 22°, 𝑐 = 35 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

2. 𝐴 = 63°2′, 𝑐 = 39.6 𝑓𝑡

3. 𝑎 = 101.2 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠, 𝑐 = 305.4 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

4. 𝑏 = 12.8 𝑚, 𝑐 = 22.7 𝑚

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 INFUSED VALUE ACTIVITY

Solving a right triangle requires to follow a step – by - step process to come with
the correct trigonometric function to be used.

In today's society, we are living in a world of rules and guidelines. Following

rules will do no harm for us as long as it is righteous and does not suppress freedom.
Guidelines are there to show us or tell us how something should be done properly.

If you are going to be the governor of the Student Council, what policy will you
going to suggest to the administration that will help the students achieve their goals?

FORMATIVE EVALUATION
Solve the right triangle given the information in each problem. 5 pts.
for each problem.
1. 𝐴 = 40°28′10", 𝑎 = 12 522 𝑘𝑚

2. 𝑎 = 19.85 𝑓𝑡, 𝑐 = 48.75 𝑓𝑡

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 Brain Booster

Determine whether the statement is true or false. If true, explain why. If false,
give a counterexample.

1. If any two angles of a right triangle are known, then it is possible to solve
for the remaining angle and the three sides.

2. If any two sides of a right triangle are known, then it is possible to solve
for the remaining side and the three angles.

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 LESSON 10: APPLICATION OF RIGHT TRIANGLE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Φ distinguish between angle of elevation and angle of depression;
Φ state the bearing of a given point;
Φ solve applied problems involving right triangles; and
Φ instill the value of resilience and optimism.

LEARNING CONTENT

One of the main applications of solving right triangles is in the computation of

distances or heights that cannot be actually measured like the height of a tree, the width
of a river distance from a place on the ground to the top of a building, or distances at sea.
The basic assumption in solving real-life problems is that structures like trees, buildings,
towers, and lighthouses are perpendicular to the ground thus creating right triangle
diagrams.

Procedure in solving applied trigonometry problems

1. Draw a sketch, and label it with the given information. Label the unknown
using variables (uppercase for the angles and lowercase for the sides).
2. Use the sketch to write an equation relating the given quantities to the
unknown quantity.
3. Solve the equation and check that your answer make sense.

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

APPLICATIONS:

Angle of elevation

The angle that the line of sight makes with the horizontal is called the angle of
elevation. The object being observed is above the horizontal.

Line of sight is an imaginary line that connects the eye of an observer to the
object being observed.

EXAMPLE 1 (ANGLE OF ELEVATION)

From an observer 256 𝑓𝑡 from the foot of a church, the angle of elevation
of the top of the church is 36°.

SOLUTION:
Step 1 Draw a sketch, and label it with the given information. Label the
unknown using variable. (uppercase for the angles and lowercase
for the sides).

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 Step 2 Use the sketch to write an equation relating the given quantities to
the unknown quantity.

𝑜 ℎ
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎 = 𝑎

Step 3 Solve the equation, and check that your answer make sense.

ℎ
tan 36° = 256 𝑓𝑡

ℎ = (tan 36°)(256 𝑓𝑡)

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝒇𝒕

Angle of depression

The angle that the line of sight makes with the horizontal is called the angle of
depression. The object being observed is below the horizontal.

Line of sight is an imaginary line that connects the eye of an observer to the
object being observed.

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

EXAMPLE 2 (ANGLE OF DEPRESSION)

From the top of Maria Cristina falls, the angle of depression to the foot of
a tree is 41°30′. If the tree is 145 𝑚 away from the foot of the falls, how high is the falls?

SOLUTION:
Step 1 Draw a sketch, and label it with the given information. Label the
unknown using variables. (uppercase for the angles and lowercase
for the sides)

Step 2 Use the sketch to write an equation relating the given quantities to
the unknown quantity.

𝑜 ℎ
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎 = 𝑎

Step 3 Solve the equation, and check that your answer make sense.

ℎ
tan 41°30′ =
145 𝑚

ℎ = (tan 41°30′)(145 𝑚)
𝒉 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒎

Other applications of right triangles involve bearing, an important idea in

navigation.

Bearing

Bearing or direction is an acute angle that is measured in degrees east or west

of the north-south line.

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 There are two methods for expressing bearing, but we will just focus on the first
method and that is expressing a bearing that starts from a north-south line and uses an
acute angle to show the direction, either east or west, from this line. To indicate a
bearing, first, write N or S (for north or south), then the measure of the acute angle, lastly,
write E or W (for east or west). If the object being observed is directly north, south, east,
or west, we indicate the bearing as due north, due south, due east, or due west.

EXAMPLE 3
A bearing of 43° east of north is written as 𝑵𝟒𝟑°𝑬, and illustration is

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

EXAMPLE 4
A bearing of due east.

EXAMPLE 5 (BEARING)

Two lighthouses, A and B, are on a north-south line. The bearing of ship at

sea from lighthouse A is 𝑆42°𝐸 where it is 15 km due east of lighthouse B. What
is the distance between the two lighthouses?

SOLUTION:
Step 1 Draw a sketch, and label it with the given information. Label the
unknown using variables. (uppercase for the angles and lowercase
for the sides)

Step 2 Use the sketch to write an equation relating the given quantities to
the unknown quantity.

𝑜 𝑜
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎 = 𝑑

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 Step 3 Solve the equation, and check that your answer make sense.

15 𝑘𝑚
tan 42° = 𝑑

15 𝑘𝑚
𝑑=
tan 42°

𝒅 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝒎

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

GIVE IT A TRY
A. Identify the trigonometric function ratio to be applied in each of the given
problem. Do not solve the problem.
1. Joyce knows that when she stands 123 𝑓𝑡 from the base of a flagpole, the
angle of elevation to the top is 26°40′. Find the height of the flagpole.

Answer:__________

2. From the top of a 35 𝑚 cliff, Bell spots a hiker at angle of depression of 62°.
Find the distance from Bell to the hiker.

Answer: __________

3. A boat sails 10 𝑘𝑚 from a harbor on a bearing of 𝑆30°𝐸. How far south is the
boat?

Answer:__________

4. A ship sailed from a port with a bearing of 𝑆22°𝐸. How far south has the ship
traveled after covering a distance of 327 𝑘𝑚?
Answer:__________

5. A ship leaves a port and sails 450 𝑘𝑚 due west. It then sails 600 𝑘𝑚 due north.
What is the ship’s bearing from its port?
Answer:__________

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

B. Illustrate the following bearings.
1. 𝑁30°𝑊

2. 𝑆47°30′ 𝑊

3. 𝑁69°55′𝐸

4. 𝑆10°21′𝐸

5. 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡

PRACTICE MORE
A. Solve the following problems.
1. A tree 10 meters high casts a 17.3 meter shadow. Find the angle of elevation
of the sun.

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 2. Find the angle of elevation to the peak of a mountain from an observer who is
155 meters from the mountain if the observer’s eye is 1.5 meters above the
ground and the mountain is 350meters tall.

3. A great white shark swims 22 feet below sea level. If the shark is 67 feet from
the sailboat, what is the angle of depression of the boat to the shark?

4. Due to a storm, a pilot flying at an altitude of 528 feet has to land early. If he
has a horizontal distance of 2000 feet to land, at what angle of depression
should he land?

5. A boat sails 10 𝑘𝑚 from a harbor on a bearing of 𝑆30°𝐸. How far south is the
boat?

KEEP MOVING
Do what is being asked.
1. Choose any tall objects within the vicinity of the school and find its height by
applying the concept of angles of elevation or depression.

2. Go to the library and find a Philippine Map or Map of Quezon. Using the map and
a protractor, find the bearing from Lucena City to Calauag.

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

DO IT YOURSELF
1. The length of the shadow of a building 34 𝑚 tall is 38 𝑚. Find the angle of
elevation of the sun.

2. From the top of the control tower 250 𝑚 tall, a rock is sighted on the ground. If
the rock is 170 𝑚 from the base of the tower, find the angle of depression of the
rock from the top of the control tower.

3. A ship leaves a port and sails 350 𝑘𝑚 due east. It then sails 500 𝑘𝑚 due south.
What is the ship’s bearing from its port?

4. At a point 60 feet from the base of a building, the angle of elevation from that
point to the top is 64.70°. How tall is the building?

5. A plane is flying at an altitude of 12,000 m. From the pilot, the angle of depression
to the airport tower is 33°. How far is the tower from a point directly beneath the
plane?

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 INFUSED VALUE ACTIVITY

Problem solving is the application of solving right triangle.

Character and attitude plays a big role in solving life's problem. Life offers a
number of challenges but keep in mind that every problem has a solution. And solving
life's problem is a test of character, our attitude in facing every challenge will spell the
difference.

Cite a specific problem you encountered at home and enumerate the process on
how you resolved the problem.

FORMATIVE EVALUATION
Solve for what is being asked.
1. A 40-ft ladder leans against a building. If the base of the ladder is 6 ft.
from the base of the building, what is the angle formed by the ladder
and the building?

2. A girl who is 16 meters tall stands on level ground. The elevation of the
sun is 50° above the horizon. What is the length of her shadow?

3. A car traveled a distance of 100 feet up a ramp to a bridge. The angle

of elevation of the ramp was 11°. How high was the bridge above road
level?

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 4. A rescue helicopter hovers at an altitude of 425 𝑚 over two fishing
boats. If the angle of depression from the helicopter to the boats are
38° and 22°, how far apart are the boats?

5. A ship leaves its home port and sails on a bearing of 𝑁28°10′𝐸.

Another ship leaves the same port at the same time and sails at a
bearing of 𝑆61°50′𝐸. If the first ship sails at 24 𝑚𝑝ℎ and the second
ship sails at 28 𝑚𝑝ℎ, find the distance between the two ships after 4
hours.

Brain Booster

Solve.

A television tower is mounted on top of a building. The angle of elevation

of the foot of the tower is 12° and that of the top of the tower is 20° from
where Claire stands 50 𝑚 from the base of the building. How tall is the
tower?

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

 UNIT TEST
THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Choose the correct answer among the options. Encircle the letter that corresponds
to the correct answer.
1. Function value of tan 45°.
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

2. Two acute angles whose sum is 90°.

A. Complementary C. Supplementary
B. Straight D. Vertical

3. It is the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse side.

A. Cosecant function C. Secant function
B. Cosine function D. Sine function

4. The longest side in any right triangle.

A. adjacent C. leg
B. hypotenuse D. opposite

5. Angles that are frequently used whose trigonometric functions may be derived
without the use of the trigonometric table.
A. Complementary C. Special
B. Coterminal D. Supplementary

6. The ratio of the adjacent side and the opposite side.

A. Cosine function C. Sine function
B. Cotangent function D. Secant function

7. The cofunction of sine function.

A. Cosecant function C. Secant function
B. Cosine function D. Sine function

8. It is the reciprocal function of cosine function.

A. Cosecant function C. Secant function
B. Cotangent function D. Sine function

9. Triangle that has one right angle and two acute angles.
A. Acute triangle C. Right triangle
B. Obtuse triangle D. Scalene triangle

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2

 10. This term refers to the “complements’ function”.
A. Co function C. Cosecant function
B. Cosine function D. Cotangent function

TEST III. Find what is asked.

11. – 13. Given a point (−12, −9) on the terminal side of an angle 𝜃 in
standard position, find the value of the first three trigonometric
functions for angle 𝜃.

14. – 18. In right triangle ABC if C = 90°, c = 12 m and B = 40° 15’, solve the
triangle.

Unit 2| The Six trigonometric Functions

19. – 20. A car is 35 ft. from the base of a church, if the angle that the car
makes with the ground is 38°37′:
a. Find the height of the church?
b. Find the distance of the car from the top of the church?

The Six Trigonometric Functions | Unit 2