1
GROUP 04
CONTENTS
1. Overview
2. Stages of building design process
3. Site selection
4. Site analysis
5. Building regulations
6. Bubble diagrams
7. Needs analysis
8. Building plans
9. Structural designs
10. A sample case study
11. Case study analysis
12. Building design : past , present and future
13.Summary
Building design is not a
simple plan or a drawing
It consists of broadly based
Architectural
Engineering
Technical
applications
All building projects require the service of a
building designer
Budget is a very important factor for a construction.
To complete the construction with in the budget
proper design is very important
Inferior design can waste time, resources and
energy as well
Building design influence how efficiently
organization of people work
The durability of the construction is also depends of
the design process
Client
Architects
Building engineers
Draftsperson
Building surveyor
Client gives the brief idea of the
building and his satisfactions for the
budget
Architect is a person trained in
planning designing and supervising of
the construction of a building
Building engineers typically include
electrical mechanical and structural
engineers
A drafts person or documenter is one who has
attained a certificate or diploma in drafting
Building surveyor trained much like architectural
technologies
11
12
13
The architect prepares a series of rough
sketches, known as schematic design, which
show the general arrangement of rooms and
of the site.
Some architects also prepare models to help
visualize the project.
The owner approves these sketches before
proceeding to the next phase.
14
The
architect prepares more detailed
drawings to illustrate other aspects of the
proposed design.
Floor plans show all the rooms in correct size
and shape.
Outline specifications are prepared listing the
major materials and room finishes.
15
Once the owner has approved the design,
the architect prepares detailed drawings and
specifications, which the contractor will use to
establish actual construction cost and build
the project.
The
drawings and specifications become
part of the building contract.
16
The
owner selects and hires the contractor.
The architect may be willing to make some
recommendations.
In many cases, owners choose from among
several contractors they've asked to submit bids
on the job.
The architect can help you prepare bidding
documents as well as invitations to bid and
instructions to bidders.
17
While the contractor will physically build the home or
the addition, the architect can assist the owner in making
sure that the project is built according to the plans and
specifications.
The
architect can make site visits to observe
construction, review and approve the contractor's
application for payment, and generally keep the owner
informed of the project's progress.
The contractor is solely responsible for construction
methods, techniques, schedules and procedures.
18
The architect can help bring your project to a close
by ensuring that it is complete and ready for use, and
that the contractor is entitled to final payment.
You now have a working relationship with your
architect, and no one knows your building better.
You may wish to retain the same firm to assist with
start-up, to review operations at a later date, for
tenant related services, or for later alterations and
modifications.
19
20
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
determining that a potential action
requires a site selection
appointing a selecting official (or site
board)
chartering a team (staff) to support the
selecting official
identifying site requirements
developing recommendations for the
selecting official
selecting the site
21
Ecological factors
Biological and operational factors
Economic and social factors
22
water supply
water quality
climate
hydrological characteristics
soil characteristics
land
23
species to be cultured
resources and availability of stocking
materials
type of project
(i) small-scale rural project
(ii) large-scale rural project
system of culture adopted
(i) extensive
(ii) semi-intensive
(iii) intensive
24
operational
method
(i) monoculture
(ii) polyculture
(iii) integrated
production target
estimated size of area required
25
development plans for the project area
ownership, availability of land and land values,
land regulations and rights, as well as any legal
restrictions relating to land
availability of electricity, telephone or radio
connections, as well as unit power cost
availability of construction materials
availability of supplementary feeds
availability of suitable transport facilities
political realities
26
Evaluation of an existing or potential site in
relation to
the development program
environmental impact,
impacts on the community and adjacent
properties
project budget, and schedule.
A well-executed site analysis forms the essential
foundation for a cost-effective, environmentally
sensitive, and rational approach to project
development.
NATURAL PHYSICAL FEATURES
Soil type, Bearing capacity, trees, rocks, valleys
Drainage pattern, ponds and pools, and possibility of
floods
Location of any watercourses, creek, wetlands, stream
etc., on the site or any within 40 meters from the site.
Any areas of land degradation.
MANMADE FEATURES
Buildings, walls , curb cuts, paving patterns ,power poles
UTILITIES
Type, capacity and location of utilities
Ex: Gas, sewer, electricity, water, telephone
LOCATION
State maps and city maps showing the location
of the site including travel times
NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT
Presents immediate surroundings for 3-4 blocks
beyond the site boundary
Existing projected uses, buildings , any zoning
etc. that have an impact on the project
Covenants and restrictions, legal description of the
property , present owner and present
government jurisdiction also have to taken in to
account
Site analysis Report contains
Property maps
Geotechnical maps and findings
Site analysis recommendations
Clear statement of the impact of the findings
Recommendations on the proposed building
program
Photographs of surrounding areas and any
significant features of the site are included in
the statements
Regulations are embodied within the laws
of a country.
These are imposed to ensure safety of the
public and the users.
But buildings can be designed under a
persons own requirements
Because regulations are not about the
restrictions, but about the limitations.
Structurally stable
Safe in the event of a fire
Weather resistant
Constructed with adequate sound insulation
Provided with healthy ventilation
Constructed with safe stairways, ramps and
guarding
Provided with safety glass where appropriate
Safe from dangerous electrical wiring
Energy efficient
Building a new home
Erection, extension or alteration of a building
Change of buildings use
Internal structural alterations
Loft & garage conversions
Forming a structural opening IE - New window or
through room
Installing cavity wall insulation
Underpinning a house
Installing a WC
Building Regulations can be categorized into two
as follows :
Planning regulations
Building regulations.
These regulations change from area to area.
That means regulations in Colombo are not same
as those in another area.
Planning regulations
Activity should with in the UDA declared areas.
Streets should be in accordance with the regulations.
Minimum
width (m)
3.0
4.5
6.0
9.0
Maximum length
(m)
50.0
100.0
---------
Maximum No:
of lots
4
8
20
----
sizes of streets to residentials
Max Dwelling
units per lot
2
2
4
-----
Shape of the edges of the building should be taken in to
consideration
Building regulations
Yard or space in and around the building
accordance with the approved way.
Sizes of areas inside the building should comply
with regulations.
Kitchen
area - 5m^2
min width - 2m
area of a habitable room 8 square meters
Light and ventilation.
For further details refer The Gazette of the
Democratic Socialist Republic Of Sri Lanka
40
This
is a planning tool that
allows groups or particularly
important items to be
represented simply and
quickly when starting basic
space planning.
BED
ROOM
KITCHEN
DINING
ROOM
BATHROO
M
LIVING ROOM
BED ROOM
Bubble diagrams are important in the
design stage of a building.
It is drawn to separate the space into
our decided categories.
(Eg : Living room , bed rooms , bathrooms etc )
Bubble diagrams show the relationship
between the spaces.
Bubble diagrams can be drawn to
allocate both indoor and outdoor
spaces.
Bubbles indicate the spaces.
Heavier lines indicate strong
relationships.
It doesnt necessarily translate directly
to a floor plan, but it helps clarify
which rooms need to be next to which
other rooms
Mark with bubbles the
spaces required.
(Eg : play area , ponds etc)
Indicate all entrances
with bubbles.
Connect the bubbles
showing the relationship.
Size of the bubbles must
be roughly in a
proportionate scale to the
actual space
It is done based on some factors
Size of the land
How close to be to the street
Size of the front yard
Manage the space of the front yard and
back yard accordingly.
place the house with a bubble in the plan
Mark the main
entrance with a
bubble.
Mark other entrances
with smaller bubbles.
Draw bubbles for
living room , bed
rooms , kitchen etc.
Join them with the
arrows if needed.
Bubble
diagrams can
be drawn for
two storied
houses also.
50
The important thing is
to get to know the
needs and understand
the people who are
going to use it and
design the building
according to their
requirements
and
wishes .
51
For whom this house is
designed for,
Family members
Friends
Frequent visitors
What do the need,
A quiet reading area
A bedroom facing morning sun
A play room near kitchen
A bedroom with an easy
accessible washroom
Sleeping room on main floor
Washroom with grab bar in bath
52
Factors which should be
considered:
Use (For what)
Who (People who will use
it)
Approximate space
(Rough
Dimension)
Light (amount of light
required)
53
Sound ( For TV lobby , bedroom )
Proximity ( which other spaces should be nearby ,
family washroom to be near the bedrooms etc.)
Features (Special arrangements , open area , high
or low ceilinged areas )
54
Fire simulation
Security
Watersupply
55
56
First of all we have to get the approval for
the plan from the municipal council.
When we design the plan , it is important to
consider clients ideas , needs and also the
natural location of the land.
After draw a rough plan, considering above
facts , we can get the plan drawn by a
qualified architect.
Also there should be a cost estimation report.
If the client is satisfied , the form given by the
municipal council should be filled and the
plan can be drawn.
Thereafter some related documents are
required to be presented to the municipal
council.( A copy of the above form , plan of
the house , etc ).
The technical officer at the municipal council
inspects the house plan and he/she will give
the approval if it is suitable.
We can use the buble diagrams for the
next designing steps.(Eg : how to firming
up the walls of the house).
Using indoor bubble diagrams, site map
and needs analysis, we can develop
house exteriors and designs.
For a bubble diagram, you may have
different plan sketches. So you can
choose a better plan for your house as
you wish.
61
It is very important in a building .
Mainly deals with loads on the
structure.
Structural design is to support these
loads.
We have to consider the aesthetic
view also not only for the support.
62
Basic requirements
Strength
Load and resistance
Allowable strength
Empirical design
Other requirements
Load effects
Equilibrium
Stability
Aesthetic view
63
Two types of loads
Dead load
Live load
Seismic load
Dead load
Dead loads are forces
which are not moving.
Roof
Floors
Built in furniture
64
Live loads
live loads are loads which can move
People
Furniture eg: Chairs
65
Number of columns
Distance between two columns
Length and width (strength) of
column
Lengths of the beams
Strength of the beams
66
Beams design
67
Column design
68
Stages in structural design
Structural planning
Analysis of forces and loads
Methods of analysis
Member design
Drawing, detailing and
preparation of schedule.
69
Net dimension of the site: 10 perch
Net dimensions of the house: 1500 square
feet
Net estimated cost: Rs.7,000,000.00
Requirements:
The client requested a house plan for a family of
3 people. So there has to be 3 bed rooms, a
kitchen, two toilets (with a guest toilet included),
a veranda, a pantry and a dining room.
71
72
Land location Mt. Calvary Road,
Waligampitiya, Ja Ela
Based on the soil analysis of the land, it
was determined that the soil type was
hard laterite.
Thus a rubble foundation with a plinth
beam is recommended for the single
storied house.
73
74
75
76
77
78
This is a commercial building
Located in Galle
Road,Rawathawatte,Moratuwa
It is a 5 storied buildings and each floor
has above 5units
Area of land is 91.59 perches and total
floor area is 53582 sq Ft
Distances to nearest train station and bus
stop are 1km and 25m respectively
79
Private hospital
Channeling centre
Educational buildings
Private school/Technical colleges
Place for private tuition class
IT school
Super market in part of ground or first
floor and balance for shopping and roof
terrace for a restaurant cultural centre
80
Site conditions
Original site conditions
Surrounding
Climate
Soil type
Wind
Availability of water
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Basics
Influenced on geographical features
and weather
Materials are mainly chosen on ease
of access
Basic in shape
Huge spaces
and ventilation
systems to
tackle heat
Clay and rubble
were main
materials
Design is based
on geography
Symmetry and
elevation have
often been
utilized in the
architectural
expression of
religious devotion
or political power.
Protection was one of
the main aspect of
designing of such
places
Protective barriers and
broad palace walls
are intentionally kept
there for extra
protection
Whilst historically, buildings tended to follow set patterns
that could be repeated without a great deal of
consideration or instruction, as buildings became more
complex, so specialist designers emerged, and
increasingly, building design has proved too complex for
any one individual to undertake alone, other than on very
straight-forward projects.
The design will tend to be led by the architect, although
there are occasionally specialist projects where it may be
more appropriate for the design team to be led by
another consultant, for example the services engineer on
a highly-serviced building.
The tallest building
in the
world.
Height in comparison
to other sky scrapers
The design of Burj
Khalifa is derived
from patterning
systems embodied
in Islamic
architecture
The spiral minaret at
the Great Mosque of
Samarra,Iraq
A self sustaining house
Designers take
all possible
measurements
to make least
impact on
nature
This is a tall glass
pyramid 180 metres
tall. It will use natural
lighting and aims to
generate four times less
carbon dioxide usage
that that of buildings
with an equivalent size
Every possible
action will be
taken to reduce
the negative
effects on nature
Solar power would
be the main
energy source
Waste would be
re-cycled as
possible
100
Building design process is a combination of
architectural, engineering and technical
applications to achieve a targeted goal of
a constructional process.
A buildings design is the primary factor that
determines its ongoing resource use.
All the main stages of building design
process should be completed properly for a
successful constructional project.
101
Deciding what to build, preparing rough
sketches, design development, preparing
costruction documents, hiring contractors,
contruction administration are very
importatnt stages of completing a building
design process.
Ecological, biological, echonomic and
social factors should be considered when
selecting a land for the construction.
Site analysis grasp the features of the site
such as location, temprature, sun path and
soil type which will be very important during
the design process.
Building regulations should be followed
to make sure the safety of people. It
influence how efficiently organizations of
people work.
Building plan and the structural design
are important because buildings tie up a
lot of resource mass for several decades.
Buildings must last longer than most
products.
There was great history of building design in the world.
Pyramids in Egypt, Edinburgh Castle in Scotland,
Colosseum in ancient Rome are examples for them.
There are amazing costructions in the modern world.
The Crooked House (Sopot,
Poland)
Olympic Stadium (Montreal,
Canada)
Lotus Temple (Delhi, India)
National Theatre (Beijing,
China)
Future building designs may consist of
new concepts, modern technologies
and new building materials.
THANK YOU
110
GROUP MEMBERS.
1. GOMES P.A.M.
2. GUNATHILAKA P.G.A.D.
3. HASALANKA H.H.H.
4. HENDAWITHARANA S.U.
5. HERATH H.M.I.
6. HEWAWASAM K.S.
7. HIRISHANTH N.
8. INDRACHAPA K.G.L.
9. IRAJ E.A.J.
10.ISURU T.V.A.
11.JANURSH Y.
12.JARATHNE D.N.D.S.
13.JAYANTH W.A.P
111
