Electronic Switching Systems
Classification of Switching Systems
Electronic Switching Systems
Manual Switching System
Electronic Switching Systems
Manual Switching System
• When the number of subscribers
increases, Multiple switch boards
and operators are required.
• The subscriber switchboards at the
exchange are of two types
1. Single termination switchboard
2. Multi termination switchboard
Electronic Switching Systems
Single Termination Switchboard
Electronic Switching Systems
Multi Termination Switchboard
Electronic Switching Systems
Switching Network
• Subscribers all over the world cannot be connected
to a single switching system unless we have
gigantic switching system in the sky and every
subscriber has a direct access to the same.
• As above mentioned method is not feasible we will
divide the switching system in to groups called as
Switching Exchanges.
• The exchanges are connected via Trunks.
Electronic Switching Systems
Switching Network
• First commercial intercity connection was operated
between New York city and Boston in 1884.
• First transcontinental connection was operated
between New York city to San Francisco in 1915.
• First Intercontinental connection was operated
between New York and London in 1927.
Electronic Switching Systems
Switching Network
Electronic Switching Systems
Switching Network
• As the number of switching systems increases,
interconnecting them becomes complex.
• This problem can be solved by introducing hierarchical
structure among the switching system.
• From the above figure we can observe that switching
systems SS2 and SS3 needs to be routed via SS1 or
SS4.
• In hierarchical structure every city has a main or central
exchange which is used for routing intercity traffic.
Electronic Switching Systems
Communication Links
• A telephone switching network is made up of switching
systems, trunks, subscriber lines and telephone
instrument.
• Trunks and subscriber lines are essential communication
links which carry information signals.
• Basically there are two forms of communication links
1. Electrical
2. Optical
Electronic Switching Systems
Electrical Communication Link
T- Transducer
ES- Electrical Signal
SC- Signal Conditioner
MI- Medium Interface
Electronic Switching Systems
Optical Communication Link
T- Transducer
ES- Electrical Signal
SC- Signal Conditioner
MI- Medium Interface
Electronic Switching Systems
1. A Simplex Telephone circuit:
• One way communication (Simplex)
• Microphones and earphones are transducer.
• Carbon microphones –
■ Do not give high fidelity signals
■ Gives strong electrical signals.
■ Acceptable quality
Electronic Switching Systems
Microphone Operation
□ Microphone has carbon granules in a box.
□ One side fixed, other attached to diaphragm.
□ Resistance inversely proportional to density of granules.
□ Diaphragm vibrates with sound and resistance changes.
□ V applied across box.
Electronic Switching Systems
□ ri = ro – r sin wt
□ ro = resistance without sound
□ r = max deviation in resistance.
□ ri = instantaneous resistance
□ i = V/ {ro – r sin wt}
□ i = Io( 1 – m sin wt)-1
□ i = Io( 1 + m sin wt + m2 sin2 wt + m3 sin3 wt + …) m < 1.
□ i = Io( 1 + m sin wt )
□ Carbon microphone acts as amplitude modulator.
□ m should be small to avoid harmonic distortion.
□ Energizing current Io(Quiescent current) is must.
Electronic Switching Systems
Inductor
□ Acts as high impedance element for voice.
□ Permits DC to flow from microphone and
speaker.
□ Voice goes from microphone to speaker .
Electronic Switching Systems
Earphone
□ Converts electrical to voice signal.
□ Electro magnate with magnetic diaphragm.
□ Air gap between diaphragm and poles.
□ Voice current through electro magnet exerts
variable force on diaphragm.
□ Diaphragm vibrates and produces sound.
Electronic Switching Systems
Condition for Faithful reproduction
□ Diaphragm displacement in one direction only.
□ Quiescent current provides this bias.
□ Instantaneous flux linking poles of electromagnet
and diaphragm:
□ φi = φo + φ sin wt
□ φo = Constant flux due to quiescent current
□ φi = instantaneous flux
□ φ = max amplitude of flux variation Assuming
□ vibration of diaphragm has little effect on air gap
Electronic Switching Systems
□ Instantaneous Force exerted on
diaphragm is proportional to square of
instantaneous flux.
□ F = K(φo + φ sin wt)2 φ/ φo << 1
□ Expanding and neglecting second order
terms..
□ F = K φo ^2 (1 + K1 Io sin wt)
□ Force exerted proportional to input voice
signal
Electronic Switching Systems
Half Duplex telephone communication
Signal travels in both directions but not
simultaneously.
Electronic Switching Systems
Half Duplex telephone communication
An entity either sends or receives signal.
Speech of A is heard by B as well as A’s own
earphone.
Audio signal heard by self earphone is called
sidetone.
No sidetone: User tends to shout.
Too much sidetone: User tends to speak in too low
volume.
Here entire speech intensity is heard as sidetone
which is not desirable.
Electronic Switching Systems
Half Duplex circuit with Sidetone
• A small level of sidetone and full speech signal
from other party
Electronic Switching Systems
• Zd is chosen to be more or less
equal to the impedance seen by the
circuit to the right of AA’
• With proper sidetone coupling the
speech signal from the microphone
M divides more or less equally in
the two windings P and Q.
Electronic Switching Systems
Half Duplex circuit with Sidetone
• Since both are in opposite direction, only a
small induced voltage appears in the receiver
circuit providing sidetone.
• When signal is received from the other entity,
it travels in the same direction in both the
windings P and Q, induces a large signal in
the receiver circuit
Electronic Switching Systems
Basics of Switching System
• A major component of switching
system is set of input and output
circuits called as Inlets and Outlets.
• The primary function of switching
system is to establish an electrical
path between given inlet and outlet
pair.
Electronic Switching Systems
Switch configurations
1. Model of a switch
2. Inlets/Outlets Connections
3. Folded Switch
4. Non Folded Switch
Electronic Switching Systems
Model of a Switch
• A circuit switch is a device with n inputs and
m outputs that creates a temporary connection
between an input link and an output link.
• The number of inputs does not have to match
the number of outputs.
Electronic Switching Systems
Inlets/Outlet Connections
Electronic Switching Systems
Folded Switch
• An n-by-n folded switch can connect n lines in
full-duplex mode.
• For example, it can connect N telephones in such
a way that each phone can be connected to every
other phone.
Electronic Switching Systems
Non Folded Switch
