Star Winding REF
Protected
Zone
RE
F
Relay only operates for earth faults within protected zone.
Uses high impedance principle.
Stability level : usually maximum through fault level of
transformer
1
> Transformer Protection
Restricted E/F Protection
A B C N
LV restricted E/F
protection trips
both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10%
rated
> Transformer Protection
Restricted E/F Protection
A B C N
LV restricted E/F protection trips both HV and LV breaker
Recommended setting : 10% rated
> Transformer Protection
Delta Winding Restricted Earth Fault
Source
Protected zone
REF
Delta winding cannot supply zero sequence current to
system
Stability : Consider max LV fault level
Recommended setting : less than 30% minimum earth fault
level
4
> Transformer Protection
High Impedance Principle
Protected
Circuit
Z
M
RCT
RCT
RL
IF
IS
VS
RL
RL
RS
RT
Voltage Across Relay Circuit
RL
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Stabilising resistor RST limits spill current to IS (relay setting)
VS
RST =
- RR
where RR = relay burden
IS
CT knee point
VKP = 2VS = 2IF (RCT + 2RL)
5
> Transformer Protection
The Use Of Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)
During internal faults the high impedance relay circuit
constitutes an excessive burden to the CTs.
A very high voltage develops across the relay circuit and
the CTs.
Causes damage to insulation of CT, secondary
winding and relay.
Magnitude of peak voltage VP is given by an approximate
formula (based on experimental results)
VP = 2 2VK (VF - VK)
Where VF = Swgr. Fault Rating in amps x Z of relay
circuit
CT ratio
@ setting
Metrosil required if VP > 3kV
6
> Transformer Protection
Non-Linear Resistors (Metrosils)
IOP
RST
VM
VS
RR
Metrosil Characteristic
V = CI
Suitable values of C & chosen based on :
Max secondary current under fault conditions
Relay setting voltage
7
> Transformer Protection
REF Protection Example
1MVA
(5%)
11000V
415V
1600/1
RCT =
4.9
Calculate :
1) Setting voltage (VS)
80MV
A
2) Value of stabilising
resistor required
3) Effective setting
1600/1
RCT =
4.8
> Transformer Protection
RS
MCAG14
IS = 0.1
Amp
2 Core 7/0.67mm
(7.41/km)
100m Long
4) Peak voltage
developed by CTs
for internal fault
Solution (1)
Earth fault calculation :Using 80MVA base
Source impedance = 1 p.u.
Transformer impedance = 0.05 x 80 = 4 p.u.
1
p.u.
1 P.U.
Total impedance = 14
1
4
I1 = 1 = 0.0714 p.u.
14
I1
Base current = 80 x 106
3 x 415
= 111296 Amps
I2
IF
4
I0
Sequence Diagram
9
> Transformer Protection
= 3 x 0.0714 x 111296
= 23840 Amps (primary)
= 14.9 Amps (secondary)
Solution (2)
(1) Setting voltage
VS = IF (RCT + 2RL)
Assuming earth CT saturates,
RCT = 4.8 ohms
2RL = 2 x 100 x 7.41 x 10-3 = 1.482 ohms
Setting voltage = 14.9 (4.8 + 1.482)
= 93.6 Volts
(2) Stabilising Resistor (RS)
RS = VS - 1
IS IS2
Where IS = relay current setting
RS = 93.6 - 1 = 836 ohms
0.1
0.12
10
> Transformer Protection
Solution
(4)
Peak voltage = 22VK (VF - VK)
VF = 14.9 x VS = 14.9 x 936 = 13946 Volts
IS
For Earth CT, VK = 1.4 x 236 = 330 Volts (from graph)
VPEAK = 22 x 330 x (13946 - 330)
= 6kV
Thus, Metrosil voltage limiter will be required.
11
> Transformer Protection
Differential Protection
12
> Transformer Protection
Differential Protection
Overall differential protection may be justified for
larger transformers (generally > 5MVA).
Provides fast operation on any winding
Measuring principle :
Based on the same circulating current principle as the
restricted earth fault protection
However, it employs the biasing technique, to maintain
stability for heavy through fault current
Biasing allows mismatch between CT outputs.
It is essential for transformers with tap changing
facility.
Another important requirement of transformer
differential protection is immunity to magnetising in
rush current.
13
> Transformer Protection
Biased Differential Scheme
Differential
Current
I1
BIAS
OPERATE
BIAS I
2
I1 I2
OPERATE
I1 I2
RESTRAIN
I1 +
I2
2
14
> Transformer Protection
Mean Through
Current
Differential Protection
HV
PROTECTED
ZONE
LV
Correct application of differential protection requires CT ratio
and winding connections to match those of transformer.
CT secondary circuit should be a replica of primary system.
Consider :
(1)
(2)
(3)
15
> Transformer Protection
Difference in current magnitude
Phase shift
Zero sequence currents
Differential Connections And polarity markings
P1
P2
A2
A1
16
> Transformer Protection
a1
a2
P2
P1
Use of Interposing CT
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
P1
S2
S1 P1
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
> Transformer Protection
P2
S2
S2
17
a2
P2
S1
Interposing current transformers
18
> Transformer Protection
Interposing current transformers
19
> Transformer Protection
Interposing current transformers
20
> Transformer Protection
21
> Transformer Protection
22
> Transformer Protection
23
> Transformer Protection
24
> Transformer Protection
25
> Transformer Protection
26
> Transformer Protection
27
> Transformer Protection
28
> Transformer Protection
29
> Transformer Protection
30
> Transformer Protection
31
> Transformer Protection
32
> Transformer Protection
33
> Transformer Protection
34
> Transformer Protection
35
> Transformer Protection
36
> Transformer Protection
Differential Protection
150/5
P2
P1
S1
15MVA
66kV / 11kV
A2
A1 a1
a2
800/5
P2
P1
S2
S2
S1
Dy1
Given above: Need to consider (1) Winding full load current
(2) Effect of tap changer (if any)
(3) C.T. polarities
Assuming no tap changer
Full load currents:66kV: 131 Amp = 4.37 Amps secondary
11kV: 787 Amp = 4.92 Amps secondary
However, require 11kV C.T.s to be connected in
Thus, secondary current = 3 x 4.92 = 8.52A
RATIO CORRECTION IS REQUIRED
37
> Transformer Protection
Differential Protection
800/5
150/5
P1
S1
P2
A2
A1 a1
a2
P2
P1
S2
S2
4.37A
4.92A
S1
S2 P1
(2.56)
S1
P2
(5)
R
R
It is usual to connect 11kV C.T.s in
and utilise a
/
interposing C.T. (this
method reduces lead VA burden on the line C.T.s)
Current from 66kV side = 4.37 Amp
Thus, current required from
winding of int. C.T. = 4.37 Amp
Current input to
winding of int. C.T. = 4.92 Amp
Required int C.T. ratio = 4.92 / 4.37 = 4.92 / 2.52
3
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.56
38
> Transformer Protection
Effect of Tap Changer
e.g. Assume 66kV +5%, -15%
Interposing C.T. ratio should be based on mid tap position
Mid Tap (-5%)
= 62.7 kV
Primary current (15 MVA)
= 138 Amp
Secondary current
= 4.6 Amp
Interposing C.T. ratio required = 4.92 / 4.6
3
(
/
)
= 4.92 / 2.66
May also be expressed as : 5 / 2.7
Compared with 5 / 2.56 based on nominal voltage
39
> Transformer Protection
Combined Differential and
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
A1 a1
A2
a2
P1
P2
S1
P1
P2
S1
S2
REF
S2
P2
P1
S1
S2
To differential relay
40
> Transformer Protection
Three Winding Transformer
63MV
A
132KV
300/5
25MV
A
11KV
1600/5
50MV
A
33KV
1000/5
4.59
5.51
10.33
2.88
2.88
All interposing C.T. ratios refer
to common MVA base (63MVA)
41
> Transformer Protection
Traditional Use of Interposing CT
Dy1(-30)
Yd11(+30)
R
R
Interposing CT provides :
Vector correction
Ratio correction
Zero sequence compensation
42
> Transformer Protection
Integral Vectorial and Ratio
Compensation
Power transformer
Numeric
Relay
Ratio
correction
Vectorial
correction
Virtual interposing CT
43
> Transformer Protection
Differential
element
Virtual interposing CT
