Carbohydrates
Lipids
Biological
Proteins Molecules
Nucleic Acids
Biomolecules are organic
molecules especially
macromolecules like
carbohydrates, proteins in living
organisms. All living forms
bacteria, algae, plant and
animals are made of
similar macromolecules that are
responsible for life. All the
carbon compounds we get from
living tissues can be called
biomolecules. All forms of life
are composed of biomolecules
only.
What do Macromolecules look like?
WHAT DO THEY DO?
Type of Macromolecule Example Function
Lipids Fats Cell Membranes, Energy
storage
Carbohydrates Starch, Sugar Energy storage, Structure
Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA Storage genetic material
Proteins Trypsin Cell Machinery
Creating and breaking down
Polymers
Dehydration/ Condensation reaction
- two monomers bond together through the loss of a
water molecule.
Hydrolysis
- two bonded monomers split apart using a water
molecule.
Carbohydrates
Are organic compounds that serve as the main source of
energy in all organisms.
Together with proteins, carbohydrates
also functions as structural components of living cells.
Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen molecules.
Two Types:
Simple and Complex Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates
are smaller, more easily processed molecules known as
mono- and disaccharides since they contain either one
sugar molecule or two sugar molecules linked together.
Complex Carbohydrates
are called polysaccharides since they have more than
two sugar groups linked together.
Classification of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Like: Like: Like:
Glucose Lactose Starch
Ribose Sucrose Glucose
Fructose Maltose Glycogen
Deoxyribose
Galactose
Mannose
Legend..
Name Number of Carbon
Triose 3 carbons
Tetrose 4 carbons
Pentose 5 carbons
Hexose 6 carbons
Heptose 7 carbons
Octose 8 carbons
Nanose 9 carbons
Note:
Standard Carbon Number- 4 bonds
2 Functional Groups
OH (Hydroxyl group)
C=O (Carbonyl Group)
Monosaccharides…
Are simple sugars with only one sugar unit.
Are highly soluble in water and can easily pass
through membranes such as the cell membrane.
Also serves as starting materials for the construction
of other organic molecules such as fats.
Contain the elements Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and
Hydrogen (H)
Attention!!
Disaccharides…
Are complex sugars made up of two molecules of
monosaccharides chemically joined together.
is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two
monosaccharides. It is formed when two sugars
are joined together and a molecule of water is
removed.
Chemical Formula:
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
Remember…
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Galactose + Glucose = Lactose
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
*Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis
*Glycosidic Acid
Attention!!
Polysaccharides…
Are complex sugars made up of chains or branches of
monosaccharides formed by condensation reactions.
[Greek poly = many; sacchar = sugar] are complex
carbohydrates, composed of 10 to up to several thousand
monosaccharides arranged in chains. The most common
monosaccharides that appear as parts of polysaccharides are
glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose.
Basic Formula:
(C₆H₁₀O₅)n
Examples of Storage Polysaccharides
Starch ─ an energy source obtained from plants
Cellulose ─ a structural polysaccharide in plants; when
consumed, it acts as a dietary fiber
Examples of Structural Polysaccharides
Chitin- a structural polysaccharide in the outer coverings of
crustaceans and insects.
- Basic Formula: (C₈H₁₃ON)n
Glycogen ─ a storage form of glucose in the human liver and
muscles.
Lipids…
are organic substances that includes fats and fat-
like substances, such as phospholipid, wax,
steroid, and sphingolipid.
are generally hydrophobic substance and are
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
in organic solvents.
Lipids in living organisms have the following
functions:
Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and hormones.
Prevents water loss from skin surface. The thin layer of
oil secreted by sebaceous glands in the skin prevents
water evaporation.
Essential parts of cell structure such as cell membranes.
Phospholipids are major building blocks of lipid bilayer
of cell membranes.
Two types of Fatty Acids:
Saturated- these are mostly found in animals.
Examples: Lard, Margarines, and Butter
Unsaturated- they are mainly found in plants.
Unsaturated fats are found to be healthier sources
of fats compared to saturated forms.
Examples: Vegetable Oil and Corn Oil
Other examples of lipids:
Phospholipids- are important components of cell
membranes. They are made up of two fatty acid
molecules and one phosphate group.
Waxes- are important components for many organisms,
such as cuticle covering the surface of leaves and stems
of plants, fur of animals, and other more.
Steroids- are lipids with a carbon skeleton of four fused
ring. Cholesterol, bile salts, sex hormones, and vitamin D
are examples of steroids.
Triglycerides- also known as blood fats, circulate
in the bloodstream along with cholesterol.
Sphingolipids- are specifically found in the brain,
lungs, and nerve tissues. They also serve as
surfactants that help reduce tension on the lungs to
maintain its right shape.
