CHAPTER
Communication
Direction, Bandwidth
and Channels
Chapter
Frequency Spectrum and
Bandwidth
N. Ganesan, Ph.D. , All rights reserved.
Chapter Objectives
Explain the different types of directional
flows in signal propagation
Define bandwidth and the use of the
terminology in communications
Discuss communication channels and the
splitting of bandwidth to accommodate
multiple channels
Describe baseband and broadband
transmission and present practical
examples in each case
Chapter Objectives
(continued)
Discuss communication channels
and the splitting of bandwidth to
accommodate multiple channels
Describe baseband and broadband
transmission and present practical
examples in each case
Chapter Modules
Direction of communication
Communication channels
Baseband and broadband channels
MODULE
Direction of Communication
N. Ganesan, Ph.D. , All rights reserved.
Direction Of Flow
Simplex
B
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
Direction Of Flow Details
Simplex
One direction only
Radio broadcast
Half-duplex
One direction at any one point in time
CB radio
Full duplex
Both directions at the same time
Telephone lines
END OF MODULE
MODULE
The Concepts of Channels in
Communication
N. Ganesan, Ph.D. , All rights reserved.
A Definition of a
Communication Medium
One that allows the propagation of
information carried by either
electromagnetic or optical signals
Types of Media
Physical medium and the space or
open medium
Physical medium
Also know as the guided medium
Coaxial cable, Optical fiber etc.
Open Medium
Denotes the space above the earth
The term space is galactic in scope
Multiple channels can be established in
each of these media for communication
Presence of Multiple
Channels in a Physical
Guard Band
Media
Channel 1
Frequency F1
Channel 2
Frequency F2
One physical medium (Coaxial cable).
Channel Characteristics
A sub-bandwidth is assigned for each
channel for communication
Channel differentiation
Each channel transmits using a different
frequency
The transmission frequency chosen for a
channel is usually near the middle of the
assigned bandwidth for the channel
Guard bands are present around each
channel to minimize interference
Low and High-speed
Channels in Medium
Guard Bands
5 Mhz
Channel 1
50 Mhz
10 Mhz
Channel 2
150 Mhz
5 Mhz
One cable with a bandwidth of 220 MHz.
Channel Characteristics of
the Example
Channel speeds within a medium need
not be the same
Channel 2 in the previous example is
faster than channel 1
Channel 2 speed is Proportional to 150 Hz
Channel 1 speed is Proportional 50 Hz
Total bandwidth of the medium is
computed as follows:
5 + 150 + 10 +50+5 =220 MHz
An Example of Multiple
Channels in a Physical
Cable TV (carries multipleMedium
channels)
TV 1
Tuned to
Channel 33 at
Frequency f33
TV 2
Tuned to
Channel 65 at
Frequency f65
TV 3
Tuned to
Channel 77 at
Frequency f77
An Example of Multiple
Channel Communication in
Channel 4
Space
At freq.. F4
TV1
Regular TV
Transmission
TV2
Transmission
Towers
Channel 11
At freq.. F11
END OF MODULE
MODULE
Baseband and Broadband
Transmission
N. Ganesan, Ph.D. , All rights reserved.
Baseband Transmission
Single channel transmission
The physical medium carries one and
only one channel
A good example is the LAN
Ethernet LAN for instance uses
baseband transmission
Broadband Transmission
The presence of Multiple channels over a
single physical medium
One physical line is shared by multiple
channels
Cable TV
Internet
Due to packet switching, one is given the
impression of the presence of multiple channels
Virtual broadband communication
END OF MODULE
MODULE
Frequency Spectrum
N. Ganesan, Ph.D. , All rights reserved.
Frequency Spectrum
Spectrum of frequencies available
for communication
Ranges from voice to high speed
optical communication
END OF MODULE
END OF CHAPTER
