CONSTRUCTION

EQUIPMENT

1
 Introduction
 It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of
construction machines on every construction sites, which
make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker.

 Depending on the application, construction machines are

classified into various categories which we are discussing
here.

A. Earthmoving equipments
B. Construction vehicles
C. Material handling equipments
D. Construction equipments
EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENTS

*Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to :

- shift large amounts of earth,
- dig foundations and landscape areas.

*Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic excavators,

bulldozers, compressors and loaders.
 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Excavation
Equipment

Loading & Hauling

Equipment

Lifting
Equipment

Concrete
Equipment

Compaction
Equipment

Pumps

Construction
5
Robots
 EXCAVATION EQUIPMENTS

Dozers Excavators Scrapers Dragline and Clamshells Finishing Equipments

Bulldozers Angle Dozers Ripper

Shovel Backhoes Loaders

Crawler Wheel S/SU-type A-type U-type C-type

Graders Gradalls Trimmers

6
DOZERS

7
Bulldozer

8
 TRACTOR AND RELATED EQUIPMENT

• Tractors - Primary purpose to pull or push the loads

• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories :

– Front - end shovels
– Rippers
– Bulldozer blades
– Side booms (boom for lifting purposes)
– Hoes
– Trencher, etc.

• Two major types of Tractors:

• Crawler Mounted
• Wheel Mounted
9
Crawler Mounted Bulldozer

10
Wheel Mounted Bulldozer

11
 S-type SU-type A-type

Angle Dozers

U-type C-type Landfill type

S-Straight blade - small size for cutting purposes Landfill type –for pushing large
quantity of material (ex. garbage)
SU-Semi Universal blade – combination of S and U type
A-Angle blade – blade which can be angled
U-Universal blade – for pushing large quantity of soil
C-Cushion blade – for pushing with a dozer 12
• Bulldozers - Blades are mounted perpendicular to the direction of
travel

• Angle dozer : Blades are set at an angle with the direction of

travel

• Bulldozers pushes the earth in forward direction

• Angle dozers - push forward and to one side (ex. to fill trenches)

• Blade size indicated by its length and height

• Versatile machine -
– Clearing land of timber and stumps
– Opening up roads through mountain and rocky terrain
– Moving earth for haul distances upto approx. 100m
– Spreading earth fill
– Back filling trenches
– Maintaining haul roads
13
1. ADVANTAGES OF CRAWLER MOUNTED BULLDOZERS:

1. Ability to deliver greater tractive effort

2. Ability to travel over muddy surfaces

3. Ability to operate in rocky formations,where rubber tires

might be severely damaged

4. Ability to travel over rough surfaces, which may reduce the

cost of maintaining the haul roads

5. Greater flotation (less sinking possibility) because of lower

pressures under tracks

6. Greater versatility on jobs

14
2. ADVANTAGES OF WHEEL MOUNTED BULLDOZERS:

1. Higher travel speeds on the job or from one job to the

another
2. Elimination of hauling equipment to transport the bulldozer
to a job
3. Greater output, especially when considerable travelling is
necessary
4. Less operator fatigue
5. Ability to travel on paved highways without damaging the
surface
6. Adequate for earth moving on certain jobs. In general,
haul distance should be less than 100 m
7. During first passes, most initial earth will spill off the ends
of blade to form a windrow on each side of a lane

15
 Rippers

Single-shank Ripper Multi-shank Ripper

- all power concentrated in one ripper - power shared by the no. of rippers
- bigger boulders ripped out - smaller boulders ripped out

16
EXCAVATORS

17
Shovel

(Shipper Shaft)

Hydraulic Rams

18
 POWER SHOVELS

• Used predominately for hard digging above track level and

loading haul units.

• Front dump and bottom dump buckets

Bottom dump - More versatile
- Greater reach and dump clearance
- Easier to position for dumping
- Less spillage
However heavier than front-dump buckets.

• Limited ability to dig below the track level. Very efficient when
digging from track level up to about the height of the shipper
shaft.

• Capable of developing a high breakout force (the force applied

to penetrate through the soil for excavation)
19
 POWER SHOVEL ……..contd.

• The vertical distance that permits the bucket to obtain a full load
without undue crowding (full capacity) or hoisting is known as
the optimum depth of cut.

• Varies with the shovel size and type of soil excavated.

• Use of optimum depth of cut will yield more production.

• Shovel must have a vertical face to dig against for effective

digging.

• Digging face - easily formed when excavating a bank or hill side.

20
 Selecting A Power Shovel

Two primary factors are

• Cost per cubic meter of material excavated.( class of material,

operator skill, etc.)

• Job condition ( terrain, etc. )under which the shovel will operate.

21
Power Shovel

22
Backhoes

23
 BACKHOES

• Primarily used for excavation below grade.

• Digs by pulling the dipper (bucket) back toward the machine.

• Widely utilized for trenching work

• In addition to excavating the trench it can perform other

trenching functions:

- Laying pipe bedding

- Placing pipe With the help of
- Pulling trench shields different attachments
- Back filling the trench

24
Contd…

• For trenching best measure of production:

Length of trench excavated per unit of time

Dipper width should be chosen which matches the

required trench width as closely as possible.

• Other suitable backhoe applications:

Excavating basements
Cleaning road side ditches
Grading embankments

25
Backhoes

26
Backhoe

27
Loaders

28
Differences between a Shovel and a Loader

Shovel:

• the boom, stick and the bucket comes as different parts attached to each
other from the machine

• it has more lifting height and greater swing

• the shovel sits in one place and does the excavation

• has smaller blades and more power

Loader:

• The boom, the bucket are directly attached to the machine for lifting the material

• it has lesser lifting height

• the loader after excavation travels some distances and unloads it

• has larger blades

29
 FRONT-END LOADERS

Used to
• Handle and transport bulk material such as rock and earth
• To load truck
• To excavate earth
• To charge aggregate bins of asphalt & concrete plants

• Two types :
– Crawler - Tractor - Mounted
– Wheel - Tractor – Mounted

• Classified by
– Capacities of buckets
– Weight that the buckets can lift
30
Wheeled tractor loader

31
Wheeled tractor loader

32
 33
Skid Steer Loaders – (miniature loaders)
Backhoe cum Loader

34
SCRAPERS

35
Scraper

36
 SCRAPERS

• Designed to load, haul, and dump loose materials

• Greatest advantage – versatility

• Scraper types:

– Push-loaded
• Single-powered axle
• Tandem-powered axles

– Push-pull, tandem-powered axles

– Elevating 37
Scraper

38
Scraper

39
DRAGLINE

40
Dragline

41
 DRAGLINES

• Largest reach for digging and dumping of any member of crane-

shovel family.

• Can dig to significant depths in soft to medium-hard material.

• Buckets available in a wide range of sizes and weights. Solid and

perforated.

• While dragline is very versatile, does not have the positive digging
action or lateral control of the shovel.

42
 DRAGLINES

More spillage must be expected in loading than a shovel.

Depends on skill of operator.

1.Dragline usually does not have to go into a pit or hole in order

to excavate.

2.Very advantageous when earth is removed from a ditch, canal

or pit containing water.

3.If earth hauled by trucks, they do not have to get into mud.

43
 OUTPUT OF DRAGLINES

The output will vary with the following factors:

• Class of material
• Depth of cut
• Angle of swing
• Size and type of bucket
• Length of boom
• Size of hauling units when used
• Skill of operator
• Physical condition of the machine
• Job conditions

44
45
Dragline

46
Dragline

47
CLAMSHELL

48
Clamshell

49
 CLAMSHELLS

• Clamshell has two main parts - Crane boom and

clamshell bucket

• Used primarily for handling loose materials such as

sand, gravel, crushed stone, coal, etc. and removing
materials from cofferdams, pier foundations, sewer
manholes, sheet-lined trenches etc.

• Especially suited for lifting materials from one

location to another.

• Bucket penetration depends on bucket weight

assisted by the bucket teeth.
50
Clamshell Bucket Clamshell Bucket for long reach

51
FINISHING EQUIPMENTS

52
Graders

Moldboard/Blade

53
GRADING & FINISHING

• Grading - Process of bringing the earthwork to the

desired shape and elevation.

• Finishing (Finish grading) - Involves smoothing

slopes, shaping ditches and bringing earthwork to the
elevation required by the plans and specification

• Usually follows closely behind the excavation,

compaction and grading.

• Equipment most widely used for finishing and

grading - Grader
54
 GRADERS

• It can be used for light stripping, grading, finishing,

back sloping, ditching, backfilling, and scarifying.

• Can be used in building construction projects as well

as in heavy and higher construction.

• Blade may be pitched forward or backward.

Forward - results in rolling action of the excavated

materials and is used for finishing work and blending
materials.

Backward - increases cutting action but may allow

material spill over top of the blade
55
Grader

56
Gradall

57
 GRADALLS

• A utility machine which combines the operating features of the

backhoe, dragline and motor grader

• Versatile machine for both excavation and finishing work

• The bucket of a gradall can be rotated 90 degrees or more,

allowing it to be effective in reaching restricted working areas
and where special shaping of slopes is required

• Telescoping boom can be hydraulically extended or retracted to

vary digging or shaping reach

• Can exert breakout force above and below ground level

58
Gradall

59
 LOADING AND HAULING EQUIPMENTS

TRUCKS WAGONS

60
Trucks

61
Off-Way Carry Truck

62
RIGID FRAME REAR DUMP TRUCK

63
Wagons

64
 TRUCKS AND WAGONS

• Up to 100m - dozer or loader

100m - 1000m - scraper
>1000m - trucks

• Also conveyors or trays may be used if more

economical and large job.

• Heavy duty rear dump truck most widely used

• Most trucks may be operated over any haul road for

which the surface is sufficiently firm and smooth on
which the grades are not excessively steep. 65
TRUCKS AND WAGONS

• Some units designated as off-highway trucks

because their size and total loads are larger
than permitted on highways. Used on large
highways projects where economically justified.

• Classified based on:

1. Size and type of engine
2. No of gears
3. Kind of drive-two wheel, four wheel, six wheel
etc.
66
TRUCKS AND WAGONS …….contd.

4. No of wheels and axles and arrangement of

driving wheels.
5. Method of dumping load - rear dump, side
dump.
6. Class of material handled - earth, rock etc.
7. Capacity, in tons or m3-struck or heaped

67
 LIFTING EQUIPMENTS

CRANES JACKING SYSTEMS DERRICKS GANTRY HOISTS

68
 LIFTING EQUIPMENT
Need
1. Transport of material & people2. Installation of components

Classification
Lifting Equipment

Cranes Jacking System Derricks Gantry Hoists

Crane motions
• Travelling Hoisting (Lowering)
• Luffing ( Derricking) Slewing
69
 Crane Configurations

Tower Cranes Mobile cranes

Base type Boom type Mounting Boom type Out riggers Jib type counter weights

Static Travelling Luffing Horizontal Lattice boom Telescopic boom

boom boom
Fixed Luffing

Truck Crawler Rail

Crawler Truck All terrain Rough terrain Ringer

70
Mobile Crane

71
Mobile Crane

72
73
74
 LIFTING EQUIPMENT

Major factor controlling the load that may be safely lifted by a crane is its
operating radius (horizontal distance from the center of rotation to the
hook)

– for other than horizontal boom tower cranes, this is a function of boom
length and boom angle.

– Other factors influencing a crane’s safe lifting capacity

• position of the boom in relation to the carrier
• whether or not out riggers are used (beams that wider the effective
base of a crane)
• the amount of counter weight
• condition of the supporting surface

– safety regulations limit maximum crane load to a % of the tipping load

• tipping load - load that will cause the crane to actually begin to tip.

75
Derrick Crane

76
Derrick Crane 77
Gantry Cranes

78
Gantry Crane

79
Gantry Crane

80
Mobile Crane

81
Mobile Crane

82
Mobile Crane

83
84
Tower Crane

85
Tower Crane

86
Tower Crane

87
Tower Crane

88
 TOWER CRANES

– Tower cranes widely used on building construction projects because of

its wide operating radius, and almost unlimited height capability.

– Majority of tower cranes are of the saddle-jib or horizontal boom type.

– Luffing jib (inclined boom) models are available which have the ability to
operate in areas of restricted horizontal clearance not suitable for
conventional tower cranes with their fixed jibs and counter weights.

– Different tower crane mounting possibilities.

– Climbing cranes are supported by completed building floors and are

capable of raising themselves from floor to floor as building is erected.

– Most tower cranes can raise themselves section by section until the
mast or tower reaches the desired height.

89
INCLINED BOOM

90
 CONCRETE EQUIPMENT

CONCRETE MIXERS CONCRETE PUMPS

BATCHING PLANT RMC(TRANSIT MIXERS)

91
 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

• Portland cement concrete most widely used structural material for civil
engineering projects.

• Consists of portland cement, water, and aggregate

( Fine& Coarse )

• Cement, water and fine aggregate – mortar

• Normal concrete
– Three - Fourths aggregate
– One - Fourth paste by volume

• Admixtures added for specific purposes

– Entrain numerous microscopic air bubbles
– Impart colour
– Retard the initial set of the concrete
– Waterproof the concrete , etc.

92
USUAL OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION
OF CONCRETE

• Batching of
materials Aggregate
• Mixing
Cement Batching
• Transporting
• Placing Water Mixing
• Consolidating
• Finishing Handling and
Hoisting
• Curing transporting

Placing
Finishing
Curing
93
BATCHING AND MIXING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

• Batching is weighing or volumetrically measuring and

introducing into the mixer the ingredients for a batch of
concrete

• A batch is the quantity of concrete mixed at one time

• Cement by volume: If sacked cement is used, the batches

of concrete should be of such size that only full sacks are
used. Unsatisfactory to divide sacks of cement on the
basis of volume

• Cement by weight: On large projects cement may be

supplied in bulk. Storage silos and weighing hoppers
permit accurate measurement of cement and also permit
full batch capacity of the mixer, an important items of cost
reduction
94
BATCHING AND MIXING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

• Aggregate by volume: Unreliable except the most careful

supervision, and should be permitted only as a last resort on
unimportant work

• A small amount of moisture in the fine aggregate, which is

nearly always present, causes the sand to bulk or fluff up.

• Fine sands bulk more than course sand for a given amount of
moisture

• Therefore more accurate to measure the aggregate by weight.

95
BATCHING AND MIXING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

Aggregate by weight
• In most plants, weighing hoppers are suspended or placed
under the storage bins. The material from the bin is fed by
gravity

• Usually concrete specifications require the concrete to be

batched with aggregate having at least two size ranges
(Coarse and fine) and upto six ranges.

• Single material batcher

• Multiple or cumulative batchers

– weighs different aggregates one at a time and loaded on top
of those previously weighed

• Weigh beam scales

• Dial type scales
• Controls of batching equipment vary from fully manual to fully
96
automatic
BATCHING AND MIXING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS
• The concrete should be mixed thoroughly until it is uniform in
appearance, with all ingredients evenly distributed.

• Mixers should not be overloaded and should be operated at the

speeds for which they are designed

• If the blades become worn or coated with hardened concrete,

the mixing action will be less efficient

• If adequately mixed samples from different portions of a batch

will haul essentially the same unit weight, air content, slump and
coarse aggregate content

• Two types of concrete - mixing operations in use,

– Job - batched concrete - 99 % in India
– Central batched concrete - Most concrete in western
countries

97
 BATCHING AND MIXING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

• Often mixed at the job site in a stationary mixer

• Stationary mixers
– On site mixers
– Central mixers in ready mix plants
– Tilting or nontilting type

• Specifications usually require min. of one minute mixing for

stationary mixers of upto 1 m3 with an increase of 15 seconds
for each additional 1 m3 capacity.

• Upto about 10% of the mixing water should be placed in the

drum before the solid material is added.

• Water should then be added uniformly with the solid material,

leaving about 10% to be added after another material are in the98 98
drum
BATCHING AND MIXING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

• As per IS 4925 : 1968 - specification for concrete batching and

mixing

Capacity of mixer ( m3) Time for Mixing ( minutes)

Upto 2 One and half

Upto 3 Two
Upto 4 Two and half

• Mixing time after all materials except the full amount of water, are in
mixer, provided that all the mixing water shall be introduced before one
fourth of the mixing time has elapsed. (Based on standard speed of
rotations)
• Maximum capacity of the plant - Based on minimum mixing cycle time

99
BATCHING AND MIXING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS

• Mixers are specified by the volume of mixed concrete

discharged after mixing of each batch, expressed in m3 or ft3
• Some times the total volume of the unmixed ingredients is given
as a prefix.Thus, a total 10/7 mixer takes 10 cu.ft. of unmixed
material and gives 7 cu.ft. of mixed concrete per batch
• The mixer drum speed is usually 18 to 20 r.p.m.

100
 10/7 Concrete Mixer
Hand Feed Concrete Mixer

Non Tilting Concrete Mixer

Pan Mixer 101
CONCRETE MIXER

102
CONCRETE MIXER

103
BATCHING PLANT

104
BATCHING PLANT

105
BATCHING PLANT

106
BATCHING PLANT

107
 READY MIXED CONCRETE
• Can be manufactured by any of the following method of mixing
– Central - mixed concrete is mixed completely in a stationary
mixer and is delivered either in a truck agitator, a truck
mixing operating at agitating speed
– Shrink - mixed concrete is mixed partially in a stationary
mixer and completed in a truck mixer
– Truck - mixed concrete is mixed completely in a truck mixer

• 70 to 100 revolutions of the drum or blades at the rate of rotation

specified by the manufacturer, required to produce the specified
uniformity of concrete.

• Not more than 100 revolutions at mixing speed are allowed.

After 100 should be done at a rate designed for agitation

• Agitating speed is usually 2 to 6 rpm, while mixing speed is

generally about 6 to 18 rpm

• Concrete should be delivered with in one and half an hour or

before the drum has revolved 300 times 108
RMC
109
 110
RMC
HELICAL BLADES INSIDE RMC 111
RMC

112
RMC

113
Concrete Pump

114
Concrete Boom Pump

115
Concrete Boom Pump

116
117
118
119
 COMPACTION EQUIPMENT

ROLLERS COMPACTORS

VIBRATORY COMPACTORS
TAMPING ROLLERS

SMOOTH-WHEELEDROLLERS

PNUEMATIC TYRED ROLLERS

120
VIBRATING ROLLERS
 TYPES OF COMPACTING EQUIPMENT

-Tamping rollers

-Smooth-wheel rollers

-Pneumatic-tyred rollers

-Vibrating rollers - including the three above

-Self-propelled vibrating plates and/or shoe

-Manually propelled vibrating plates

-Manually propelled compactors

- Vibratory compactors for deep sand 121

 TAMPING ROLLERS

• Of sheep foot type or modifications

• May be towed or self-propelled

• Hollow steel drum on whose surface a no. of projective steel

feet are welded

 A unit may consist of one or more drums mounted on more and

more axles.

 The weight of a drum may be varied by adding water or sand.

 Feet penetrate the soil to produce a kneading action and a

pressure to mix and compact the soil from the bottom to the top
of the layer.
122
 TAMPING ROLLERS

• With repeated passage the penetration decreases, until the roller is

said to walk out of the fill.

• Effective in compacting clays and mixtures of sand and clay

• Can’t compact granular soils

• Depth of compaction limited to approx length of feet

• Modified tamping rollers - grid rollers

123
Tamping Roller Tractor Pulled Ballasted Grid Roller

124
 SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLERS

• May be classified by weight, in tons or kgs

• Some rollers may be ballasted with water or
sand to increase the weight
• If designated 8-12 tons, minimum weight 8
tons and maximum weight 12 tons
• Specs may be of two types
– designation by weight
– designation by weight per cm of roll (40 kg/cm)
• Specifying weight only does not mean
necessarily indicate the compressive pressure
125
 SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLERS

• In cohesive soils, these rollers tend to form a

crust over the surface which may prevent
adequate compaction in lower portions of the
layer.
• Effective in compacting granular soils
• Also effective in smoothing surfaces of soils that
have been compacted by tamping rollers.

126
Smooth Wheeled Rollers

127
Smooth Wheeled Rollers

128
Pneumatic Tyred Rollers

129
 PNEUMATIC-TYRED ROLLERS

• Large-tyred rollers utilise two or more big earth-

moving tyres on a single axle
• Sizes may vary from 15 to 200 tons gross weight and
tyres air pressure may vary from 80 to 150 psi (5.5 to
10.5 kg/cm2 or 550 to 1050 Kpa)
• Because of the heavy loads and high tyre pressures,
they are capable of compacting all types of soils to
greater depths.
• Four methods of indicating the compacting ability of
pneumatic rollers
– the gross weight of the unit
– the gross weight per wheel
– the weight per inch of tyre width
– the air pressure in the tyres 130
 PNEUMATIC-TYRED ROLLERS

• Since the area of contact between the tyre and

ground surface over which it passes varies with
the air pressure in the tyre, the first 2 methods
are unsatisfactory
• Therefore should specify
– The gross weight
– No. and sizes of tyres
– Tyre inflation pressure

131
Pneumatic Tyred Roller

132
Pneumatic Roller

133
Pneumatic Roller

134
Pneumatic Roller

135
 VIBRATING COMPACTORS

• Sand, gravel and large stones respond well to compaction

produced by a combination of pressure and vibration

• On vibration the particles settle to increase density of the mass

• Vibrations may vary from 1,000 to 5,000 per minute

• Slow speeds permit a greater flow of vibratory energy into the

soil

• Better compaction efficiencies and economy are attained by

moving at slow speeds - 2.5 to 4 Kmph

136
 Vibratory Rollers

Smooth Drum Vibratory soil compactor Padded Drum Vibratory soil compactor
137
 MANUALLY OPERATED VIBRATORY PLATE
COMPACTORS

• In locations where large units are not practical

• Self propelled for consolidating soils and asphalt

• Rated by

– centrifugal force

– exciter revolutions per min.

– Lift

– feet per minute travel

138
Diesel Powered Manually operated Plate
Compactors
139
 MANUALLY OPERATED VIBRATING TAMPING
COMPACTOR

• Where large units are not practical

MANUALLY OPERATED RAMMER COMPACTOR

• For compacting cohesive or mixed soils

• Impact rates up to 850 per minutes
• Self - propelled in that each blow moves than ahead slightly to
contact new soils

140
 The equipment performing in
Manually Operated rammers
a congested trench 141
 PUMPS

DISPLACEMENT TYPE JET PUMPS CENTRIFUGAL TYPE

RECIPROCATING DIAPHRAGM SELF-PRIMING SUBMERSIBLE MULTI-STAGE

142
 PUMPS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

• Pumps are used extensively in the construction

projects for:
– Removing water from the pits, tunnels, etc.

– Lower the water table for the excavation

– Dewatering the cofferdams

– Furnishing water for the jetting and sluicing

– Furnishing water for many types of utility services

– Foundation grouting

143
• On some projects may be the most critical equipment
Dewatering Pumps

144
Dewatering Pumps

145
Dewatering Pumps

146
• Factors to be considered in selecting type of pump:
– Dependability
– Availability of parts
– Simplicity to permit repairs
– Economical installation and operation

• Issues involved in selection

– Lift
– Head
– Type of fluid
– Power Source
– Size of pump’s discharge connection
– Pump’s rated power

147
 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

• DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

– Diaphragm pumps
– Reciprocating pumps

• CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

– Self - priming pumps

– Submersible pumps
– Multi-stage pumps

148
 RECIPROCATING PUMPS

• Operates as the result of movement of a piston inside a cylinder

• The piston may move the water only when it is moving in one
direction - single acting
• Double acting - Water is taken in when piston is moving in both
the direction - by appropriate additional valves
• Pumps can contain more than one cylinder mounted side by
side
– Two cylinders - duplex
– Three cylinders - triplex
– one cylinder – simplex
Duplex double-acting, Duplex single acting etc.

149
 Reciprocating Pumps

• The capacity of a reciprocating pump depends essentially on the

speed of the pump and is independent of the head
• Water delivered with pulsation

Advantages:
1. They are able to pump at a uniform rate against the varying head
2. Capacity increased by increasing the speeds
3. Reasonably high efficiency regardless of the head and speed
4. Usually self – priming

Disadvantages:
1. Heavy weight and large size for given capacity
2. Possibility of value trouble, especially in pumping water containing
trash
3. Pulsating flow of water
4. Danger in damaging a pump in operating against a high head

150
Reciprocating Pump Diaphragm Pump

151
 Diaphragm Pumps

• The central portion of the flexible diaphragm is alternatively

raised and lowered by the pump rod

• This action draws water into and discharges it from the pump

• Best suited for

– Dewatering jobs where the liquid contains a high proportion

of trash, mud, sand
– Handling variable seepage of water as in trench work
– Pumping the combination of water and air from a small well -
point system

152
153
 Centrifugal Pumps

• Contains an impeller, rotation element, which impacts velocity

to the water passing through the pumps

• The kinetic energy imparted to a particle of water as it passes

through the impeller is sufficient to cause the particles to rise
to some determinable height

• If a drop of water is allowed to fall freely, it will strike the

surface with a velocity
V = (2gh) ½
• If the fall is 10 m, the velocity will be 14 m/sec

154
 Centrifugal Pumps

• if the same drop is given an upward velocity of 14 m/sec

it will rise 10 m assuming no loss in energy due to friction
through air

h = v2 / 2g

the potential head will be four times as great if the

velocity head is doubled

• Power required to operate a centrifugal pump is as given

earlier
– efficiency may be as high as 75%

155
156
Self priming centrifugal pump a) Priming action b)Pumping action
157
 SELF PRIMING CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

• On most construction projects pumps must be frequently set up

above the surface of water to be pumped

• Self-priming pumps avoid the problem of repriming every time

used

• They use recirculation method

– Water reservoir contained with in the pumps. As the

impeller rotates, it draws water from the reservoir and air
from the suction line

– Since they don’t mix and the air is discharged and water
recirculated to pick up more from suction line. Continues till
water flows through pipe

– Trap valve - to keep reservoir filled

158
 SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

• Powered by a water proof electric motor in the common housing

with the pump to operate submerged in water.

• Handles water practically in the same manner as centrifugal

pumps

• Advantages
– Eliminates suction lift limitations
– loss of prime
– Need for suction hoses
– Noise and fumes from an internal combustion engine

159
Submersible Pumps

160
Electric motor operated submersible pump 161
Submersible pump placed in position
 MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

• Means of increasing the performance to develop a higher head or

greater pressure with the use of multi-stage centrifugal pump

– It has two or more impellers where the discharge from one

impeller flows into the suction of another

– Each stage increases the velocity or pressure head of the fluid

– Particularly suitable for water jetting or sluicing work

162
 163
Single stage Centrifugal Pump Multi-stage Centrifugal Pump
 Jet Pumps

• Recirculate portion of the pump output to a venturi tube located

below the source water level and then back to the pump inlet.

• Low pressure in the venturi tube draws water from the source into
the recirculating line, where it flows into the pump inlet.

• While relatively inefficient, capable of lifting water upto 30m or more.

• Other advantages
– Simplicity
– ease of maintenance
– Ability to operate in wells having diameter as small as 2
inches
– Ability to locate the pumps on the surface
164
Jet Pumps

165
CONSTRUCTION ROBOTS

166
167
168
 169
FLOOR FINISHING ROBOT
 170
MATERIAL HANDLING ROBOT
171
• This is the largest earth mover in the world..... built by the German
company, Krupp, and seen here crossing a federal highway in
Germany en route to its destination (an open-pit coal mine). It is
cheaper to move the thing like this, than to construct or reassemble
onsite.

• Specifications:
~ The mover stands 311 feet tall and 705 feet long.
~ It weighs over 45,500 tons
~Cost $100 million to build
~ Took 5 years to design and manufacture
~ 5 years to assemble.
~ Requires 5 people to operate it.
~The Bucket Wheel is over 70 feet in diameter with 20 buckets,
each of which can hold over 530 cubic feet of material.
~ A 6-foot man can stand up inside one of the buckets.
~ It moves on 12 crawlers (each is 12 feet wide, 8' high and 46 feet
long). There are 8 crawlers in front and 4 in back. It has a maximum
speed of 1 mile in 3 hours (1/3 mile/hour).
~It can remove over 76,455 cubic meters each day.
(100,000 large dump trucks at 40yds. each)
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
• The Emmaus Church in
Heuersdorf, a small town in
eastern Germany near Leipzig,
must be moved in order to
save it. The entire town is
being abandoned as a nearby
lignite, or brown coal, mine
expands.

180
• A huge excavator sits at the
bottom of the lignite mine, with
the 13th-century church
looming in the background.
The estimated 52 million tons
of lignite beneath the town will
go to a nearby power station in
Lippendorf.

181
The town won a legal battle to prevent the takeover from the mining
company, but the decision was overturned in 2005. This photo shows the
early stages of preparing the church to move. The area surrounding the
church was cleared and cracks within the building's structure were
repaired with concrete.
182
• Engineers then wrapped the
church in four steel corsets
and painstakingly put a
steel-and-concrete base
under the church.

183
Emmaus Church's pastor Thomas Krieger had a hard time
finding it a new home and even considered putting it on the
side of a highway. It will soon be located in the nearby town
of Borna, right next to one of that town's churches. "It's not
the ideal location, for sure, but it's the best we got," Krieger
told the newspaper Die Welt.
184
The church was lifted 1.6 meters using hydraulic lifts to make
room to move in an enormous, multi-wheeled transport bed.
Additional preparations for the €3 million move included
repairing roads, diverting small rivers and taking down power,
phone and traffic lines. 185
The 12 km (7.5 mile) trip will go at a walking pace and is
expected to end on Oct. 31. Structural engineers will
accompany it the whole way, using sensors to make sure
the church doesn't lean more than three degrees. The
town's roughly 50 inhabitants have until Dec. 31, 2008, to
186
abandon their homes.
At least this church is safe: Heuersdorf's second, larger
church will meet the wrecking ball next year.

187
THANK YOU

188