GENERAL MATHEMATICS

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to do the following: 

1. Illustrate functions and relations,

2. evaluate a function,

3. perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition

of functions
RELATIONS
and
FUNCTIONS
Relation

- a relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set

of first coordinates and the range is the set of second coordinates.

{(4,5), (5,7), (6,5), (5,6)}

Example:
Letter Number
L 2
O 3 ,
V 4
E 3

• The list and the set of ordered pairs above show the same relation.
• Each letter is paired with the number.
Example:

Letter Number
L 2
O 3 ,
V 4
E 3 Domain:
• 
Range: {2, 3, 4, 3}

• Note that for each letter there corresponds exactly one number.
• This is a special kind of relation called FUNCTION.
Try this!
Determine whether or not each relation is a FUNCTION. Give the
DOMAIN and RANGE of each relation.

{(2,3), (4,5),(6,6)}
FUNCTION
Domain: {2,4,6}
Range: {3,5,6}
Try this!
Determine whether or not each relation is a FUNCTION. Give the
DOMAIN and RANGE of each relation.

{(4,5), (4,6), (5,5), (5,6)}

NOT A FUNCTION
Domain: {4,5}
Range: {5,6}
Try this!
Determine whether or not each relation is a FUNCTION. Give the
DOMAIN and RANGE of each relation.

{(-2,-2), (-1,-1), (0,0), (1,1)}

FUNCTION
Domain: {-2,-1,0,1}
Range: {-2,-1,0,1}
Function
- a function is a relation in which each element of the domain
corresponds to exactly one element of the range.

- The members of the domain can be called inputs and the

members of the range can be called outputs.
Examples:

ORDERED PAIRS
 
a. FUNCTION

b. NOT A FUNCTION

a. MAPPING DIAGRAMS b. FUNCTION c . NOT A FUNCTION

FUNCTION
Examples:
GRAPHS
NOT A FUNCTION FUNCTION NOT A FUNCTION

Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical
line intersects the graph at most once.
Try this!
State whether or not each relation is a function.

FUNCTION
Try this!
State whether or not each relation is a function.

FUNCTION
Try this!
State whether or not each relation is a function.

FUNCTION
Try this!
State whether or not each relation is a function.

FUNCTION
Try this!
State whether or not each relation is a function.

NOT FUNCTION
Types of Functions
1. Linear Function
2. Quadratic Function
3. Constant Function
4. Identity Function
5. Absolute Value Function
6. Piecewise Function
 1. Linear Function
•   A function is a linear function if , where and are real numbers, and
and are not both equal to zero.
Graph:
Example:
 
 2. Quadratic Function
•   A quadratic function is any equation of the form where are real
numbers and
Graph:
Example:
 
𝟐
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=𝒙 −𝟒 𝒙+𝟒
 3. Constant Function
•   A linear function is a constant function if , where and b is any real
number. Thus,
Graph:
Example:

𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=𝟑
 
 4. Identity Function
•   A linear function is an identity function if , where and . Thus,

Graph:
Example:

𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= 𝒙
 
 5. Absolute Value Function
•The
  function is an absolute value function if for all real numbers x,

Example:
Graph:
 
𝒙 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥𝟎
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=
{
− 𝒙 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≤𝟎
6. Piecewise Function

A piecewise function or a compound function is a function

defined by multiple subfunctions, where each subfunction
applies to a certain interval of the main function’s domain.
6. Piecewise Function

Example: Graph:

 
𝒙 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= {
𝒙 +𝟏 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
Try this!
Tell whether the function described in each of the following is a linear
function, a constant function, an identity function, an absolute value
function, or a piecewise function.

CONSTANT FUNCTION
Try this!
Tell whether the function described in each of the following is a linear
function, a constant function, an identity function, an absolute value
function, or a piecewise function.

LINEAR FUNCTION
Try this!
Tell whether the function described in each of the following is a linear
function, a constant function, an identity function, an absolute value
function, or a piecewise function.

𝒇 (𝒙)=𝟗− 𝟑(𝒙+𝟐)
 

LINEAR FUNCTION
Try this!
Tell whether the function described in each of the following is a linear
function, a constant function, an identity function, an absolute value
function, or a piecewise function.

ABSOLUTE VALUE
FUNCTION
Try this!
Tell whether the function described in each of the following is a linear
function, a constant function, an identity function, an absolute value
function, or a piecewise function.

PIECEWISE FUNCTION
EVALUATION
of
FUNCTIONS
   is read as , and this represents the value of the
function at .
••  The function notation tells you that is a
function of .

• If there is a rule relating to , such as , then we  𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=𝟐 𝒙 +𝟑

can also write it as

  The name of the function is f.

 Other letters may be used to name
functions, such as or
 Domain
 
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒙 •  The domain of the function is the set of
values of for which is defined.
• The range of a function is the set of all
values of where is an element of the
domain of
• The special notation , represents the
value of the function at the number .

𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒇 ( 𝒙)
 

Range
 Review: LAW OF SUBSTITUTION
•“If
  and then ”

Examples:
 
Find the value of when :
 
Substitute 4 in place of in to get

 
Find the value of when :
 
Substitute 2 in place of in to get
Evaluation of Functions
Example 1
𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
 

 
𝒙 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔  𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=𝟐 𝒙 +𝟑
 
𝒙 =𝟐 𝒇 𝟐()=𝟐+𝟑
   
(𝟐)¿ 𝟕
   

𝒇 (𝟐)=𝟕
 

 
𝒙 =𝟑    
(𝟑)¿ 𝟗
𝒇 𝟑()=𝟐+𝟑   

𝒇 (𝟑)=𝟗
 

 
𝒙 =𝟓    
(𝟓) ¿ 𝟏𝟑
𝒇 𝟓()=𝟐+𝟑   

𝒇 (𝟓)=𝟏𝟑
 
 Example 2
  Evaluate the function at the indicated values of below.
𝒙 − 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟔 𝒙 +𝟏
    𝟐
 
𝒙 =𝟏  𝒈 ( 𝟏 )=𝟔 (𝟏) +𝟏
  𝟐  
𝟕  𝟐𝟓  𝟓𝟓
𝒈 ( 𝟏 )=𝟔 (𝟏)+𝟏
 
𝒈 ( 𝟏 )=𝟕
𝟐
 
𝒙 =𝟐
 
𝒈 ( 𝟐 ) =𝟔 (𝟐) +𝟏
 
𝒈 ( 𝟐 )=𝟔 (𝟒)+𝟏
𝒈 ( 𝟐 )=𝟐𝟓
 

 
𝒙 =𝟑  
𝒈 ( 𝟑 ) =𝟔 (𝟑) +𝟏 𝟐

𝒈 ( 𝟑 )=𝟔 (𝟗)+𝟏
 

 
𝒈 ( 𝟑 )=𝟓𝟓
Try this!
Evaluate the function at the.
 

𝟑
𝒉 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟐 𝒙 +𝟑
 

𝟑
𝒉 ( 𝟑 )=𝟐(𝟑) +𝟑
 

 
𝒉 ( 𝟑 )=𝟐(𝟐𝟕)+ 𝟑
 
𝒉 ( 𝟑 )= 𝟓𝟒+𝟑
𝒉 ( 𝟑 )=𝟓𝟕
 
Try this!
Evaluate the function at the.
 

 
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=𝟐𝟎 𝒙 +𝟐
 
𝒇 ( 𝟓 )=𝟐𝟎(𝟓)+𝟐
 
𝒇 ( 𝟓 ) =𝟏𝟎𝟎 +𝟐
 
𝒇 ( 𝟓 )=𝟏𝟎𝟐
OPERATIONS
on
FUNCTIONS
Sum, Difference, Product, and Quotient of Functions
  Let and be functions.
1. Their sum, denoted by is the function denoted by
.
2. Their difference, denoted by is the function denoted by
.
3. Their product, denoted by is the function denoted by
.
4. Their quotient, denoted by is the function denoted by
.
 
 Operations on functions

Example
 
If and find:
 

a.
Solution: Operations on functions
 
If and find:

¿ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) +𝒈 ( 𝒙 )
 
  Definition of sum of
a. functions.

¿ ( 𝒙−𝟏 ) +(𝒙¿¿𝟐−𝟏)¿
 
 
Add and .

𝟐
( 𝒇 + 𝒈 )( 𝒙 )=𝒙 + 𝒙 −𝟐
 
Combine like terms.
Solution: Operations on functions
 
If and find:

¿ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )− 𝒈 (𝒙 )
 
  Definition of the difference
b. of functions.

¿ ( 𝒙−𝟏 ) −(𝒙¿¿𝟐−𝟏)¿
 
 
Subtract and .

𝟐
¿ 𝒙 −𝟏 − 𝒙 +𝟏
 
Perform the subtraction.

𝟐
( 𝒇 − 𝒈 )( 𝒙 )=− 𝒙 + 𝒙
 
Combine like terms.
Solution: Operations on functions
 
If and find:

¿ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )∙ 𝒈 ( 𝒙 )
 
  Definition of product of
c. functions.

¿ ( 𝒙−𝟏 ) ∙(𝒙¿¿𝟐−𝟏)¿
 
 
Multiply and .

𝟑 𝟐
¿ 𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙 +𝟏
 
Apply FOIL method.

𝟑 𝟐
( 𝒇 ∙ 𝒈 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝒙+𝟏
 
Combine like terms.
Solution: Operations on functions
 

  𝒇 (𝒙 )
If and  find:

d. ¿ Definition of quotient of functions.

 
𝒈 (
𝒙 −𝟏𝒙 )
¿ 𝟐  
Divide and .

𝒙𝒙 −𝟏
 

−𝟏
¿
𝒇 (𝒙 −𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟏
  Factor out the denominator.

( 𝒙)= Cancel out the common factor in the

𝒈 𝒙 +𝟏 numerator and denominator.

Try this!
 
If and find:
 

a.
COMPOSITION
of
FUNCTIONS
 Composition of Functions
  Let and be functions.
The composite function denoted by is defined by
.

 
The domain of the composition function is the set of all such that
1. is in the domain of and
2. is in the domain of
 Composition of Functions
Example
 
Given and , find:
a.
b.
Solution: 
  Given equation for
a.
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )=𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐
    Replace by .
 ( 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝒇 𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟑 𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) −𝟐
( ) ( )   Replace by .
 
¿ 𝟑 ( 𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏 ) − 𝟐
Apply Distribution Law
¿ 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 +𝟑 − 𝟐
 
 
¿ 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟏 Combine like terms.
 
( 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝟏𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏
 Composition of Functions
Example
 
Given and , find:
a.
b.
Solution: 
  Given equation for
b.
 
𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟓 𝒙 +𝟏   Replace by .
 ( 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝒈 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟓 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) +𝟏
( ) ( )   Replace by .
 
¿ 𝟓 ( 𝟑 𝒙 − 𝟐 ) +𝟏
Apply Distribution Law
¿ 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 +𝟏
 
 
¿ 𝟏𝟓 𝒙 − 𝟗 Combine like terms.
( 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝟏𝟓 𝒙 −𝟗
 
 
Note:


Try this!
 
If and find:
  a.

Solution: 
  Given equation for
a.
 
𝒇 ( 𝒙 )= 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑   Replace by .
 ( 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝒇 𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) =𝟐 𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) −𝟑
( ) ( )   Replace by .
𝟐
 
¿ 𝟐 𝒙 ) −𝟑 (
 
¿ 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑 Combine like terms.
 
( 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑
Try this!
 
If and find:
 

b
.
Solution: 
  Given equation for
b.
𝟐
 
𝒈 (𝒙 )=𝒙   Replace by .
𝟐
 
( 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝒈 ( 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )) =(𝒇 ( 𝒙 ))   Replace by .
 
¿ ( 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑 )𝟐 Factor the square of binomial.
¿(𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑 )(𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟑)
 
𝟐
 
¿ 𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 +𝟗 Apply FOIL Method
𝟐
( 𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 ) ( 𝒙 ) =𝟒 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒙 +𝟗
 
Try this!
 
If and find:

  a.

b.