INTERACTIONS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
ECOSYSTEM
A community of plants, animals, & microorganisms interacting
with the physical environment & are interdependent on one
another for survival.
It is also defined as any stable environment in w/c living & non
living things interact w/ one another.
It is characterized by 1 way energy flow & efficient cycling w/
one another.
It may be small such as a bottle garden, an aquarium, or a
drop of pond water.
It may be large such as lakes, coral reefs, oceans, forests, &
deserts.
COMPONENTS OF AN
ECOSYSTEM
BIOTIC FACTORS
The living components of an ecosystem.
They are the living organisms that
influence the ecosystem by playing
specific functions.
They can be classified as decomposers,
parasites, hosts, predators, competitors,
herbivores, symbionts, & pathogens.
ABIOTIC FACTORS
The non-living/ physical &
chemical components of an
ecosystem.
They include the atmosphere,
water, soil structure & composition,
rocks, & seasonal changes.
ECOLOGICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
TYPES OF
ECOLOGICAL
SYSTEM
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
It includes lakes,
forests, grasslands,
& coral reefs
TYPES OF FORESTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
TROPICAL EVERGREEN RAINFOREST
MOSSY FOREST
DIPTEROCARP FOREST
LIMESTONE FOREST
PINE FOREST
SUMARGINAL FOREST
BEACH FOREST
WET LAND FOREST- MANGROVE FOREST & FRESHWATER
SWAMP
Forest cover of Sierra Madre in
the Cordilleras is the most
extensive in the Philippines
It is almost 1.4million hectares
or 25% of the Philippine forest
resources & home to many
plants & animal species.
ARTIFICIAL OR MAN-
MADE ECOSYSTEM
It includes an
aquarium, an orchard,
or a rice field.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
A BALANCED
ECOSYSTEM
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
A state of dynamic equilibrium
w/in a community of organisms
in w/c genetic species &
ecosystem diversity remain
relatively stable.
[Link] amount of food produced by one
species equals the amount by w/c they
are consumed by other species.
[Link] rate of food production by one
species also equals the rate by w/c these
food are consumed by another species.
[Link] output or waste material is
proportional to the ability of the system to
change it in a form that can be taken up.
A balanced ecosystem does not
always happen because there is a
certain limit to the ability of an
ecosystem to supply the needs of its
inhabitants.
An imbalance in an ecosystem is
observed when a predator
population & the replacement rate of
the prey cannot match the increase.
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE CAN
EASILY BE DISTRIBUTED BY MANY
FACTORS SUCH AS:
[Link] of foreign species into the system
[Link] clearing, due to uncontrolled logging
operations, results in a decrease in
biodiversity.
[Link] of chemicals into the
environment alters the lives of many
organisms in many different ways.
THREE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
RELEVANT TO THE COMMUNITY
[Link] disposal
[Link] of soil, forest, &
wildlife resources
[Link] of water & air.
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
Natural resources are all the raw
materials you take from land, sea, &
air utilized each day.
Forests provide you w/ many things-
clean air, medicine, wooden
products, food, protection from
typhoons & floods.
Sea provides you w/ many marine
products for food & other functions.
Conservation refers to the wise
management of valuable natural
resources such as timber, fish, topsoil, &
minerals. It includes preservation of
forests, wildlife, & watershed areas.
Renewable resources are naturally
replaced in a relatively short period of
time. Examples are wind, trees, & sunlight
FOREST & WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
The Philippines is home to many forests, such as Mount
Apo- home to some of our Philippine eagles.
Some tropical rainforests in our country are among
the richest forests on Earth containing exotic plants &
animals.
In some of these forests, more than 500 species of
mammals, birds, reptiles & amphibians exist. Over 40%
of all flowering plants & average of 57% of all
mammals, birds, reptiles, & amphibians are found only
in the Philippines.
Rainforests covered 95% of the Philippines
a hundred years ago, but today less than
6% of the primary forests remain. This
resulted in more endangered species. The
main cause of this problem was logging,
agricultural development, &
overpopulation. Cutting trees & clearing
off forest vegetation lead to forest
denudation, destruction of wildlife, &
other forest resources.
WAYS TO CONSERVE
FOREST
REFORESTATION
The reestablishment of trees
on denuded forest land by
natural means or by planting
or seeding.
SELECTIVE LOGGING
The cutting of only a select
number of trees in a stand,
usually old-growth & defective
trees, instead of the whole
stand.
WILDLIFE RESCUE CENTERS
& ANIMAL SANCTUARIES
Are set to protect wildlife
habitats.
The Liguasan Marsh in Agusan is the largest
marsh in Mindanao & one of the largest in the
Philippines.
It is known for its very rich biodiversity & a
model of ecological balance.
It is home to diverse bird species like heron,
egrets, share birds, & ducks.
Many of w/c are endemic & threatened.
A number of projects have been organized &
funded to maintain, conserve & restore
biodiversity in this place.
SOIL CONSERVATION
Soil is the result of the gradual weathering of plants,
dead leaves, tree limbs, dead bugs, rocks, & minerals.
It is a major portion of the Earth’s land surface that
supports life directly or indirectly.
Soil is very important resource for agricultural
production, hence, food security. Many of man’s
activities drain nutrients from soil or renders soil
unavailable for agriculture. Soil conservation,
therefore, is necessary for man’s survival.
SOIL FORMATION
A very slow process
that takes place at the
rate of 2.5cm per
century.
