Scaffolding

Safety
 What is Scaffold?

Scaffold, in building construction, temporary platform used to elevate and support

workers and materials during the construction, repair, or cleaning of a structure or
building; it consists of one or more planks of convenient size and length, with various
methods of support, depending on the form and use.
Scaffolding Materials
 Tubes

Tubes are normally made from steel

or aluminum. The type of steel used is
typically hot-rolled steel. In special
circumstances where there is a risk from
live overhead electric cables, filament-
wound tubes of glass fiber in a nylon or
polyester matrix can be used. The main
difference between steel and aluminum is
the weight: steel is nearly 3x heavier than
aluminum.
 Couplers
The metal tubes are held together by
couplers. There are three basic varieties: right-
angle couplers, putlog couplers and swivel
couplers. In addition joint pins (spigots) or
sleeve couplers can be used to join tubes end-
sleeve coupler
to-end where necessary.

right-angle coupler putlog coupler swivel coupler

 Planks

The floors of the scaffolding structure

can be made of wooden boards or decking
made from steel or aluminum. Where
wooden boards are used, their ends are
protected by metal plates known as hoop
irons or nail plates.
 Ladders

The purpose of the access ladder is

all in the name. It allows for the
individuals using the scaffolding to get all
the way up to the hook-on-boards.
 Sole Plates

A sole plate makes up one of the most

important parts of any scaffolding. It acts
as the base that supports the entire
scaffolding. Sole plates are often long
planks of wood that are placed
horizontally on the ground.
 Base Jacks

These are important as they allow

for the scaffolding to be levelled. A
sturdy scaffolding will need a number of
base jacks in order to be as sturdy as
possible.
Scaffolding Tags
 A scaffolding tag is signage that is placed onto erect
scaffolding and used to indicate whether it is compliant
with Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) regulations. OSHA is a public health agency that
sets and enforces workplace safety regulations.
Scaffolding tags are primarily used to show workers
when scaffolding is safe or unsafe to use. A scaffolding
safety tag is placed onto key points of the scaffold and
used after a scaffold inspection has taken place.
Scaffolding safety tags can be used on any type of
scaffolding, occurring at any access point.
Types of Scaffolding Tags
 Green Scaffolding Tags

Tags will be hung on scaffolds

that have been inspected and are safe
for use. A green “SAFE FOR USE”
tag(s), and should be attached to the
scaffold at each access point after
the initial inspection is complete.
 Yellow Scaffolding Tags

“CAUTION” tag(s), will replace all

green “Safe Scaffold” tag(s) whenever the
scaffold has been modified to meet work
requirements, and as a result, could present a
hazard to the user. This tag indicates special
requirements for safe use. Note: Use of the
“yellow tag” status is not intended to
override the green tag system. All efforts
should be made to return the scaffold to a
“Green Tag” status as soon as possible.
 Red Scaffolding Tags

“DANGER – UNSAFE FOR USE”

tag(s), will be used during erection or
dismantling when the scaffold is left
unattended and replace all green “Safe for
Use ” tag(s) or yellow “Caution / Hazard “
tag(s) in the event a scaffold has been
deemed unfit for use.
Who uses Scaffolds?
Scaffolds workers can be divided into
three groups such as:
1. Erectors or Dismantlers
2. Users
3. Designers
 Erectors or Dismantlers
1. Erectors or Distmantlers -- They are the workers whose main
task is the assembly and disassembly of
scaffoldings before and after other work
is completed.
Training Requirements:
•Under the supervision of OSHA, employers are required to provide trainings by a
competent person to each employee who is involved in erecting and/or
disassembling a scaffold. A competent person is identified as one who:
•Is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards.
•Has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate such hazards.
 Erectors or Dismantlers

Qualified employee, on the other hand, must do adequate

preplanning to assure the safe erection and use of the scaffold.
Preplanning includes:

•Determining the type of scaffold necessary for the job.

•Determining the maximum load for the scaffold.
•Assuring a good foundation.
•Avoiding electrical hazards.
 Erectors or Dismantlers
Responsibilities:
•Erecting scaffolds in accordance with local, state, and federal.
•Inspection of scaffold components before assembly
•Maintaining fall protection requirements
•Ensure that the scaffolds provided to the users are free from
recognizable and preventable hazards.
•Notify the competent person when the scaffold has been erected.
•Training for scaffold users.
•Coordinating or communicating with the competent person
regarding the issues on scaffold.
 Users
2. Users -- A scaffold user is defined as any
employee who utilizes an elevated
temporary work platform (scaffold) to
perform work.
Training Requirements:
•Scaffold users are also provided with training by the employers. The training must
teach users to recognize the hazards associated with the type of scaffolding being
used and understand the procedures to control or minimize hazards.
 Erectors or Dismantlers
Responsibilities:
•Examining the scaffold tag
•Refusing to occupy a scaffold if not inspected by the competent
person
•Notifying the competent person of any safety concerns
•Utilizing scaffolds in accordance with all local, state, federal,
manufacturer, and institutional rules and regulations.
•Utilizing the appropriate fall protection equipment or systems
 Designers
3. Designers -- Scaffold designers are employees or
workers who are qualified to design scaffolds.
They are civil or structural engineers that
specialize in the design of temporary works,
and within the field of temporary works, they
specialize in the design of scaffolding.
Training Requirements:
•Designers for certain scaffolds also must be registered professional engineers.
•Possesses a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or
•By extensive knowledge, training, and experience has successfully demonstrated
the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or
the project
III. Types of Scaffolding
 Types of Scaffolding

•Suspended Scaffolds
•Supported Scaffolds
 Suspended Scaffold
Suspended scaffolds are platforms suspended by ropes, or other
non-rigid means, from an overhead structure. It is one or more platforms
suspended by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead support.
•Suspended/ or Swing set scaffolding consist of a platform that is suspended
by a cable system that allows the platform to climb up and down to various
heights.
•There are eight (8) well-known types of suspended scaffolds:
•Catenary Scaffold •Multi-Point Scaffold
•Float-Ship Scaffold •Needle Beam Scaffold
•Interior Hung Scaffold •Single-Point Adjustable
•Multi-Level Suspended Scaffold
Scaffold •Two-Point Suspension
 Suspended Scaffold
Catenary Scaffold
a scaffold consisting of a
platform supported by two
essentially horizontal and parallel
ropes attached to structural
members of a building or other
structure.
 Suspended Scaffold
Ship/Float Scaffold
a suspension scaffold
consisting of a braced platform
resting on two parallel resting on
two parallel bearers and hung from
overhead supports by ropes of fixed
length.
 Suspended Scaffold
Interior Hung Scaffold

a platform suspended from the

ceiling or roof structure by fixed
length supports.
 Suspended Scaffold
Multi-Level Suspended Scaffold

works with a sequence of

platforms at multiple levels and
relying on similar stirrups. Two-
point or multi point adjustable
suspension scaffold with a series of
platforms at various levels resting
on common stirrups.
 Suspended Scaffold
Needle Beam Scaffold
a platform suspended from
needle beams, usually attached on
one end to a permanent structural
member.
 Suspended Scaffold
Single Point Adjustable Scaffold

platform suspended by one

rope from an overhead support and
equipped with a means to permit
the platform to be moved to desired
working levels.
 Suspended Scaffold
Two- Point / Swing Scaffold
the most common type of
suspended scaffold , a platform
supported by hangers (stirrups)
suspended by two ropes form
overhead supports and equipped
with a means to permit that
platform to be raised and lowered.
 Suspended Scaffold
Multi-Point Adjustable Scaffold

is held up by several ropes

from overhead supports.
Platform(s) suspended by more
than two ropes form overhead
supports and equipped with a
means to permit the platform to be
raised and lowered.
 Supported Scaffold
Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms
supported by legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles, uprights,
posts, frames, or similar rigid support.

•Frame Scaffold •Ladder Jack

•Tube and Coupler •Pump Jack
Scaffold •Mobile / Manually
•Pole or Wood Pole propelled
•Mast Climber •Specialty and Other
 Supported Scaffold
Frame/Fabricated Scaffold
Fabricated frame scaffolds are the most
common type of scaffold because they are
versatile, economical, and easy to use. They
are frequently used in one or two tiers by
residential contractors, painters, etc., but
their modular frames can also be stacked
several stories high for use on large-scale
construction jobs.
 Supported Scaffold
Tube and Coupler Scaffold
Tube and coupler scaffolds are so-
named because they are built from tubing
connected by coupling devices. Due to their
strength, they are frequently used where
heavy loads need to be carried, or where
multiple platforms must reach several stories
high. Their versatility, which enables them to
be assembled in multiple directions in a
variety of settings, also makes them hard to
build correctly.
 Supported Scaffold
Pole/Wood Pole Scaffold
Pole scaffolds are a type of supported scaffold in
which every structural component, from uprights
to braces to platforms, is made of wood. OSHA
has standards for two kinds: single-pole, which
are supported on their interior side by a structure
or wall, and double-pole, which are supported by
double uprights independent of any structure.
Because they have to be built from scratch and
cannot easily be reused, pole scaffolds are
considered old-fashioned and are rarely used
 Supported Scaffold
Mast Climber Scaffold
Masts climbing supported scaffolds
(mast climbers) carry much heavier loads
than traditional scaffolding and are used to
position personnel and the necessary tools,
equipment, and materials needed to perform
work at great heights. Mast climbers can be
free-standing or tied to a structure at
intervals for stability at increased heights.
The mast may be supported on a stationary
base, or for some projects that are lower, on
 Supported Scaffold
Ladder Jack Scaffold
A ladder jack scaffold is a system
designed to perform activities, such as:
installing building exteriors, trim, and
finishes. Contractors widely use ladder jack
scaffolds because of their cost effectiveness,
portability, and quick erection and
dismantling procedures, as well as their
adaptability for use in narrow spaces at
construction worksites.
 Supported Scaffold
Pump Jack Scaffold
Pump jacks are a uniquely designed
scaffold consisting of a platform supported
by moveable brackets on vertical poles. The
brackets are designed to be raised and
lowered in a manner similar to an
automobile jack. Pump jacks are appealing
for certain applications because they are
easily adjusted to variable heights, and are
relatively inexpensive.
 Supported Scaffold
Mobile (Manually/Propelled) Scaffold

Mobile scaffolds are a type of

supported scaffold set on wheels or casters.
They are designed to be easily moved and
are commonly used for things like painting
and plastering, where workers must
frequently change position
 Supported Scaffold
Specialty and Other
Many scaffold types regulated by OSHA standards are rarely used, and designed for a very
narrow and specific range of applications. Specialty scaffolds include:
•Plasterers', Decorators', and Large-Area Scaffolds
•Bricklayers' Square Scaffolds
•Horse Scaffolds
•Form Scaffolds and Carpenters' Bracket Scaffolds
•Roof Bracket Scaffolds
•Outrigger Scaffolds
•Window Jack Scaffolds
•Crawling Boards (Chicken Ladders)
•Step, Platform, and Trestle Ladder Scaffolds
•Stilts
 Supported Scaffold
Specialty and Other
Criteria for Supported
Scaffolds
 Criteria for Supported
Scaffolds
•FOUNDATIONS
- Supported scaffolds' poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights must bear on base plates
and mud sills, or other adequate firm foundation. Unstable foundation caused the scaffold
to lean.

•RESTRAINING
- Supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of more than 4:1 must be
restrained by guying, tying, bracing, or an equivalent means.
Either the manufacturers' recommendation or the following placements must be used for
guys, ties, and braces:
o Install guys, ties, or braces at the closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height and
repeat vertically with the top restraint no further than the 4:1 height from the top.
o Vertically -- every 20 feet (6.1 meters) or less for scaffolds less than three feet (0.91
meters) wide; every 26 feet (7.9 meters) or less for scaffolds more than three feet
 Criteria for Supported
Scaffolds

•Forklifts, Front-end Loaders, or Similar Equipment Support Platforms

- Forklifts can support platforms only when the entire platform is attached to the fork
and the forklift does not move horizontally when workers are on the platform. 1926.451(c)
(2)(v)
- Front-end loaders and similar equipment can support scaffold platforms only when
they have been specifically designed by the manufacturer for such use. 1926.451(c)(2)(iv)
 INCREASING WORKING
HEIGHTS
OSHA prohibits using "makeshift" objects (e.g., saw horses, buckets, milk
crates, concrete blocks, etc.) to increase the working height of a scaffold,
because an unstable platform increases the likelihood of collapse or a fall.

Stilts means a pair of poles or similar supports with raised footrests, used to
walk above the ground or above the working surface. Stilts are often used for
sheetrock installation as well as for painting and decorating and other tasks
requiring walking mobility with increased height/reach. They may also be used
on a large-area scaffold. When a guardrail system is used, the guardrail height
must be increased in height equal to the height of the stilts. The manufacturer
must approve any alterations to the stilts.
 ACCESS REQUIREMENTS

•Employers must provide access when the

scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet (0.6
meters) above or below a point of access.

•Direct access is acceptable when the

scaffold is not more than 14 inches (36
centimeters) horizontally and not more than
24 inches (61 centimeters) vertically from the
other surfaces.

•The standard prohibits the use of

crossbraces as a means of access.
 WHAT TYPES OF ACCESS CAN BE
USED?

Ladders, such as portable, hook-

on, attachable, and stairway Stair towers

Ramps and walkways, and Integral prefabricated frames

ACCESS WHILE ERECTING AND
DISMANTLING SUPPORTED
SCAFFOLDS
•Employees erecting and dismantling
supported scaffolding must have a safe
means of access provided when a competent
person has determined the feasibility and
analyzed the site conditions.
 USE REQUIREMENTS
PROHIBITED SCAFFOLDS

•Shore and lean-to scaffolds are strictly prohibited.

•Also, employees are prohibited from working on
scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other slippery
materials, except to remove these substances.
•The shore scaffold in the image to the right is not
permitted to be used per OSHA or ANSI. In this
picture, the workers have a shore scaffold on top
of another shore scaffold. Access is unsafe both
from above and below. The only thing holding this
scaffold up is the DUMPSTER!
 USE REQUIREMENTS

CLEARANCE DISTANCES

• Scaffolds must not be erected, used,

dismantled, altered, or moved such
that they or any conductive material
handled on them might come closer
to exposed and energized power
lines than as follows
 Insulated Lines
Voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives
Less than 300 volts 3 feet -
300 volts to 50
10 feet -
kilovolts (kV)
10 feet plus 0.4 2 times the length of
inches the line insulator,
More than 50 kV
for each 1 kV more but never less than
than 50 kV 10 feet
 Uninsulated Lines

Voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives

Less than 50 kV 10 feet -
10 feet plus 0.4 2 times the length of
inches the line insulator,
More than 50 kV
for each 1 kV more but never less than
than 50 kV 10 feet
 USE REQUIREMENTS

FALL PROTECTION

•Workers must be protected from

falling and from being injured from
falling objects. Guardrails must be
installed on all scaffold platforms in
accordance with OSHA and at least
consist of top rails, midrails and toe
boards.
 USE REQUIREMENTS
FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

•Workers on suspended scaffolds must use a

fall protection system to protect them against
scaffold failure. This system will usually
consist of a full body harness, lanyard, rope
grab, independent vertical lifeline and an
independent lifeline anchorage. Remember,
fall protection is only as good as its
anchorage. The anchorage points are
independent points on structures where
lifelines are securely attached. These points
must be able to support at least 5,000 pounds
 USE REQUIREMENTS
PROTECTION FROM FALLING
OBJECTS

Workers and others located at lower levels

need to be protected from objects falling off
scaffolds using the following methods:

1. Toeboards. Toeboards must be installed

on platforms higher than 10 feet above lower
levels, at least 3½ inches high, and strong
enough to withstand a force of at least 50
pounds applied downward or outward.
 USE REQUIREMENTS
PROTECTION FROM FALLING
OBJECTS

2. Panels and screens. if you need to pile

material higher than the top edge of a
toeboard, install panels or screens to keep the
material from dropping over the edge.

3. Canopies. Make sure canopies won't

collapse or tear from an object's impact.
Common Scaffolding
Hazards
 Scaffolding Hazards
1. FALLS - Falls are attributed to the lack of guardrails, improper
installation of guardrails and failure to use personal fall arrest
systems when required. 
2. SCAFFOLD COLLAPSE- The proper erection of a scaffold is
essential in preventing this particular hazard.  Before erecting the
scaffold, a number of factors must be accounted for. 
3. STRUCK by falling materials - Workers on scaffolds are not the
only ones exposed to scaffold related hazards. Caution or Danger
tape is often used in an attempt to keep people away from
overhead hazards but is often disregarded or taken down creating
possible struck by hazards.  
4. ELECTROCUTION - look to preplanning and the competent
 OSHA Standards for
Scaffolding
•Fall protection or fall arrest systems • Guying ties, and braces
•Guardrail Height • Capacity
•Crossbracing • Training
•Midrails • Inspections
•Footings • Erecting and Dismantling
•Platforms
 Fall Protection or Fall Arrest
Systems
Each em­ployee more than 10
feet above a lower level shall be
protected from falls by guardrails or a
fall arrest system, except those on
single-point and two-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds. Each employee
on a single-point and two-point
adjustable suspended scaffold shall be
protected by both a personal fall
arrest system and a guardrail.
 Guardrail Height

The height of the top rail for

scaffolds manufactured and placed in
service after January 1, 2000 must be
between 38 inches (0.9 meters) and
45 inches (1.2 meters). The height of
the top rail for scaffolds
manufactured and placed in service
before January 1, 2000 can be
between 36 inches (0.9 meters) and
45 inches (1.2 meters).1926.451(g)(4)
 Crossbracing

When the crosspoint of

crossbracing is used as a toprail, it
must be between 38 inches (0.97
m) and 48 inches (1.3 meters)
above the work platform.
1926.451(g)(4)(xv)
 Midrails

Midrails must be installed

approxi­mately halfway between
the toprail and the platform
surface. When a crosspoint of
crossbracing is used as a midrail,
it must be between 20 inches (0.5
meters) and 30 inches (0.8 m)
above the work platform.
1926.451(g)(4)
 Footings

Support scaffold footings

shall be level and capable of
supporting the loaded scaffold.
The legs, poles, frames, and
uprights shall bear on base plates
and mud sills. 1926.451(c)(2)
 
 Platforms

Supported scaffold platforms

shall be fully planked or decked.
1926.451(b)
 Guying Ties, and Braces

Supported scaffolds with a

height-to-base of more than 4:1 shall
be restrained from tipping by guying,
tying, bracing, or the equivalent.
1926.451(c)(1)
 Capacity

Supported scaffolds with a

height-to-base of more than 4:1
shall be restrained from tipping
by guying, tying, bracing, or the
equivalent. 1926.451(c)(1)
 Training

Employers must train each

employee who works on a
scaffold on the hazards and the
procedures to control the hazards.
 Inspections

Before each work shift and

after any occurrence that could
affect the structural integrity, a
competent person must inspect
the scaffold components for
visible defects. 1926.451(f)(3)
 Erecting and Dismantling

When erecting and

dismantling supported scaffolds,
a competent person2 must
determine the feasibility of
providing a safe means of access
and fall protection for these
operations. 1926.451(e)(9) & (g)
(2)
 IV. OSHA’s General Requirements
DOLEDEPARTMENTORDERNO.
:128-13 Amending Rule1414 on
Scaffoldings of the1989 Occupational Safety
and Health Standards, as amended
 Section 1

Rule 1414 on Scaffoldings of the 1989

Occupational Health and Safety
Standards, as amended, is hereby
amended to read as follows:
1414.01: Definition of Terms.

Bearer- refers to a scaffold member

spanning between two runners upon
which the platform rests.

Brace- refers to a scaffold member that

holds posts in a fixed position to prevent
any lateral movement.
 1414.01: Definition of Terms.
Competent Person- refers to one who
is capable of identifying existing and
potential hazards in the surroundings
or working conditions, and who has
the authority to take prompt
corrective action to eliminate them;
person must be a holder of Scaffold
Erector NC II and COSH training.
Hoist- refers to a lifting machine with a
carriage, platform or cage which
moves on guides.
1414.01: Definition of Terms.

Plant or Equipment- refers to any plant

equipment gear, machinery, apparatus
or appliances, or any part thereof.

Post- refers to the vertical member of

scaffold transmitting the load to the
ground or to a base plate.
 1414.01: Definition of Terms.
Putlogs- refers to a scaffold member
spanning between a runner and a
building wall upon which the
platform rests.
Qualified Person- refers to one who, by
possession of a recognized technical
degree, certificate, or professional
standing, or who by extensive
knowledge, training and experience,
has successfully demonstrated his/her
ability to solve or resolve problems
related to the subject matter, the
1414.01: Definition of Terms.

Runner- refers to a scaffold bracing,

which extends horizontally from post
to post forming right angles with the
bearer and forms a tie between the
posts.

Scaffold-refers to a temporary or
movable platform supported on the
ground or suspended, used for access
and/or working at considerable
heights above ground.
 1414.01: Definition of Terms.

Supported Scaffold- Suspended Scaffold- Trestle Scaffold- refers to

means one or more means one or more scaffolds in which the
platforms supported by platforms supported by supports for the platform are
outrigger beams, posts, ropes or other non-rigid step ladders, tripods or
legs, posts, frames or means from an overhead similar movable
similar rigid support. structure(s). contrivances.
 1414.02: General Provisions

2.1 General Requirements

 Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound materials and
strength for the purpose for which it is intended;
 Timber used for scaffolds shall be in good condition, the bark
completely stripped off, and not painted or treated in any manner that
defects cannot be easily seen; and
 All materials and parts of scaffold not in use or intended for reuse shall
be kept under good condition and separate from other materials
 1414.02: General Provisions

2.2 Specific Requirements

 Timber/bamboo scaffolds shall be limited to a height of 6 meters from the
ground or base. For over 6 meters height, steel scaffolds shall be used.

 Structural steel when used as load bearing members of scaffolding shall

be destressed at welded or bent joints and design construction approved
by the appropriate authority.

 All manufactured scaffolds and its accessories shall follow the

manufacturers’ designs and specification. For manufactured scaffolds
more than 6 meters in height shall be designed by structural engineer and
approved by appropriate authority.
 1414.02: General Provisions

2.2 Specific Requirements

 All site fabricated/conventional supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in
height or a working load of 150 kg/m2 shall be designed and inspected by
the structural engineer and approved by the appropriate authority.
 1414.02: General Provisions

2.2 Specific Requirements

• All suspended scaffolds shall be designed and inspected by a structural
engineer if site fabricated.

• Each platform unit shall be installed so that the space between adjacent
units and the space between the platform and the uprights is no more than
1 inch (2.5 cm) wide.

• Each scaffold platform and walkway shall be at least 18 inches (46 cm)
wide.

• Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks or

 1414.03: Design and Stability

3.1 Design
 A design instruction, including all data relevant to the design of the scaffold, shall
be prepared by the end user to serve as the starting point for subsequent work
decisions, design work, calculations, and drawings;
 The design shall be in accordance with recognized engineering principles taking
into consideration the variability of materials, workmanship, methods of
construction, site conditions, construction tolerances and the space for scaffolds;
 Scaffolds shall be designed with regard to ease and safety of erection and
dismantling;
 Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without
failure at least four (4) times the maximum intended load, while suspended
scaffolds shall have six (6) times factor of safety; and
 All scaffolds designed by a structural engineer shall be approved by appropriate
 1414.03: Design and Stability

3.2 Strength and Stability of Scaffolds 

 All scaffolds shall have vertical members (posts) diagonally and
horizontally braced to prevent lateral movement;

 All scaffolds shall have no splices between the points of sup- port of load
carrying horizontal members and secured to pre- vent lateral movement;

 The footing, sills or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and
capable of carrying twice the maximum intended load without settling or
displacement.
 1414.03: Design and Stability

3.2 Strength and Stability of Scaffolds 

 Scaffold posts shall bear on a foundation of sufficient size and strength to
spread the load from the posts over a sufficient area to prevent settlement.
All posts shall be set plumb;

 Any damaged or weakened scaffold members from any cause shall be

immediately repaired, replaced or discarded;

 Scaffolds shall be anchored or secured to permanent or rigid structures.

In the absence of permanent structures guys and sway bracing and/or
outrigger shall be used;
 1414.04: Inspection of Scaffold
Components Before Erection.
 All scaffold material delivered on site shall be visually inspected either
upon delivery or before it is erected/installed. Any defective material shall
be repaired, replaced or discarded.
 Lumber with two (2) nail holes aligned crosswise or four (4) nail holes
along its length shall not be used as horizontal load bearing member of
scaffolds.
 1414.05: Site Inspection and
Preparation.

•Site inspection shall be carried out before actual erection to check ground
conditions, overhead wires, obstructions, changes in surface elevation, and
structural support.

•Site preparation shall be performed to ensure that the soil are level and firm,
mud and soft soil are replaced with compacted gravel or crushed stone, and
on sloping grounds, the area where mudsills rest shall be leveled by
excavating rather than backfilling.
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
•No scaffold work shall be undertaken without the direct supervision of a
competent/qualified person as the case may be.
•All posts shall be maintained plumb regardless of connection.
•All posts spacing and materials shall conform to the designer’s specification.
•All runners shall be perpendicular to the posts in all situations. Spacing of the
runners shall conform to the designed scaffold.
•Diagonal braces shall not exceed an angle of 60 degrees from horizontal
•Always maintain the base width to height ratio of 1:4 during erection for stability. If
the height exceeds what is allowed, refer to Section 3.2.7.
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
•No scaffold activity shall be undertaken if the wind velocity exceeds
48 kph. For erected scaffold, additional precaution shall be considered
during typhoon.

•Working platform shall be provided per level during erection. This

working platform shall not be removed unless the succeeding level is
installed.

•Scaffolds of more than 6 meters in height shall be designed by a

structural engineer and shall be erected, installed and dismantled by
TESDA certified erectors.
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.1. Tools, Equipment and Materials
•Tools, equipment and materials for erection, installation and dismantling
shall be appropriate for its usage on the type of scaffold, properly inspected
and safe for use.
6.2 Material and Personnel Access
•Scaffold with one section height shall be provided with safe access.
•Supporting members used in the construction of runways, ramps, stairs and
ladders shall be securely fastened and braced.
•When hooked-on ladder is used, a rest platform with a mini- mum width of
60cm (2 ft) shall be provided every 4m in height.
•Ladders used for access shall protrude at least 1m above the landing place.
•When major components are removed for the purposes of access it shall be
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.3 Supported Scaffold
• Mobile Scaffold- the height of the mobile scaffold should not
exceed four (4) times the base width dimension
• Ladder Scaffolds or Ladder Jack Scaffolds- the distance between
the ladders of the scaffold is less than 3 m (10 ft).
• Tube and Coupler- runners shall be spaced vertically at 1.8m (6 ft.)
to 2m (7 ft.) on centers.
• Frame Scaffolds- shall be braced by a cross, horizontal, or diagonal
braces, or combination thereof, which secure vertical members
together laterally and shall be joined together vertically by coupling
or stacking pins.
• Timber Scaffolds- In single scaffold, the post shall be placed at 1.2
to 2.4 meters (4 to 8 ft.) apart at a distance of 1 m. (3 ft.) from the
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.3 Supported Scaffold
• Bamboo Scaffold- the material and construction shall be sufficient to carry
at least four (4) times the imposed load.
• Trestle Scaffolds- trestle scaffolds shall not be used if the working platform
is more than 5 m. from the ground or floor or another surface upon which
the scaffold is erected.
• Form Scaffolds and Carpenters’ Bracket Scaffolds- brackets are
triangular-shaped frames made of either wood with a cross-section not less
than 2 x 3 inches, or structural angle iron measuring 1-1/4-inch x 1-1/4-inch
x 1/8 inch. Bolts used to attach brackets to structures must not be less than
5/8 inch in diameter. Maximum bracket spacing is 8 feet on centers. No
more than two employees may occupy any given 8 feet of a bracket or form
scaffold at any one time.
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.3 Supported Scaffold
• Window Jack Scaffolds- scaffolds must be securely attached to the
window opening and must be used only for working at the window opening
through which the jack is placed.
• Crawling Boards (Chicken Ladders)- crawling boards must be not less
than 25cm (10 inches) wide and 2.54cm (1 inch) thick. Cleats on crawling
boards must be equal in length to the width of the board be spaced at equal
intervals not to exceed 60 cm(24 in), and have a minimum cross- sectional
area of 2.54 x 3.8 cm (1 x 1-1/2 in).
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.4 Suspended Scaffold
•All suspended scaffold support devices, such as outrigger beams, cornice hooks,
parapet clamps, and similar devices, shall rest on surfaces capable of supporting
at least 4 times the load imposed on them by the scaffold operating at the rated
load of the hoist (or at least 1.5 times the load imposed on them by the scaffold at
the stall capacity of the hoist, whichever is greater).

•Suspended scaffold outrigger beams, when used, shall be made of structural

metal or equivalent strength material, and shall be restrained to prevent
movement.

•The inboard ends of suspended scaffold outrigger beams shall be stabilized by

bolts or other direct connections to the floor or roof deck, or they shall have their
inboard ends stabilized by counterweights, except masons’ multi-point adjustable
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.4 Suspended Scaffold
• Counterweights shall be made of non-flowable material. Sand, gravel and
similar materials that can be easily dislocated shall not be used as
counterweights.
•Tiebacks shall be equivalent in strength to the suspended ropes.
•When wire rope clips are used on suspended scaffolds and there shall be a
minimum of 3 wire rope clips installed, with a minimum distance of 6 rope
diameters apart.
•Gasoline-powered equipment and hoists shall not be used on suspended
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.4 Suspended Scaffold
•Manually operated hoists shall require a positive crank force to descend.
•Where a suspended scaffold has been repositioned or shifted from one
location to another within the same workplace, the suspended scaffold and its
attachments shall be erected or installed in accordance with the design and
drawings certified by the structural engineer.
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.5 Aerial Lift
•A combination of any such devices. Aerial equipment may be made of metal,
wood, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), or other material; may be powered or
manually operated; and are deemed to be aerial lifts whether or not they are
capable of rotating about a substantially vertical axis.
•Aerial lifts may be “field modified” for uses other than those intended by the
manufacturer provided the modification has been certified in writing by the
manufacturer or by any other equivalent entity.
•3. Specific requirements for aerial lifts:
 1414.06: Scaffold Erection.
6.6 Modification
•All modifications to existing scaffolds should be carried out in such a way
that the stability of the scaffold is not impaired. As a general rule,
supplementary components should be added before those, which have to be
removed, are uncoupled and taken away.
•Adding sheeting or debris netting to an existing unsheathed scaffold should
only be carried out with approval. The increased wind loads will change the
design and may require additional ties and/or bracing.
 1414.07: Scaffold Inspection
and Tagging
Scaffold tagging and inspection is used to protect the lives of your workers.
It identifies if a scaffold is safe or unsafe for use. Inspection and tagging shall be
performed by a qualified or competent person, as the case may be.
All manufactured scaffolds shall follow the manufacturers’
recommendations:

1. Direct connections shall be evaluated by a qualified or competent person who

shall confirm, based on the evaluation, that the supporting surfaces are capable
of resisting the loads to be imposed.
2. Inspections should be carried out daily and every shift. All site
fabricated/conventional supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height or a
working load of 150 kg/m2 shall be evaluated, tested and approved by a
qualified person.
 1414.08: Maintenance
During Use.
1. All scaffolds shall be properly maintained and every part shall be kept, fixed
and secured in position to prevent displacement.
2. No partly dismantled scaffold shall be used unless it is rendered stable, strong
and safe for the purpose.
3. Scaffoldings left standing for four (4) months shall not be used until damaged
members are replaced and the whole structure returned to its original strength.  
 1414.09: Scaffold Dismantling
The process of dismantling proceeds in the reverse order of erection,
beginning at the top with the piping and guardrail before proceeding to the
platform planking. The components can be passed down from person-to-person,
or lowered to the ground using a rope system or hoist.

1. During dismantling, no component, which endangers the stability of the

remaining structure, should be removed.

2. If dismantling has reached the stage at which a critical member has to be

removed, (e.g. a tie or a brace) the stability of the structure should be assured by
fixing a similar or otherwise adequate member in place before the member to be
taken out is removed.
 1414.09: Scaffold Dismantling

3. If changes are made in the scaffold structure during its working life, it is not
safe to assume that dismantling can be carried out in the reverse order to the
erection, hence, ties and braces shall be inspected prior to dismantling.

4. Materials should be lowered to the ground and not stored on the scaffold.
Components should not be thrown on the ground; they should be lowered hand-
to-hand in an orderly manner or brought down by crane, pulley or other suitable
means.
 1414.09: Scaffold Dismantling
9.1. Progressive Dismantling:
1. Scaffolds, which are to be progressively dismantled during the demolition of
a building, should not be left projecting above the residual height of the walls
more than is necessary.
2. Scaffolds, which are to remain in use while partly dismantled, should be
fitted with end guardrails and toe boards at the end of the portion in use.
3. If access is possible on to a partly dismantled scaffold, warning notices
should be fixed.
 1414.10: Maintenance
and Storage.

All scaffolds shall be properly maintained and shall be kept, clean, and free
of damage. Scaffold’s accessories requiring lubrication shall be oiled prior to
storage in a covered or closed container, or as per manufacturer’s
recommendation.  
 1414.11: Loading/ Unloading
and Transport.

All loading and unloading operations, including transport of

scaffolds, shall be properly planned, appropriately supervised and
carried out in a safe manner.  
 1414.11: Loading/ Unloading
and Transport.
11.1. Planning
During loading/unloading and transport of scaffolds, the following shall be
considered:
1. Information on scaffolds to be handled as provided by manufacturers ( e.g.
weight, shape and center of gravity of material components/bundles of material);

2. Selection of most appropriate vehicle and certified driver as applicable;

3. Loading/unloading operation
i. Location
ii. Methodology
iii. Provision of spacer during loading of scaffolds
iv. Safe loading and unloading sequence
 1414.11: Loading/ Unloading
and Transport.

4. Provision of safe access to the vehicle

5. Any manual handling, including required PPE

6. Hazards for the stock yard workers, slingers/riggers and driver  

7. All loose parts shall be strapped or secured prior to transport. Small parts
shall be placed on a box or bag indicating the total weight before loading.  
 1414.12: Fall Protection.
1. For Supported Scaffold
Fall protection equipment shall be provided on any scaffold 2m (6 feet) or more
above ground. Personnel performing work from a supported scaffold shall be
protected by guardrail from falling from all open sides and ends of the scaffold.

1.1 Fall Arrest System

• Personal fall-arrest systems used on scaffolds are to be attached by lanyard
to a vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or any rigid structural member.
• When vertical lifelines are used, they shall be fastened to a fixed safe point
of anchorage, independent of the scaffold, and be protected from sharp
edges and abrasion.
• When horizontal lifelines are used, they shall be secured to two or more
structural members.
 1414.12: Fall Protection.

1.2 Guardrail System

•Guardrail systems shall be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms,
and must be in place before the scaffold is released for use by personnel other
than erection/ dismantling crews.
 1414.12: Fall Protection.

2. For Suspended Scaffold

Fall protection equipment shall be provided on any suspended scaffold 2m
(6 feet) or more above ground.
2.1 Fall Arrest System
•Personal fall-arrest systems used on suspended scaffolds shall be attached by
lanyard to a vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or any rigid structural member.
•Vertical lifelines may not be used on two-point adjustable suspended scaffolds
that have over-head components such as overhead protection or additional
 1414.12: Fall Protection.

2.1 Fall Arrest System

•When vertical lifelines are used, they shall be fastened to a fixed safe point of
anchorage, independent of the scaffold, and be protected from sharp edges and
abrasion.

•On suspended scaffolds with horizontal lifelines that may become vertical
lifelines, the devices used to connect to the horizontal lifeline shall be capable of
locking in both directions.
 1414.12: Fall Protection.
2.1 Fall Arrest System
•When vertical lifelines are used, they shall be fastened to a fixed safe point of
anchorage, independent of the scaffold, and be protected from sharp edges and
abrasion.
•On suspended scaffolds with horizontal lifelines that may become vertical
lifelines, the devices used to connect to the horizontal lifeline shall be capable of
locking in both directions.
3. Employers shall provide fall protection for personnel erecting, installing or
dismantling scaffolds, where it is feasible and when using it does not create a
 1414.13: Protection from
Falling Objects.

All materials, equipment, and tools, which are not in use while
on the scaffold shall be secured against accidental displacement.
 1414.14: Training and
Competency Requirement.
1. Competent Person
All scaffolds competent person must/shall:
•Undergo the standard scaffold training and assessment prescribed by
DOLE and TESDA.
•Have a COSH Training Certificate from DOLE or its accredited safety
training organizations.
•Be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection Certificate.
•Have at least 2 years experience in scaffold erection.
 1414.14: Training and
Competency Requirement.
2. Scaffold Erector
All scaffolds’ erectors must/shall:
•Undergo the standard scaffold training and assessment prescribed by
DOLE and TESDA.
•Have One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited
safety training organizations.
•Be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erector NC II.
 Section 2

Separability Clause. – If any part or provisions

of this Department Order declared to be invalid
or unconstitutional, the other parts or provisions
not affected shall remain in full force and effect.
 Section 3

Repealing Clause. -All policy issuances, rules

and regulations, or part/s thereof inconsistent
with of the provision of this Department Order
is hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
 Section 4

Effectivity - This new Rule 1414 on

Scaffolding shall take effect fifteen (15) days
after its complete publication in two (2)
newspapers of general circulation.
References:
•https://www.optimumsafetymanagement.com/blog/scaffold-safety-4-common-hazards/
•https://www.grainger.com/know-how/safety/working-at-heights/fall-prevention/kh-osha-
height-safety--scaffolding-requirements
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MKJUA-sPNg
•https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/index.html
•https://www.safetybydesigninc.com/osha-scaffolding-safety-guidelines/
•https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3150.pdf
•https://miningquiz.com/pdf/Scaffolding/604studyguide.pdf
•http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/Department-Order-No.-128-13.pdf
•https://ehs.princeton.edu/book/export/html/412
•https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/suspended/index.html
•https://acescaffolding-brighton.co.uk/scaffolding-hire/suspended/what-are-the-different-t
ypes-of-suspended-scaffolding
 
Thank You