Introduction to Operating Systems
Evolution of OS; various OS.
OS Concept; OS Structure.
Processes:
Process Creation, Termination, Process States.
Threads, Implementing Threads in User Space.
Inter Process Communication:
Race Condition, Critical Region, Mutual Exclusion
IPC Problems:
Dining Philosopher, Readers & Writers, Sleeping
Barber Problem.
Resources:
Introduction to Deadlock, Ostrich algorithm.
Deadlock
Detection and Recovery & other
aspects.
Operating System Concepts
1.1
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Chapter 1: Introduction
What is an Operating System?
Different Types of Operating System
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments
Operating System Concepts
1.2
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
Make the computer system convenient to use.
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
Operating System Concepts
1.3
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Computer System Components
1. Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system controls and coordinates the use
of the hardware among the various application
programs for the various users.
3. Applications programs define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users (compilers, database systems,
video games, business programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).
Operating System Concepts
1.4
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Abstract View of System Components
Boot Loader
Program
Operating System Concepts
1.5
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Operating System Definitions
Resource allocator Manages and allocates
resources.
Control program Controls the execution of
user programs and operations of I/O devices .
Kernel The one program running at all times
(all else being application programs).
Operating System Concepts
1.6
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Mainframe Systems
Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
Automatic job sequencing automatically
transfers control from one job to another.
First rudimentary operating system.
Resident monitor
initial control in monitor
control transfers to job
when job completes control transfers back to
monitor
Operating System Concepts
1.7
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System
Operating System Concepts
1.8
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same
time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them.
Operating System Concepts
1.9
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
I/O routine supplied by the system.
Memory management the system must
allocate the memory to several jobs.
CPU scheduling the system must choose
among several jobs ready to run.
Allocation of devices
Operating System Concepts
1.10
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Advantage of Multiprogramming
In
Multiprogramming job switched
another job and so on
CPU will never sit idle
OS has to make decision for the users
Operating System Concepts
1.11
to
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Time-Sharing SystemsInteractive Computing
The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that
are kept in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated
to a job only if the job is in memory).
A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
On-line communication between the user and the
system is provided; when the operating system
finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the
next control statement from the users keyboard.
On-line system must be available for users to access
data and code.
Operating System Concepts
1.12
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Desktop Systems
computers computer system
dedicated to a single user.
I/O devices keyboards, mice, display screens,
small printers.
User convenience and responsiveness.
Can adopt technology developed for larger
operating system often individuals have sole use
of computer and do not need advanced CPU
utilization of protection features.
May run several different types of operating
systems (Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux)
Personal
Operating System Concepts
1.13
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Parallel Systems
Multiprocessor systems with more than one
CPU in close communication.
Tightly coupled system processors share
memory and a clock; communication usually
takes place through the shared memory.
Advantages of parallel system:
Increased throughput
Economical
Increased reliability
graceful degradation
fail-soft systems
Operating System Concepts
1.14
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Parallel Systems (Cont.)
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
Each processor runs an identical copy of the
operating system.
Many processes can run at once without
performance deterioration.
Most modern operating systems support SMP
Asymmetric multiprocessing
Each processor is assigned a specific task; master
processor schedules and allocate work to slave
processors.
More common in extremely large systems
Operating System Concepts
1.15
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture
Operating System Concepts
1.16
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Real-Time Systems
Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as -- controlling scientific
experiments,
medical
imaging
systems,
industrial control systems, and some display
systems.
Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft
real-time.
Operating System Concepts
1.17
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Real-Time Systems (Cont.)
Hard real-time:
It guarantee that critical tasks be
completed on time
Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory,
or read-only memory (ROM)
Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-purpose
operating
systems.
Soft real-time
Critical real time task gets priority and
retains that priority until tasks completed
Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced
operating-system features.
Operating System Concepts
1.18
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Distributed Systems
Distribute the computation among several physical
processors.
Loosely coupled system each processor has its
own local memory; processors communicate with
one another through various communications lines,
such as high-speed buses or telephone lines.
Advantages of distributed systems.
Resources Sharing
Computation speed up load sharing
Reliability
Communications
Operating System Concepts
1.19
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Distributed Systems (cont)
Requires networking infrastructure.
Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area
networks (WAN)
May be either client-server or peer-to-peer
systems.
Operating System Concepts
1.20
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
General Structure of Client-Server
Operating System Concepts
1.21
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Clustered Systems
Clustering allows two or more systems to
share storage.
Provides high reliability.
Asymmetric clustering: one server runs the
application while other servers standby.
Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running
the application.
Operating System Concepts
1.22
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Handheld Systems
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
Cellular telephones
Issues:
Limited memory
Slow processors
Small display screens.
Operating System Concepts
1.23
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
OS Evolution
MULTICS was developed from1965 to 1970 at MIT as
computing utility.
Many of idea are used by Bell Lab to develop UNIX.
UNIX OS developed by circa in 1970 for Microcomputer.
After that UNIX is basic OS to developed OS such as
Microsoft windows, IBM,OS/2
Operating System Concepts
1.24
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features
Operating System Concepts
1.25
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
Computing Environments
Traditional computing
Web-Based Computing
Embedded Computing
Operating System Concepts
1.26
Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
