In this method simultaneous rainfall records of three close-by stations
are made use of. The stations should however be evenly spaced around the
station with missing records. A simple arithmetic average of the rainfall of the
three selected stations gives the estimate of the missing value. This method can
be used to calculate monthly as well as annual missing rainfall values. This
method should be used only when normal annual precipitation at each of the
selected stations is within 10% of that station for which records are missing.
According to the arithmetic mean method the missing precipitation 'Px' is given
as:
where:
Px = Average Precipitation
Pi = Precipitation depth at gauge (i) w/in the topographic basin (mm)
n = total number of gaging stations
Example:
Rain gauge X was out of operation for a month during which there was
a storm. The rainfall at three adjacent stations A, B and C are 37mm, 42mm
and 49mm, respectively. The average annual rainfall for all the stations are X=
694mm, A=726mm, B=752mm and C=760mm. Using the arithmetic method,
estimate the missing total rainfall for gauge X.
Stations Amounts of Normal Annual
precipitation(mm) precipitation (mm)
A 37 726
B 42 752
C 49 760
X ? 694
Nx = 694 mm Solution:
10% from Nx = 69.4
Nmin = Nx – (10% x Nx)
= 694 – (10% x 694)
Nmin = 624.6 mm
Nmax = Nx + ( 10% x Nx)
= 694 + (10% x 694)
Nmax = 763.4 mm
Precipitation Allowed= 624.6~763.4
mm
Average annual precipitation of Station A, B
and C are all less than 10% what of station X,
therefore arithmetic mean method is used to
determine the missing data.
Nx Solution:
Normal ratio method (NRM) is used when the normal annual
precipitation at any of the index station differs from that of the interpolation
station by more than 10%. In this method, the precipitation amounts at the index
stations are weighted by the ratios of their normal annual precipitation data in a
relationship of the form:
Average annual precipitation of Station A, B
and CNare
= Normal
all lessannual precipitation.
than 10% what of station X,
P = Storm
therefore Precipitation.
arithmetic mean method is used to
determine the missing data.
Example:
Find out the missing storm precipitation of station 'C' given in the
following table:
Stations A B C D E
Storm 9.7 8.3 --- 11.7 8.0
Precipitation
(cm)
Normal 100.3 109.5 93.5 125.7 117.5
Annual
Precipitation
(cm)
Solution:
Nx = 93.5 cm
10% from Nx = 9.35
Nmin = Nx – (10% x Nx)
= 93.5 – (10% x 93,5)
Nmin = 84.15 cm
Nmax = Nx + ( 10% x Nx)
= 93.5 + (10% x 93.5)
Nmax = 102. 85 cm
Precipitation Allowed= 84.15~102.85
cm, therefore use Normal Ratio
Method.
-This method is a more common method of weighing the rain-
gauge observation according to the area.
-Also called Weighted Mean Method.
-Accurate than arithmetic average method.
-Average rainfall can be computed by the following expression.
Advantages:This method is based on assumption that a rain-gauge station best
represents the area which is close to it.
Procedure:
1. Join the adjacent rain-gauge
stations.
2. Construct the perpendicular
bisectors of each of these lines.
3. The polygon formed by the
perpendicular bisectors around a
station encloses an area which is
every where closer to that station
than to any other station.
4. Find the area of each of these
polygons, shown hatched in the
figure.
5. Compute the average
precipitation using the given formula
Example:
Using Thiesen Polygon Method, find average rainfallover a catchment. The
data is:
Rain Gauge Station: A B C D E
Polygon Area (km²): 40 45 38 30 43
Precipitation (mm): 30.8 33.4 34.6 32.6 24.6
Rain gauge Polygon Area, A Precipitation, P A x P (km² x
Station (km²) mm)
A 40 30.8 1232
B 45 33.4 1503
C 38 34.6 1314.8
D 30 32.6 978
E 43 24.6 1057.8
Sum 193 6085.6
=
Solution:
Rain gauge Polygon Area, A Precipitation, P A x P (km² x
Station (km²) mm)
A 40 30.8 1232
B 45 33.4 1503
C 38 34.6 1314.8
D 30 32.6 978
E 43 24.6 1057.8
Sum 193 6085.6
=
-An isohyet is a line, on a rainfall map of the basin, joining
places of equal rainfall readings.
-An isohyetal map showing contours of equal rainfall presents a more
accurate picture of the rainfall distribution over the basin.
-Average rainfall can be computed by the following expression.
Isohyet is a line on a map connecting points having the same amount of
rainfall in a given period.
Advantages: The isohytel method is the most elaborate and accurate than other
methods.
Procedure:
1. From the rainfall values recorded
at various rain-gauge stations,
prepare the isohyetal map.
2. Measure the areas enclosed
between successive isohyets
with the help of planimeter.
3. Multiply each of these areas by
the average rainfall between the
isohyets.
4. Compute the average rainfall
applying the given formula.
Example:
Using Isohyetal Method, find average rainfall over acatchment.
The data is:
Isohyetes (cm) 12 13 14 15 16 17
Area b/w Isohyetes (km²) 22 80 110 89 70
Average Precipitation (cm) 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.5 16.5
Isohytes, Area b/w Average Product
cm Isohytes, km² Precipitation A x (P₁ + P₂)/2
(P₁ + P₂)/2
12
22 12.5 275
13
80 13.5 1080
14
110 14.5 1595
15
89 15.5 1379.5
16
70 16.5 1155
17
SUM 371 5484.5
Solution:
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