BASIC TECHNOLOGY JSS3

1. FAULT DETECTION
a. Definition (Trouble shooting)
b. Tools for Fault detection
2. BASIC ELECTRONICS
a. Basic emission theory
b. Types of electronic devices
3. BASIC ELECTRONICS
a. Components
b. Uses
4. MACHINE MOTION
a. Linear motion
b. Lever arrangement to produce linear motion
c. Uses of slides and slots in mechanical systems
5. MACHINE MOTION – ROTARY MOTION
a. One way e.g. shaft of running car.
b. Reversible rotary motion e.g. load down of cranes, brakes, clutches and ratchets.
TOPIC: FAULT DETECTION

A. Definition: Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting is the process of finding and correcting problems in machines, tools,

It is a very important skill for technicians and engineers. When a device fails or stops working
properly, troubleshooting helps to restore it to normal condition. The process requires careful
observation, logical thinking, and sometimes the use of tools or instruments. Troubleshooting is
also used in electronics, plumbing, automotive work, and even in software systems.

B. Tools for Fault Detection

Various tools are used to inspect and repair machines depending on the type of fault —
electrical, mechanical, or software-based.

1. Observation Tools

These rely on human senses:

 Eyes and Ears: Detect signs like smoke, sparks, leaks, strange sounds, or vibrations.

 Touch: Used to check for overheating or loose components.

2. Measuring Instruments

Tool Use

Multimeter Tests for voltage, current, and resistance.

Ammeter Measures electric current in a circuit.

Voltmeter Measures voltage between two points.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance in wires and components.

3. Mechanical Tools

Tool Use

Spanners/Wrenches Loosen or tighten nuts and bolts.

Screwdrivers Drive or remove screws.

Hammer Tap loose parts into place.

4. Diagnostic Tools

Diagnostic tools help identify complex faults that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They
include:

 Software Diagnostic Tools: Used to scan, analyze, and fix software or digital faults in
computers, mobile phones, and smart devices.

 Engine Diagnostic Scanners: Commonly used in automobiles to detect engine or

 Circuit Testers: Used to check the flow of electricity in electrical circuits.

 Continuity Testers: Ensure that wires or connections are properly joined and unbroken.

C. Importance of Fault Detection

 Avoids complete breakdowns of machines.

 Ensures safety for users.

 Saves money on costly repairs.

 Extends the life of tools and equipment.

D. Class Activity

 Mention two electrical fault detection tools and their uses.

 Discuss how you would fix a faulty fan or bulb.

E. Evaluation Questions

1. Define troubleshooting.

2. List four tools used in fault detection.

3. Mention three reasons why fault detection is important.

4. How is a multimeter useful?

Electron emission refers to the process in which electrons are expelled or released form a
material or surface. There are several mechanisms through which electron emission can occur:

c. Types of Electron Emission:

Type of Emission Description

Electrons are emitted from a heated metal surface. E.g., in vacuum

Photoelectric Electrons are released when light shines on a metal surface. E.g., solar
Emission cells.

Field Emission Electrons are pulled out by strong electric fields.

Secondary Emission Electrons are emitted when high-energy particles strike a surface.

Cold Emission (Field Electron Emission): Electrons are emitted at room temperature or lower
temperatures in the presence of a strong electric field.

d. Importance of Emission in Electronics

 Emission is the starting point for electronic signals.

 Without electron emission, devices like televisions, radios, and transistors would not
function.

Step 3: Types of Electronic Devices (15 minutes)

a. Definition of Electronic Devices:

 These are components or systems that control the flow of electric current using
electronic circuits.

 They work mainly by the movement of electrons in materials like semiconductors.

c. Common Electronic Components Inside Devices:

Component Function

Resistor Limits or controls the flow of electric current

Diode Allows current to flow in one direction only

Transistor Acts as a switch or amplifier

LED Emits light when current flows through it

Types of Basic Electronic Devices

Below are the major types of basic electronic devices (also called components), with a short
note under each:

1. Resistor

A resistor is an electronic component that reduces or limits the flow of electric current in a
circuit. It is used to protect other components from too much current and to divide voltage.
Resistors are commonly found in almost every electronic device.

2. Capacitor

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy for a short time and then releases it when
needed. It is used in timing circuits, filters, and energy storage systems. Capacitors help smooth
out fluctuations in electricity.

CAPACITANCE: This is a phenomenon which exist when certain parts of an electric circuit are
able to store electric charges.

Capacitance (c) = Charge on either plate (Q)/P.D across the plates (V).

The S.I unit of a capacitance is farad (F)

3. Diode

A diode is a device that allows electric current to flow in only one direction. It blocks current
from flowing the opposite way. Diodes are commonly used in rectifiers, which change
alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
4. Light Emitting Diode (LED)

An LED is a special type of diode that emits light when electric current passes through it. It is
used in indicator lamps, digital displays, and modern lighting. LEDs are energy-efficient and
long-lasting.

5. Transistor

A transistor is a small device that can act as a switch or an amplifier. It controls the flow of
electric current and can increase the strength of a weak signal. Transistors are found in radios,
computers, and all modern electronics.

6. Inductor (Coil)

An inductor is a component that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field when current
flows through it. It resists sudden changes in current and is used in radios, transformers, and
filters.

7. Integrated Circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit is a tiny chip that contains many electronic components such as resistors,
transistors, and capacitors all built into one small package. ICs are used in almost all electronic
devices like computers, calculators, phones, and TVs.

8. Switch

A switch is a device used to open or close an electric circuit. When the switch is "on", it allows
current to flow; when it is "off", it stops the current. Switches are used in household appliances,
electronics, and electrical wiring.

9. Fuse

A fuse is a safety device that protects electronic circuits from damage caused by too much
current. When the current is too high, the fuse melts and breaks the circuit to prevent fire or
damage.
10. Battery

A battery is a source of stored electrical energy that provides power to electronic devices. It
converts chemical energy into electrical energy and comes in different types like dry cell and
rechargeable batteries.
Topic: Basic Electronics II

A. WHAT IS ELECTRONICS?

Electronics is the study and use of systems that work by controlling the flow of electric current
(especially small electric currents) through various components.

Unlike electrical systems that use large currents (e.g., fan, heater), electronic devices deal with
tiny currents to do tasks like sensing, switching, amplifying signals, or storing information.

B. BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Below are some common components found in electronic circuits:

Component Symbol Function

1. Resistor ![Resistor symbol] Reduces or controls current in a circuit.

2. Capacitor ![Capacitor symbol] Stores and releases electric charge.

3. Diode ![Diode symbol] Allows current to flow in one direction only.

4. Light Emitting Diode (LED) ![LED symbol] Emits light when current flows through it.

5. Transistor ![Transistor symbol] Used to amplify signals or act as a switch.

6. Switch ![Switch symbol] Opens or closes a circuit (turns it on or off).

7. Battery ![Battery symbol] Provides electrical energy to the circuit.

8. Wire/Conductor — Connects components together.

Note: Show students the physical components and their symbols. Encourage hands-on
identification.

C. USES OF ELECTRONICS

Electronics is used in nearly every aspect of modern life. Here are some common uses:

1. Communication Devices

o Mobile phones, radios, television, and satellite systems.

2. Home Appliances
 o Microwave ovens, refrigerators, air conditioners, electric kettles.

3. Computers and Digital Devices

o Laptops, desktops, tablets, calculators.

4. Entertainment

o Game consoles, DVD players, speakers, and TVs.

5. Health and Medicine

o Heart monitors, X-ray machines, digital thermometers.

6. Education

o Projectors, smartboards, e-learning devices.

7. Transportation

o Car electronics like sensors, GPS, and engine control systems.

8. Security Systems

o CCTV, alarms, electronic locks, biometric systems.

4. TEACHING/LEARNING ACTIVITIES

 Introduction: Ask students to mention electronic devices they use at home.

 Presentation: Explain the concept and display components.

 Explanation: Use real or simulated components to describe each.

 Interaction: Allow students to touch, test, and connect simple components.

 Questioning: Ask guiding questions to check understanding.

5. EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT

Objective Questions:

1. What is the function of a resistor?

2. Which component emits light when current passes through it?

3. Which electronic component stores charge?

5. State one difference between a diode and an LED.