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Nuclear Models

The document discusses several nuclear models including the shell model. The shell model proposes that neutrons and protons occupy discrete energy levels or shells in the nucleus similar to electrons in atoms. Magic numbers are identified that correspond to closed shells. Evidence for the shell structure comes from stable isotope abundances, decay chains, and nuclear properties like binding energies and quadrupole moments. The model can explain nuclear spins and parities by considering how the angular momenta of paired nucleons couple in filled and partially filled shells.

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Poundra Setiawan
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1K views12 pages

Nuclear Models

The document discusses several nuclear models including the shell model. The shell model proposes that neutrons and protons occupy discrete energy levels or shells in the nucleus similar to electrons in atoms. Magic numbers are identified that correspond to closed shells. Evidence for the shell structure comes from stable isotope abundances, decay chains, and nuclear properties like binding energies and quadrupole moments. The model can explain nuclear spins and parities by considering how the angular momenta of paired nucleons couple in filled and partially filled shells.

Uploaded by

Poundra Setiawan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Nuclear Models Overview
  • Shell Model Details
  • Evidence for Shell Structure
  • Analysis for Shell Structure
  • Spin Orbit Coupling Model
  • Applications
  • Rules of Coupling
  • Nucleon Configuration and Spin

NUCLEAR MODELS

Shell model Collective model Fermi gas model Liquid drop model Compound nuclear model Direct interaction model Optical model

The Shell Model


G. Gamow and W Elsaser M G Mayer and JHD Jensen The magic number : 2,8,20,28,50,82,126 for neutrons 2,8,20,28,50,82 for proton These magic numbers are NOT as STRONG as in the case of the atomic structure

Evidence for the shell structure :


Number of stable isotopes see (Pb, Tl, Bi) (Ca, K, Sc) (Sn, In, Sb) Number of stable isotone see for N=20, N=19 and N=21 see for N=49, N=51 and N=50

Evidence for the shell structure :


Natural Isotopic abundances of the nuclides see (Sr, Ba, Ce, Pb) see (Zr, Mo, Ru, Nd, Sm) Decay Product of Radioactive Series thorium series : Pb-208 uranium series : Pb-206 actinium series : Pb-207 neptunium series : Bi-209

Evidence for the shell structure :


Neutron Capture cross section Ca-40 and Pb-208 have low nccs see Xe-135 and V-50 Binding energy of the last neutron or proton Spontaneous neutron emitter
See O-17, Kr-87, Xe-137, Kr-89

The electric quadrupole Moments

Analisis for the shell structure :


Solution of Schrodinger Wave Equation Particle moving in spherically symmetric field A potential function
The total quantum number, n The angular momentum quantum number l Set quantum number (n,l,j,ml)

Potential function :
The square well potential The harmonic oscillator potential The combined of them
Draw the graph here !!

The spin orbit coupling model


Two level corresponding to j=l-1/2 and j=l+1/2 j=l+1/2 has less energy see diktat (pers III.24) Graph the shell model

Applications :
Nuclear spins and parities (for the ground state) In a completely filled level, the orbital angular momenta and spins of the nucleons add in such a way as to give a zero resultant total angular momentum In the level that are not completelly filled, the nucleons form PAIRS (proton-proton, neutron-neutron, but NO proton-neutron

Rules of coupling :
The groundstate of EVEN-EVEN nuclei have ZERO angular momentum and EVEN parity (regardless of the number of protons and neutrons) In a nucleus with an EVEN-N and ODD-Z, the groundstate properties are determined by the PROTON (the last odd proton) If EVEN-Z and ODD-N, determined by the LAST neutron

Gambarkan pengisian nukleon dan tentukan spin dan paritas inti :


C-12 C-13 O-17 O-18 Na-23 Ca-40 Ca-43

Spin and Paritas :


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