ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE AND
PERIODICITY
ALEXIS C. MILLANAR, RN, LPT
TEACHER-GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
CONTENT STANDARD
The arrangement of elements in the periodic table and trends in the properties of the elements in
terms of electronic structure
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners can arrange elements and explain their properties through the knowledge of electron
structure.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson I will be able to:
• Sketch the periodic table showing the groups and periods
• Identify the metals, metalloids, and nonmetals in the periodic table
• Identify the representative elements, the transition metals, the lanthanides and actinides in the
periodic table.
• Give the electron configuration of cations and anions
• Determine the trends in the physical properties of elements in a group
KEYWORDS
• Periodic table • Lanthanides
• Metals • Actinides
• Non metals
• Isoelectronic
• Metalloids
• Effective nuclear charge
• Alkali metals
• Shielding or screening
• Alkali earth metals
• Atomic radius
• Halogens
• Ionic radius
• Noble gases
• Representative elements • Ionization energy
• Transition elements • Electron affinity
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
(1780-1849)
Law of Triads
“the relationship between three elements is
nearly the same as the middle element”
THE PERIODIC TABLE
John Newlands
(1837-1898)
Law of Octaves
“the eight elements have similar chemical
properties with the first element”
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
(1834-1907)
prepared a tabulation of elements based on
equivalent weights (atomic mass) and the
regular recurrence of properties of the
elements
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Henry Moseley
(1887-1915)
each element in Mendeleev’s table was
arranged in such order that their integral
positive charge (atomic number) increased
numerically from left to right and top to
bottom
WHAT IS A PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS?
• A chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together
• The elements are arranged according to increasing atomic number.
• The rows are called periods
• The vertical columns are called groups or families according to the similarities in their properties
• At present, it contains 118 elements (113 to 118 are not yet fully named)
1 18
2 IUPAC Groups 13 14 15 16 17
1
2
Periods
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3
7
1A 8A
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
THREE MAIN CATEGORIES
• METALS – generally lustrous substances that conduct heat and electricity
- They are ductile and malleable
• METALLOIDS - have properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals
• NON-METALS – not shiny and have varied colors
- poor conductors of heat and electricity
ALKALI METALS
GROUP 1A or 1 – also known as Alkali Metals
• Have only one electron in their valence shell (ns1)
• Tends to lose one electron to form +1 cation
• Reacts vigorously with water
• Generally soft, low densities, melting and boiling
points
• Silver-colored, but tarnish with atmospheric
oxygen
ALKALINE EARTH METALS
Group 2A or 2 – also known as Alkaline Earth
Metals
• have two valence electrons (ns2)
• Tend to lose 2 electrons to form +2 cations
• Silver-colored
• Soft, low densities, melting and boiling points
• Reacts with water to form strongly alkaline
hydroxides
BORON GROUP
Group 3A or 13 – also known as boron group
• Lighter elements of this group tends to lose
three electrons to form +3 cations
• Heavier elements, like thalium, favor losing
one electron and form +1 cations because they
are more stable in this form than +3 ions.
CARBON GROUP
Group 4A or 14 – also known as carbon group
• Have four valence electrons (ns2np2)
• The first element in the group, carbon, has a
tendency to form 4- anion
• The heavier ones lose either 2 or 4 electrons to
form +2 or +4 ions
PNICTOGENS
Group 5A or 15 – also known as Nitrogen
group or pnictogens
• Have five valence electrons (ns2np3)
• These three unpaired electron make them
generally paramagnetic
CHALCOGENS
Group 6A or 16 – also known as
Chalcogens
• Have six electrons in their valence shell
(ns2np4)
• Requiring only 2 more electrons to attain
a noble gas configuration
HALOGENS
Group 7A or 17 – also known as halogens
• Have seven electrons in their valence shell
(ns2np5)
• Tendency to form -1 ions.
• Forms acids when bonded with hydrogen
• Can bind with each other
• Reactive and harmful to organisms in
sufficient amounts
NOBLE GASES
Group 8A or 18 – also known as noble gases
• With completely filled valence shell
(ns2np6)
• Relatively inert
• Rarely form compounds with other
elements
• Can exist as monoatomic gases
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
• Group A elements
• Have unfilled or filled s and p orbital in the
highest principal quantum number
TRANSITION METALS
• Group B elements
• Filled up d orbital
Includes Lanthanides and Actinides or
f-block elements
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Write the electron configuration (using noble gas notation) of the elements in group 1A
2. Comment on the outermost electron configuration of group 1A elements.
3. How many valence electrons do group 1A elements have?
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION OF
CATIONS AND ANIONS
CATIONS
Metals tend to give off their valence electrons and become cations to have eight electrons in their
valence shell.
Group 1A metals always lose one electron only while
Group 2A metals always lose two.
Transition metals lose their highest s orbital electrons first before losing their d orbital
METALS WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING CATION
AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
METAL ELECTRON CATION ELECTRON
CONFIGURATI CONFIGURATI
ON ON
Na 1s22s22p63s1 Na+ 1s22s22p6 = [Ne]
Mg 1s22s22p63s2 Mg2+ 1s22s22p6 = [Ne]
Zn [Ar]4s23d10 Zn2+ [Ar]3d10
Fe [Ar]4s23d6 Fe3+ [Ar]3d5
ANIONS
• Nonmetals gain electrons and form anions
• These anions usually pair up with metal cations to form ionic compounds
ELEMENT ELECTRON ANION ELECTRON
CONFIGURATI CONFIGURATI
ON ON
N 1s22s22p3 N3- 1s22s22p6 = [Ne]
O 1s22s22p4 O2- 1s22s22p6 = [Ne]
Cl 1s22s22p63s23p5 Cl- 1s22s22p63s23p6 =
[Ar]
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Give the electron configuration of Ca and Ca 2+
2. Give the electron configuration of Na and Na +
3. Give the electron configuration of F and F -
4. Give the electron configuration of O and O 2-
PERIODIC VARIATION
IN PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE
- Refers to the pull of the nucleus to its valence electron
• the inner or core electrons shield the outermost electron from the nucleus reducing the
electrostatic attractions between the nucleus and the outer electron
• Shown in the equation:
Zeff=Z-Ꝺ
Where: Z is the nuclear charge
Ꝺ is the shielding constant/
EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE
• Screening or shielding refers to how an outer electron to the nucleus is not felt 100%
because of the effect of the inner electrons
• Electrons in the inner shells are very effective in shielding the nucleus
• The greater the nuclear charge, the stronger the PULL of the nucleus to its electrons
EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE
Example:
1. Approximate the Zeff for the outermost electron of Lithium
• Electron configuration of Lithium = 1s22s1
• The + 3 charge of the lithium nucleus is neutralized by the 2 inner electrons.
• the outer electron of lithium will feel an effective nuclear charge of +1
ATOMIC RADIUS
- It is the distance of the electron from the nucleus
• As the number of protons increases, the atomic radius decreases because of its
electromagnetic attraction felt by electrons
• Atomic radius increases from right to left, and top to bottom
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Using the periodic table, arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius.
Explain your reasoning.
• C, Li, Be
• As, I, S
• P, Si, N
IONIC RADIUS
• Atomic radius is the radius of a neutral atom, where ionic radius is radius from an atom
• Cations are smaller than the neutral atom due to the loss of an energy level
• Anions are larger than the neutral atom because of the increased number of electrons,
repulsion of electrons from each other is also increased.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Compare the size of a neutral atom of Na and a Na+ ion. Which is larger. Explain.
2. Compare the size of a neutral atom of Mg and a Mg2+ ion. Which is larger.
3. Compare sizes of Na+, Mg2+, Al3+. Arrange according to increasing size.
4. Compare the size of a neutral atom of F and a F- ion. Which is larger. Explain.
5. Compare the size of a neutral atom of O and a O2- ion. Which is larger.
6. Compare sizes of F-, O2-, N3-. Arrange according to increasing size.
IONIZATION ENERGY
- Minimum energy required to remove an electron from the atom
Energy + X(g) X+(g) + e-
• Ionization energies decrease as atomic radii increases. The farther an electron is from the
nucleus, the easier it is to be released
• Down a group, as n increases and atomic size increases, electrons are easily released.
• IE increases from bottom to top and from left to right
SERIES OF IONIZATION ENERGY
• The energy required to remove the first electron is called the first ionization energy. The
first ionization energy, IE1, has the lowest value. The second ionization energy, IE2, is the
energy required to strip the second electron from an atom; it has higher energy value, and
so on.
IE1 < IE2 <IE3 < …
IONIZATION ENERGY SERIES
Example for Aluminum
• Al(g) Al+(g) + e- IE1=577.9 kJ/mol
• Al+(g) Al2+(g) + e- IE2=1820 kJ/mol
• Al2+(g) Al3+(g) + e- IE3=2750 kJ/mol
• Al3+(g) Al4+(g) + e- IE4=11600 kJ/mol
IONIZATION ENERGY
Guide question:
• Explain why IE and Al increases from IE1 to IE2 to IE3 to IE4
• Why is there a drastic increase in energy from IE3 to IE4 for Al?
ELECTRON AFFINITY
- The energy an atom releases when it accepts an electron
• EA increases from left to right of a period
• The increasing nuclear charge means an increasing attraction for an electron, thus, the
more energy is released when an atom accepts an electron.
ELECTRON AFFINITY
• EA decreases down a group
• As the size of the atom is bigger, the attraction for the electron becomes weaker due to the
greater distance of the valence shell from the nucleus
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
- the ability of an atom in a chemical bond to attract electrons towards itself
• It shares the same trend with ionization energy and electron affinity for the same reasons
• Fluorine is the most electronegative element
SUMMARY ON TRENDS
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Arrange the following elements from smallest to biggest atom
Lithium, oxygen, rubidium, tellurium
2. Which of the following elements has the smallest ionization energy?
a. Chlorine
b. Iodine
c. Rubidium
d. Sodium
3. Which of the following elements mentioned above has the highest electron affinity?
Thank you
and
Good luck for Finals!
