RESPIRATORY PHARMACOLOGY

Bronchial Asthma
(Long term respiratory dysfunction) Definition: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway (trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles) characterized by attacks of wheezy breathlessness, sometimes on exertion,

sometimes at rest, sometimes mild,

sometimes severe.

Bronchial Asthma
Etiology:
Triggers factors tend to participate and/or aggravate asthma exacerbation.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Allergens e.g: pollens,air pollution, dust. Irritants e.g: Tobacco smoke, sprays. Exercise. Temperature or weather changes. Exposure to infection. Animals: e.g: cats, dogs, rodents, horses.

Bronchial Asthma
7. Strong emotions: e.g: fear, laughing. 8. Food: e.g: Nuts, chocolate, milk.

9. Medication: e.g: Aspirin.

Bronchial Asthma
Pathophysiology: Asthma trigger
- Inflammation & edema of the mucous membranes. - Accumulation of tenacious secretions from mucous glands. - Spasm of the smooth muscle of the bronchi & bronchioles decreases the caliber of the bronchioles.

Bronchial Asthma

Bronchial Asthma
Clinical manifestations:

A) General manifestations:
1. The classical manifestations are: dyspnea,

wheezing, & cough.

2. The episode of asthma is usually begins with the child feeling irritable & increasingly restless. Asthmatic child may complain headache, feeling tired, & chest tightness.

Bronchial Asthma

Clinical manifestations: B) Respiratory symptoms:

- Hacking, paroxysmal, irritating and non productive cough ) ( due to bronchial edema. Accumulation of secretion stimulate cough that becomes rattling ) & (productive (frothy, clear, gelatinous sputum). - Shortness of breath, prolonged expiration, wheezy chest, cyanosed nail beds, & dark red color lips that may progress by time to blue.

Bronchial Asthma C) On chest examination:

- Inspection reveals major changes in the form of supraclavicular, intercostals, subcostal, & sternal retractions due to the frequent use of accessory muscles of respiration. With repeated episodes: chest shape is changed to barrel chest, & elevated shoulder. - Auscultation reveals loud breath sounds in the form of course crackle, grunting, wheezes throughout the lung region.

Bronchial Asthma

Bronchial Asthma
Diagnostic evaluation:
1. Clinical manifestations, history, physical examination, & Lab tests.

2. Radiographic examination.
3. Pulmonary function tests provide an objective method of evaluating the degree of lung disease.

Bronchial Asthma
Therapeutic management:
Allergic control to prevent attacks.

Drug therapy:
preparations + chest physiotherapy (only in

B- adrenergic, Theophyllin, & corticosteroids

between attacks).

TERIMA KASIH

Respiratory Pharmacology
GENERIC: BRAND: CLASS: Albuterol Proventil, Ventolin Sympathomimetic

Albuterol
Actions
1. Agonist for Beta 2 adrenergic receptors; relaxing bronchial smooth muscle which results in bronchodilation
Minimal cardiac side effects

2.

Albuterol
Indications:
1. Treatment of bronchospasm associated with asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema Prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm

2.

Albuterol
Contraindications:
1.
2. 3.

Hypersensitivity to sympathomimetics
Cardiac dysrhythmia Tachycardia and tachydysrhythmias

Albuterol
Adverse Reactions:
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Excessive use may cause paradoxical bronchospasm and arrhythmias Tachycardia, palpitations, angina, PVCs, hypotension, and hypertension Tremors Hyperglycemia Peripheral vasodilation Nervousness Nausea/Vomiting

Albuterol
Precautions:
1.
2. 3. 4.

Diabetes
Hyperthyroidism Cerebrovascular disease Seizure disorders

Albuterol
Dose:
1.
2.

2 inhalations with metered-dose inhaler, q 4-6 hours

3 ml premixed bullet in nebulizer

Albuterol
Incompatible/Reactions:
1.
2. 3.

Tricyclic antidepressants/monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), may increase the effect of this drug Other sympathomimetics Beta blockers inhibit the effects

Albuterol
Notes:
Onset: Peak: Duration: 1. 2. 5-15 minutes 30 minutes 2 hours 3-4 hours

Can be delivered by inhaler and nebulizer Metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine

Respiratory Pharmacology
GENERIC: BRAND: Epinephrine Adrenalin

CLASS: Sympathomimetic/Catecholamine

Epinephrine
Action:
1. Direct effect on alpha and beta adrenergic receptor sites 2. Effects include: Alpha: bronchial, cutaneous, renal and visceral arteriolar constriction Beta 1: positive inotropic and chronotropic actions, increases automaticity Beta 2: bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of skeletal vasculature 3. Inhibits the release of histamine

Epinephrine
Indications:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7.

Cardiac arrest in general Ventricular fibrillation Asystole Pulseless electrical activity Infusion for profound hypotension associated with bradycardias, in combination with other pressors Bronchospasm and bronchoconstriction of bronchial asthma and some forms of COPD Anaphylaxis

Epinephrine
Contraindications:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Uncorrected tachydysrhythmias Underlying cardiovascular disease or hypertension Glaucoma Hypersensitivity to catecholamines Hypothermia

Epinephrine/Adverse Reactions
Hypertension Ventricular arrhythmias Pulmonary edema Tachycardia Palpitations Anxiety Psychomotor agitation Nausea/Vomiting Pupil dilation Angina Nervousness Headache Dizziness Tremors Hallucinations Cerebral hemorrhage Anorexia

Epinephrine
Precautions:
1. Due to the possibility of cardiovascular disease, epinephrine should be administered with caution in patients over 35 years of age (with respiratory problems or if they are conscious) The patient should be carefully monitored for changes in pulse, blood pressure, and ECG after administration of epinephrine. Because of its strong inotropic and chronotropic effects, epinephrine causes an increased myocardial O2 demand

2.

3.

Epinephrine
Precautions:
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Hypovolemia (replenish volume first) Diabetes mellitus Hyperthyroidism Prostatic hypertrophy Must be protected from light Tends to be deactivated by alkaline solutions (sodium bicarbonate) 10. Do not use with MAOIs or tricyclic antidepressants due to the danger of hypertensive crisis

Epinephrine
Dose:
1. Cardiac dosage: 1:10,000 a. 1 mg q 3-5 minutes (until the heart restarts) b. Intermediate: 2-5 mg q 3-5 minutes c. Escalating: 1 mg 3 mg 5 mg; 3 minutes apart d. High: 0.1 mg/kg q 3-5 minutes Infusion: Mix 1 mg in 250 ml and run at 2-10 mcg/min Anaphylaxis and Asthma: .1-.5 mg (1:1,000) SQ or IM

2. 3.

Epinephrine
Incompatible/Reactions:
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Potentiates other sympathomimetics Patients on MAOIs, antihistamines, and tricyclic antidepressants may have heightened effects Sodium bicarbonate deactivates epinephrine Nitrates Lidocaine Aminophylline Dont mix the above drugs in the same syringe with epi; but can use in the same IV line just flush between meds

Epinephrine
Notes:
ONSET: Immediate

PEAK:
DURATION:

Minutes
Several minutes

Respiratory Pharmacology
GENERIC: BRAND: CLASS: Isoetharine Bronkosol, Bronkometer Sympathomimetic

Isoetharine
Actions:
1. Beta 2 agonist (slight specificity); relaxes smooth muscle of bronchioles, vasculature, uterus

Isoetharine
Indications:
1. Relieve bronchospasm associated with asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

Isoetharine
Contraindications:
1. 2. 3. Hypersensitivity to sympathomimetics Cardiac dysrhythmias Tachycardia and tachydysrhythmias

Isoetharine
Adverse Reactions:
1. Dose-related tachycardia, palpitations, tremors, nervousness, peripheral vasodilation, nausea/vomiting, transient hyperglycemia, life-threatening arrhythmias; multiple excessive doses can cause paradoxical bronchoconstriction Angina Hypertension Headache, dizziness, anxiety, restlessness, hallucinations

2. 3. 4.

Isoetharine
Precautions:
1. Use with caution in patients with diabetes, hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease Seizure disorders Isoetharine contains acetone sodium bisulfite; a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions, including anaphylactic symptoms in certain susceptible individuals

2. 3.

Isoetharine
Dose:
ADULT 1-2 inhalations with metered-dose inhaler 3-7 inhalations, via hand nebulizer q 4 hours PEDIATRIC Not recommended in children less than 12 years

Isoetharine
Incompatible/Reactions:
1. Additive adverse effects with other beta agonists

Isoetharine
Notes:
ONSET: Immediate

PEAK:
DURATION:

5-15 minutes
1-4 hours

Respiratory Pharmacology
GENERIC: BRAND: CLASS: Metaproterenol Sulfate Alupent, Metaprel Sympathomimetic

Metaproterenol Sulfate
Actions:
1. Agonist for Beta 2 adrenergic receptors acts directly on smooth muscle

Metaproterenol Sulfate
Indications:
1. Relieve bronchospasm of COPD and Asthma

Metaproterenol Sulfate
Contraindications:
1. 2. 3. 4. Hypersensitivity to sympathomimetics Hyperthyroidism Cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disorders Tachycardia and tachydysrhythmias

Metaproterenol Sulfate Adverse Reactions

Dose-related tachycardia Palpitations Nervousness Peripheral vasodilation Excessive use lethal arrhythmias, paradoxical bronchospasm Hypertension Tremors, headache, dizziness, anxiety, hallucinations Nausea/vomiting

Metaproterenol Sulfate
Precautions:
1. 2. History of cardiovascular disease or hypertension Seizures

Metaproterenol Sulfate
Dose:
ADULT: 2-3 inhalations, q 3-4 hours Metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer PEDIATRICS: Not recommended in children under 12 years

Metaproterenol Sulfate
Incompatible/Reactions:
1. 2. 3. Beta blockers MAOIs, tricyclic antidepressants Potentiates other beta agonists

Metaproterenol Sulfate
Notes:
ONSET: 1 minute

PEAK:
DURATION:

1 hour
1-5 hours with single dose 2-5 hours with repeated dose

Respiratory Pharmacology
GENERIC: BRAND: CLASS: Terbutaline Sulfate Bricanyl, Brethine Sympathomimetic

Terbutaline Sulfate
Actions:
1. Beta 2 agonist has an affinity for beta 2 receptors of bronchial, vascular, and uterine smooth muscle At increased doses, beta 1 effects may occur

2.

Terbutaline Sulfate
Indications:
1. Relieve bronchospasm associated with asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema (prevalent in patients over the age of 40 or with coronary artery disease) Used in-hospital to stop pre-term labor

2.

Terbutaline Sulfate
Contraindications:
1. 2. 3. 4. Hypersensitivity to sympathomimetics Cardiac dysrhythmias Tachycardia and tachydysrhythmias Glaucoma

Terbutaline Sulfate
Adverse Reactions:
1. Tachycardia, tremors, palpitations, nervousness and dizziness Angina, PVCs, hypotension, and hypertension Headache, anxiety, hallucinations Nausea, vomiting Bronchospasm

2. 3. 4. 5.

Terbutaline Sulfate
Precautions:
1. Used with caution to patients with a history of cardiovascular disease or hypertension Seizure disorders Thyroid disease Diabetes

2. 3. 4.

Terbutaline Sulfate
Dose:
ADULT: 0.25 mg SQ; repeat in 15-20 minutes 2 inhalations separated by a 60 second interval with a metered dose inhaler 4mg/7ml nebulizer mix

Terbutaline Sulfate
Incompatible/Reactions:
1. 2. Alkaline solutions Degrades when exposed to light for long periods of time

Terbutaline Sulfate
Notes:
ONSET: 15 minutes

PEAK:
DURATION:

30-60 minutes
90 minutes 4 hours

Respiratory Pharmacology
GENERIC: BRAND: CLASS: Theophylline Ethylenediamine Aminophylline Methylxanthine Spasmolytic

Theophylline
Actions:
1.
2.

3. 4. 5.

Beta 2 agonist; directly relaxes bronchial smooth muscle Dilates pulmonary and coronary arterioles, decreasing pulmonary hypertension and increasing coronary blood flow Slight positive chronotropic and inotropic effects Strengthens diaphragmatic contractions by affecting intracellular calcium Mild diuretic

Theophylline
Actions:
6. 7. 8. Stimulates CNS vomiting centers Respiratory center stimulant Stimulates vagal and vasomotor centers in the brain can lead to decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction in the brain depends on CNS or peripheral predominance

Theophylline
Indications:
1. Relieve bronchospasm associated with asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pulmonary edema Management of CHF and pulmonary edema

2.

Theophylline
Contraindications:
1. 2. 3. Hypersensitivity to xanthene compounds (e.g. caffeine) Cardiac dysrhythmias Tachycardia and tachydysrhythmias

Theophylline Adverse Reactions

Nausea/vomiting Hypotension Irritability Tachycardia Angina Flushing Diarrhea Increased respiratory rate Cardiac arrhythmias Tremors Seizures Palpitations Hypertension Anorexia

Theophylline
Precautions:
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Caution if patient is already taking theophyllinecontaining medications Caution to patients with a history of cardiovascular disease or hypertension Thyroid disease Active peptic ulcer Hypotension may occur following rapid administration May oppose the effects of beta blockers

Theophylline
Dose:
ADULT: Loading dose of 6 mg/kg IV infusion over 20 minutes Loading dose of 1 mg/kg IV infusion over 20 minutes if the patient has had theophylline products in the last 35 hours

Theophylline
Incompatible/Reactions:
1. 2. 3. 4. Incompatible with most drugs Simetidine, propranolol, erythromycin, and troleandomycin may increase the effects of the drug Barbiturates, phenytoin, and smoking may decrease blood levels May increase the effects of anticoagulants

Theophylline
Notes:
ONSET: PEAK: DURATION:
1.

15 minutes: 30 minutes 1 hour Averages 5 hours

Common forms or oral aminophylline include: * Marax * Primatene * Quibron * Slo-Phyllin * Slobid * Somophyllin * Tedral * Theo-Dur

Respiratory Pharmacology
Respiratory meds are used for several purposes, the most obvious is the treatment of asthma. Class includes:
1. 2. 3. Cough suppressants Nasal decongestants Antihistamines

Antiasthmatic Medications
Asthma has two basic pathophysiologies:
1. 2. Bronchoconstriction Inflammation

Treatment is aimed to relieve bronchospasm and decrease inflammation. Specific approaches are categorized as beta 2 selective sympathomimetics, nonselective sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, glucocorticoids and leukotriene antagonists.

Beta 2 Specific Agents

1. 2. 3. 4. Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) is the prototype of this class. These agents relax bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation and relief from bronchospasm. These agents are first line therapy for acute shortness of breath. Administered via metered dose inhaler or nebulizer. Overall, these agents are very safe.

Nonselective Sympathomimetics
Stimulate both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors, as well as alpha receptors. Rarely used to treat asthma because they have the undesired effects of increased peripheral vascular resistance and increased risks for tachycardias and other dysrhythmias. Agents include: epinephrine, ephedrine, and isoproterenol Epinephrine is the only nonselective sympathomimetic in common use today.

Methylxanthines
CNS stimulants that have additional bronchodilatory properties. Used only when other drugs such as beta 2 specific agents are ineffective. Possibly block adenosine receptors. Prototype is theophylline, taken orally. Aminophylline, an IV medication, is rapidly metabolized into theophylline and, therefore, has identical effects. Chief side effects: nausea/vomiting, insomnia, restlessness, and dysrhythmias

Anticholinergics
Ipratropium (Atrovent) is an atropine derivative given by nebulizer. Because stimulating the muscarinic receptors in the lungs results in constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, ipratropium, a muscarinic antagonist, causes bronchodilation. Ipratropium is inhaled, and has no systemic effects. Has an additive effect when used with beta 2 agonists. Most common side effect is dry mouth

Glucocorticoids
Anti-inflammatory properties. Lower the production and release of inflammatory substances such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, and reduce mucus and edema secondary to decreasing vascular permeability. May be inhaled or taken orally, as well as IV. Prototype of inhaled glucocorticoid is beclomethasone. Prototype of oral glucocorticoid is prednisone. Administered as preventative care.

Glucocorticoids
When inhaled they cause few side effects. Side effects are due mostly to direct exposure on the oropharynx, and gargling after taking the drug can decrease the side effects. Side effects from the IV administrations of methylprednisolone in emergencies are not likely Long periods of administration can lead to adrenal suppression and hyperglycemia. Another anti-inflammatory agent used is cromolyn (Intal), an inhaled powder.

Glucocorticoids
Cromolyn is the safest of all antiasthma agents. Only side effects are coughing or wheezing due to local irritation caused by the powder. Often used for preventing asthma in adults and children.

Leukotriene Antagonists
Leukotrienes are mediators released from mast cells upon contact with allergens. Contribute powerfully to both inflammation and bronchoconstriction Can either block the synthesis of leukotrienes or block their receptors. Zileuton (Zyflo) is the prototype of those that block the synthesis of leukotrienes Zafirlukast (Accolate) is the prototype of those that block their receptors

DRUGS USED FOR RHINITIS AND COUGH

Rhinitis: (inflammation of the nasal lining) comprises a group of symptoms including nasal congestion, itching, redness, sneezing, and rhinorrhea (runny nose). Allergic reactions or viral infections may cause it Drugs that treat the symptoms of rhinitis and cold are commonly found in over-the-counter remedies. Nasal decongestants, antihistamines, and cough suppressants are available in prescription medications.

Nasal Decongestants
Nasal congestion is caused by dilated and engorged nasal capillaries. Drugs that constrict these capillaries are effective nasal decongestants. Main pharmacologic classification in this functional category is alpha 1 agonists Alpha 1 agonists may be given either topically or orally Examples of agents: phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, (administered in drops or mist)

Antihistamines
Arrest the effects of histamine by blocking its receptors. Histamine is an endogenous substance that affects a wide variety of organs systems. Noted for its role in allergic reaction. Histamine binds with H1 receptors to cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability (vasculature) In the lungs, H1 receptors cause bronchoconstriction In the gut, H2 receptors cause an increase in gastric acid release Histamine also acts as a neurotransmitter in the CNS.

Antihistamines
Histamine is synthesized and stored in two types of granulocytes; tissue-bound mast cells and plasmabound basophils Both types are full of secretory granules, which are vesicles containing inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins, among others. When cells are exposed to allergens, they develop antibodies on their surfaces. On subsequent exposures, the antibodies bind with their specific allergen.

Antihistamines
Secretory granules then migrate towards the cells exterior and fuse with the cell membrane. Causing them to release their contents. Histamines are useful in our immune systems. When our immune systems overreact do allergies such as hay fever or cedar fever send us running for the antihistamines Typical symptoms of allergic reaction include most of those associated with rhinitis. Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) may cause hypotension

Antihistamines
Antihistamines are at best only a secondary drug for treating anaphylaxis. Just as there are H1 and H2 histamine receptors, there are H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists. Most old antihistamines were H1 receptor antagonists, newer antihistamines are H2 receptor antagonists. Chief side effect is sedation (H1), newer generation do not cause this sedation effect (H2). First generation medications: alkylamines (chlorpheniramine [Chlor-Trimeton]), ethanolamines (diphenhydramine [Benadryl])

Antihistamines
Other first generation antihistamines: clemastine (Tavist), and phenothiazines (promethazine [Phenergan]). Some antihistamines also have significant anticholinergic properties: promethazine and dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), used for motion sickness. Second generation antihistamines include: terfenadine (Seldane), loratadine (Claritine), cetirizine (Zyrtec, and fexofenadine (Allegra). These agents do not cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore do not cause sedation.

Cough Suppressants
Coughing is a complex reflex that depends on functions in the CNS, the PNS, and the respiratory muscles. It is a defense mechanism that aids the removal of foreign particles like smoke and dust. In general, treating a productive cough is not appropriate, as it is performing a useful function. An unproductive cough, usually results from an irritated oropharynx and can be troublesome. The three classifications of cough suppressants include one that is supported by evidence and two that are not.

Cough Suppressants
Antitussives
1. 2. Suppress the stimulus to cough in the CNS. This functional class includes two specific pharmacologic types: a. Opioids b. Nonopioids Two most common opioid antitussives are codeine and hydrocodone Both inhibit the stimulus for coughing in the brain but also produce varying degrees of euphoria

3.

4.

Cough Suppressants
5. The nonopioid antitussives do not have the potential for abuse. a. Dextromethoraphan b. Diphenhydramine c. Benzonatate (Tessalon) Expectorants: intended to increase the productivity of cough Mucolytics: make mucus more watery and easier to cough up Little data supports the effectiveness of either of these approaches to cough suppression