A PRESENTATION ON
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEEING
Guided By, Presented By,
Prof.K. .VASU GROUP A
Department of Civil & Rural Engineering
Dr.Punjabrao Deshmukh Polytechnic,
Amravati
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
DEFINITION :
Transportation system is a branch of civil engineering
that deals with "planning, designing, construction and
maintenance of successful network of either
roadways, railways , waterways or airways".
ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF NATION
Improved transportation system increases the social awareness among people,
as one can travel far in a short time. Frequent travels will not only tend to
increase the knowledge regarding other parts of our country but also an
Transportation network creates job opportunities for millions of people. People
understanding of the different communities and their religious practices.
The settlement patterns of the-civilization indicates that the towns have always
grown and flourished along the river banks or on major routes or near railway
stations. Because of the development of transportation systems, this ribbon.
growth is changed and new residential, industrial growth centres, satellite towns
are being properly planned.
The development of any country largely depends on the efficiency of its
Transportation System, because the transportation triggers of a chain of activities
related to economic development.Human wants are satisfied by the production of
goods and its distribution.
The transportation cost is always an influencing factor on the cost of
commodities. Transportation opens up new avenues in agriculture, industry,
commerce, health, tourism by being basic means of communication.
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
The means of transportation are by land,water and air.The transport by land is
feasible through roadways or highways and railways.Both of these are easy and
economical.Other means are by waterways and airways.
These are costly means of transportation.They can be internal as well as external
means to transport people and goods from one important place to another or from
one country to another
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM ARE AS FOLLOWING :
ROADWAYS
RAILWAYS
AIRWAYS
WATERWAYS
ROADWAYS
Road transportation is the most
suitable type for short haul passenger
and good transport. This is more so
especially in the hilly terrain where
other transport modes cannot reach.
Road transportation provides better
accessibility and door-to-door
service.
Continuous improvements in the methods of road construction has contributed to
the development of efficient, safe and economic transportation system. This has
been considered as a parameter to measure the progress of a country.
India being an agricultural country has planned the development of road network,
keeping in mind the social and economic needs of the people. From development
of roads in rural areas to transport agricultural product to the market place, to
planning of urban roads, flyovers, express ways to take care of the ever increasing
urban traffic.
The next method like BOT [Build Operate and Transfer] has attracted the
participation of private agencies into the implementation of development
programmes. In this way road transportation has become an integral part of
infrastructure development of any country.
TYPES OF ROADWAYS:
National Highway
State Highway
District Roads
Village Roads
Merits and Demerits of Roadways:
MERITS :
A number of smaller units like scooter, rickshaws, cars etc. are available for
personalized transport.
They transport men and materials from one part to other speedily and easily
It is economical from common man's point of view
They provides door-to-door service.
In hilly or mountainous regions, roads are the only means of conveyance.
DEMERITS:
Suitable for short distance only.
Limitations on the bulk transport because of other traffic on roads.
Tractive resistance of wheels to the road is more, therefore more power is
required.
Rates of accidents are very high as compared to other mode of transportation.
MERIT DEMERIT
RAILWAYS
The best alternative for land
transportation of bulk goods over
long distance by vehicles is the
railway. Traditionally, the railways
have played a major role in economic
development of a region. Railways
run on specific tracks prepared for
this purpose. Railways provide fairly
comfortable and safe journey within
the reach of the common man.
The railways in India are directly under the control of Central Government. The
administration of railways is carried out by Indian Railway Board which has
divided the complete railway into nine different zone for the purpose of
administration.
The major departments which function as given below:
1. Engineering Department.
2. Mechanical Department
3. Transportation
4. Staff
5. Finance
The Railway Board is autonomous body which is headed by the Railway Minister
at two centres, responsible for all the matters concerning the railways and its
smooth functioning. It also provides a good employment potential with nearly 3
million work force.
ZONE’S OF INDIA RAILWAY
In 1950 the Indian Government acquired control over all railway except a very few
private companies. The entire railway system comprising 35 Railway Administrators
before April 1951 was regrouped into the following nine zones
Eastern Railway (E.R)
South Eastern Railway (s. E.R.).
Northern Railway (N.R.).
North Eastern Railway (N.E.R.)
Southernn Railway (S R.).
Central Railway (C.R.)
Western Railway (W.R.).
North Eastern Frontier Railway (N.F.R
South Central Railway (S.C.R.).
RAIL GAUGES
The clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of the two rails
forming a track is known as gauge. The distance between the inner
face of a pair of wheels is called the wheel gauge.
The different gauges can broadly be divide into the following three categories:
a) BROAD GAUGE. :Width 1676mm
b) METERE GAUGE :Width1000mm
c) NARROW GAUGE : Width 762 to 610mm
PERMANENT WAYS
The combination of rails, fitted on sleepers and resting on ballast and subgrades
is called railway track or permanent way.
REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMANENT WAY
The gauge should be correct and uniform.
The alignment should be correct.
The rails should be in proper level.
The gradient should be uniform and any changes of gradient should be followed by a
sooth curves
The radii and superelevation on curves should be properly designed and maintained.
Drainage system should be preferred.
COMPONENT PARTS OF A PERMANENT
The following are the component parts of aWAY
permanent way or a railway
track.
Formation or Subgrade.
Ballast.
Sleepers.
Rails.
Fixtures and Fastings
FORMATION OR SUBGRADE
The naturally occurring soil is known as the subgrade and when it is
prepared to receive the ballast and track, it is called formation.
When the formation is raised on bank of earth, it is called an
embankment.
BALLAST
The granular material spread on the formation of a railway track for
the sleepers to rest upon is known as ballast.
It is used to bear the load from the railroad ties, to facilitate
drainage of water, and also to keep down vegetation that might
interfere with the track structure
RAILS :
The rolled steel sections laid end-to-end in two parallel lines over a sleeper to form
a railway track are known as rails.
TYPES OF RAILS :
DOUBLE HEADED RAIL
FLAT FOOTED RAIL
BULL HEADED RAIL
DOUBLE
BULL HEADED FLAT FOOTED
HEADED
RAIL RAIL
RAIL
SLEEPERS
The members laid transversely under the rails for supporting and fixing them to
the gauge distance apart distance apart known as sleepers
TYPES OF
SLEEPERS
WOODEN SLEEPERS
METAL SLEEPERS
1. Steel sleepers
2. Cast iron sleepers
CONCRETE SLEEPERS
1. Rainforced concrete sleepers
2. Prestressed concrete sleepers
WOODEN RAIL METAL RAIL CONCRETE RAIL
BALLAST
The granular material spread on the formation of a railway track for the sleeper to
rest upon is known as ballast
TYPE OF BALLST :
1. BROKEN STONE
2. GRAVEL
3. ASHES OR CINDERD
4. SAND
5. MOORUM
6. KANKAR
7. BRICK BALLAST
8. BLAST FURNACE SLAG
9. SELECTED EARTH
FIXTURE & FASTENING :
All fittings which are used for linking the rails end-to-end and also for fixing the rails
to sleepers in a track are known as fixtures and fastening or track fittings.
TYPES OF FIXTURE & FASTENING :
Fish plates
Bearing plates
Chairs
Spikes
Bolts
Keys and cotters
Anchors and Anticreepers
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF RAILWAYS
:
MERITS :
1. Suitable for transporting bulky cargo over long distance. For example.
coal,steel, timber and other raw-materials.
2. Power required for railways is comparatively less because of the less tractive
resistance of steel wheel on steel rails.
3. Railways provide employment to millions of peoples.
4. Railways help in promoting cultural and social ties among the people living in
different parts of the country. In this way, they help in national integration.
5. In times of war, Railways help in transporting arms and ammunition from one
place to another place.
DEMERITS :
Suitable for short distance only.
Limitations on the bulk transport because of other traffic on roads.
Tractive resistance of wheels to the road is more, therefore more power is
required.
Rates of accidents are very high as compared to other mode of transportation
AIRWAYS
The most sophisticated and advanced mode of transport is
the Air transport. Air transport is very fast and has made the
world a small place. In a matter of hours persons and things
can be moved from one part of the globe to other.
Tourism industry has been developed to a great extent by
this mode of transport. Air-cargo division of the most of the
companies are involved in day-to-day exchange of materials
and documents with their partners in the other side of globe
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF AIRWAYS
MERITS:
Very sophisticated and fast mode of transport.
Plays important role in war-time defence of the country.
Emergency supplies to remote areas can be immediately made.
This mode of transport can have access to areas where other modes
cannot reach.
A wide-spread to air transportation network is a sign of development of nation.
DEMERITS :
The system is costly. Therefore, cannot be afforded by common man.
Investment in the setting-up of infrastructure like airports, hangers, control
towers is very high.
The climatic factors, like storms, fog, rainfall etc. also affect the routine of
the air transport.
Waterways
transportation is probably the oldest mode of
transportation. From the time man dumped into mile river to
transport them to some place on the downstream side water
transport has developed into a major mode of transport.
The major development has been achieved due to second
world war where the strength of naval force dictated the
proceedings
European countries like Italy, Holland , Germany quickly
developed a smooth network of canals to take care of
transportation needs
TYPES OF WATERWAYS
Inland Water
Transportation
Ocean Water
Transportation
TYPES OF INLAND WATER
TRANSPORTATION
Rivers
Canals
Lakes
TYPES OF OCEAN WATER
TRANSPORTATION
Coastal Shipping
Oversea Shipping
MERITS AND DEMERITS OF
WATERWAYS
MERIT
S:
Economic mode of transport.
It can carry heavy loads over long distance suitable
for bulky materials like oil, coal, timber, food grains etc.
Less power is required.
Canals transportation provides environment friendly mode of transport.
DEMERITS :
This mode is time-consuming as ships move with slow speed.
Climatic factor play an important role , Storms, hurricanes
may damage the cargo.
Environmental problems are created and marine life is affected E.g. from
a large container oil is wrecked.
CHOICE OF MODE OF TRANSPORTATION
The nature of transport demand depends upon the stage of economic and social
development, geographic, topographical and demographic conditions of the
country
Air transport is very costly and water transport usually is limited to areas where
the water ways are navigable without much expenses. Thus, road and railways
are only two major means of transportation.
The choice of transport mode depends upon the
following factors: The length of the haul. Traffic density.
Weight and size of Nature of route.
consignment.
IMPORTANCE OF ROADWAYS
Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short
and medium distances.
It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads.
Road transport system establishes easy contact between farms, fields, factories and
markets and provides door to door service.
Roads act as great feaders to railways. Without good and sufficient roads, railways
cannot collect sufficient produce to make their operation possible.
Perishable commodities like vegetables, fruits and milk are transported more easily and
quickly by roads than by railways.
Due to above-mentioned advantages, the road transport has become very popular and its
share is constantly increasing.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that provision of highway quality transport system is necessary in benefits of
national development and
Transport has a important role to play in the economic
development.
Without well developed transportation system logistics could not bring advantages in to
full play.
Transport system is most important economic activity among the components of bussiness
logistics system.
REFERENCES
Article Role of transportation in Society by NPTEL on May 24, 2006.
Michael A P Taylor, etl. The Role of transportation ln Logistics chain,
Michael D. Meyer and Eric J. Miller (2001). Urban Transportation Planning. MC
Graw Hill.
Rex W. Faulks (1990). Principles of TRANSPORT, 4 TH Edition. Mc Grew Hill.
Amitabh Chandra. Eric Thompson (2000). Regional Science and Urban
Economics 30. United
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