R.M.

D ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Webinar on Bio signal Characteristics

and Electrode Configurations
01.07.2020
 UNIT II
BIOSIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ELECTRODE
CONFIGURATIONS

Bio signals characteristics – frequency and amplitude

ranges.

ECG – Einthoven’s triangle, standard 12 lead system.

EEG – 10-20 electrode system, unipolar, bipolar

and average mode.

EMG– unipolar and bipolar mode.

 UNIT II

Module Objective
To understand the different types of electrodes and its placement for various
recording

Module Outcome
Get Familiarize the different electrode placement for various physiological
recording
Bio Signals
Bio Signal Processing
Bio Signals - Examples
 ECG
(ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY)
ECG
Signal Characteristics
The earliest organ to form and begin function within the
developing human is the .
A. brain
B.stomach
C.lungs
D.heart
1.Why is it so important for the human heart to develop early and
begin functioning within the developing embryo?
The human embryo is rapidly growing and has great demands for nutrients and
oxygen, while producing waste products including carbon dioxide.
 All of these materials must be received from or delivered to the mother
for
processing.
 Without an efficient early circulatory system, this would be impossible.
2.How the major pumping chambers, the ventricles, form within the
developing heart.
Time line
Heart Formation
Primitive heart tube: Initial, straight, tube-like structure of the embryonic heart.
Heart Formation

17
Heart Formation
After fusion of the two endocardial tubes into the
single primitive heart, five regions quickly become visible.
These are the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis,
primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and sinus venosus.
Contractions propel the blood from the sinus venosus to
the truncus arteriosus.
About day 23, the heart begins to form an S-shaped structure
within the pericardium.
 The bulbus cordis develops into the right ventricle,
 whereas the primitive ventricle becomes the left ventricle.
 The interventricular septum separating these begins to
form
about day 28.
The atrioventricular valves form between weeks five to eight.
At this point, the heart ventricles resemble the adult structure.
Heart structure formation(1.17min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0qyagIgBPw
Fetal Circulation
Fetal Circulation

•Foramen ovale - blood travels from the right atrium to the left
atrium
•Ductus venosus - blood from the umbilical vein bypasses the
liver to enter the inferior vena cava
•Ductus arteriosus - blood passes from the pulmonary trunk into
the aorta
These shunts allow blood to bypass the lungs, liver and kidneys,
whose functions are performed by the placenta while in utero.

The main flow of blood is as follows:

Placenta → umbilical vein → ductus venosus → inferior vena
cava → right atrium → foramen ovale → left atrium →
left ventricle → aorta → hypogastric arteries → umbilical
arteries → placenta.
Normal Heart
 Heart

• The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located just
behind and slightly left of the breastbone.
• The heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and
veins called the cardiovascular system.
Chambers of Heart
Four chambers
 Right Atrium
Receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the
right ventricle.
 Right Ventricle
Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it
to the lungs
 Left Atrium
Receives blood from the pulmonary veins
from both lungs and drains into the left ventricle
 Left Ventricle
Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
Various Measurement Techniques
• Electrocardiography : Electric fields of cardiac signals

• Echocardiography : Sonography of the heart using ultra

sound

• Phonocardiography : Heart sounds using acoustic

microphones
•• Pulse Oximetry
Magnetocardiography :: Oxygen saturation
Magnetic fields ofincardiac
fetal blood,
signalsbased
on the reflected infra red light
Cardiac Conduction System
Cardiac Conduction System
The conductive system begins at the sinoatrial node (SA
node).
Once an impulse is initiated by the SA node, the
impulse spreads out over both atria, causing them to
contract simultaneously. At the same time, it
depolarizes
the atrioventricular (AV) node.
 From the AV node, a tract of conducting fibers called
the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His runs through
the cardiac muscle to the top of
 The contraction of the ventricles is stimulated by
the Purkinje’s fibers. They emerge from the bundle branches
and pass into the cells of the myocardium of the ventricles.
the interventricular septum.
 Circulatory System

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-
disease/multimedia/circulatory-system/vid-20084745
Heart valves

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Structure-and-Function-of-
the-Heart.aspx
 Measuring of ECG
• The electrical signals from the heart are measured with
surface electrodes.
• Standardized electrode positions are used to
record the ECG.
 Initial Preparations for ECG
• Electronic devices (e.g. smartphone) are removed from the
patient. These devices can produce artifact (interference) and
cause problems with the readings.
• Place patient in supine or Semi-Fowler’s position. If both
positions are impossible, you can perform ECG with the
patient in a more elevated position.
• With arms lying flat on the side, ask the patient to relax the
shoulders and keep the legs uncrossed.
• For patients that do not fit comfortably on the bed or exam
table due to size, ask them to cross their arms on their
stomach to reduce muscle tension and movement.
Electrode
Application
• Electrode conducting gel should be fresh and adequately moist.
• A dry electrode with inadequate gel reduces the conduction of the
ECG signal.
• Do not place electrodes on skin over bones, incisions, irritated
skin, and body parts where there is lots of possible muscle
movement.
• Use electrodes of the same brand. Using different brands with
dissimilar composition can hinder an accurate ECG trace.
 12-Lead System

• The three types of electrode systems

are
 Bipolar limb leads or standard leads (3)
 Augmented unipolar limb leads (3)
 Chest leads(6)
 Bipolar Limb leads
 Standard Lead I, Lead II and Lead III
This lead system is also known as Einthoven lead
system.
Two electrodes record the ECG signal from four body
locations of our body :
Right Arm(RA), Left Arm(LA), Right Leg(RL) and Left
Leg(LL) potentials are recorded.
Final output is the difference between the electrical
potential generated between these two electrodes.
Right leg is the ground reference electrode.
Bipolar Limb leads
 Standard Lead I

 Voltage drop occurs from left arm to right

arm.
Generated voltage is VI.
 Standard Lead II

 Voltage
drop occurs from left leg to right arm.
 Generated voltage is VII.
 Standard Lead
III

 Voltage drop occurs from left leg to left arm.

 Generated voltage is VIII.
Waveforms for Lead I,II,III
 Augmented Unipolar Leads

Wilson introduced augmented unipolar limb lead

system.
ECG is recorded between single exploratory
electrode and central terminal.
 Central terminal relates to the center of the body.
Two equal and large resistors are used. Pair of limb
electrodes is connected to the resistors. The center
joint connection of this resistive network forms the
central terminal. The remaining portion of the limb
electrode forms the exploratory electrode
LEAD aVR
 Lead aVR

 Two resistors are connected to left arm and left leg.

The middle point of the resistor connection is connected with negative
terminal.
 Right arm is connected with the positive terminal of the amplifier.
 Right leg acts as a reference terminal.
Lead aVL
 Lead aVL

 Two resistors are connected to right arm and left leg.

The middle point of the resistor connection is connected with negative
terminal.
 Left arm is connected with the positive terminal of the amplifier.
 Right leg acts as a reference terminal.
Lead aVF
Lead aVF

Two resistors are connected to right arm and

left arm.
The middle point of the resistor connection is
connected with negative terminal.
Left leg is connected with the
positive terminal of the amplifier.
 Right leg acts as a reference
terminal.
Einthoven Triangle
 Einthoven
Einthoven hasTriangle
defined that cardiac electric vector is
two dimensional along the frontal plane of the body.
Along the projections of the triangle, vector sums on
three sides of triangle is zero.
Einthoven triangle is the closed path formed
between right arm, left arm, left leg and right arm.
Einthoven Triangle
Einthoven Triangle
Chest Leads

• V1 – Fourth intercostal space of right sternal margin

• V2 – Fourth intercostal space at left sternal margin
• V3 – Midpoint between V2 and V4
• V4 – Fifth intercostal space at mid – clavicular line
• V5 – Same as V4 position but on anterior auxiliary
line
• V6 – Same as V4 position but on mid auxiliary
line.
Chest Leads
Chest Leads
Chest Leads
Electrode Placement
ECG Recorder
 ECG Recorder

 Defibrillator Protection Circuit

• The protection circuit has buffer amplifier and over-load voltage
protection circuit.

 Lead Selection Logic

• Helps to select the type of electrode lead system.

 Calibration Circuit
• Helps to eliminate errors in the system. Here, any changes in the lead
selection circuit results in artifacts in the ECG output.
 Pre Amplifier
• An instrumentation amplifier and a differential amplifier with
high gain and high CMRR is used as pre amplifier.
 Power Amplifier
• The output unit is driven with power amplifier.
• The output unit is attached with a pen motor.
• A high electrical power is required to initiate recording with pen
recorder. Hence, a high power gain amplifiers are used as
power amplifier.
 Feedback Network
• Used to provide damping to the pen motor.
 Output Display Unit
• CRO or a pen chart recorder acts as the output device.
ECG Machine
Output Display Unit
ECG Waveform
Waveform and nodes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYZ4daFwMa8
ECG Waveform
ECG
ECG Waveform
Heart Block Types
Heart Block
Waveforms
 Degrees of Heart Block

• First degree. This is the mildest form of heart block. The heart’s electrical signal
is slowed but still gets where it’s going. You may not notice or need treatment.
• Second degree. Some of the signals don’t get to the right places. This may mean
your heart beats more slowly or drops beats. It can be asymptomatic
or symptomatic.
• Third degree (also called complete). No electrical messages get through. The
rate and rhythm of your heartbeat is very slow or it may even stop entirely. This
type of heart block can be fatal.
Heart Attack, Cardiac Arrest, Heart Failure—What's
the Difference?
• While a heart attack is a circulation problem, cardiac
arrest is an electrical problem triggered by a disruption
of the heart's rhythm.
• Cardiac arrest and heart attack are not the same, but a
heart attack may lead to cardiac arrest
• Heart failure may also cause arrhythmia that can lead
to cardiac arrest.
Heart
Attack
During a heart attack, blood flow to the heart is blocked,
often by a blood clot or a buildup of plaque in the arteries.
Since the heart muscle needs oxygen to survive, when
blood flow is blocked, the muscle begins to die. This is
why heart attack sufferers need to be rushed into surgery to
resolve the obstruction and restore blood flow.
The heart continues to beat, but because of the blockage, it
is not receiving all the oxygen-rich blood it requires.
Cardiac
Arrest
In cardiac arrest, the heart stops beating and needs
to be restarted.
While a heart attack is a circulation problem, cardiac
arrest is an electrical problem triggered by a disruption
of the heart's rhythm.
Most heart attacks do not lead to cardiac arrest.
However, when cardiac arrest happens, a heart attack
is a common cause.
Heart Failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle fails to pump as
much blood as the body needs. It is usually a long-term, chronic
condition, but it may come on suddenly.
In people with heart failure, the heart doesn’t pump normally,
causing the hormone and nervous systems to compensate for
the lack of blood.
 The body may raise blood pressure, making the heart beat
faster and causing it to hold on to salt and water.
ECG
interpretation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FThXJUFWUrw
RECORDING
PROBLEMS

87
Noise in Biopotential
recording
• Surface biopotential recording involves the
measurement of extremely small potential
differences, noise is likely to play an important
role.
• The ECG has a typical amplitude of 1 mV. One
per cent of this value is generally accepted as
the upper level of noise voltage in ECG
recording.

88
Contd
…
• Electrode-electrolyte noise
• Noise at the electrolyte
• Skin interface
• Motion artifact
• Electric and magnetic field interference
• Thermal noise
• Amplifier noise
• Noise from additional bioelectric events

89
Silver –Silver Chloride
electrodes
• Half cell potential is 2.5 mV only
• Reduces the noise and Increases the
voltage stability
electrochemically
• Stabilizes the half cell potential- no
movement artifacts (variable Electrochemical
voltage)
• Reduce the low frequency electrode-
electrolyte impedance.

90
 Distortion in
signals
• Ag-Agcl electrode uses shielded cable to reduce
interference.
• ohmic
Johnson noise (ohmic
noise component
(random of the
movement electrode
of charge impedance)
carriers) or
micro electrodes. :
• Movement artifacts: equal half cell potential
and high impedance will minimize the artifacts
(floating electrodes)
• Distortion: movement of low current density
• Using large area electrode and bio electric recorder of high
input
impedance the distortion in the waveform is reduced

91
R.M.D ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Webinar on EEG and

EMG Electrode
Configuration 08.07.2020
OMD551 BASICS OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

FACULTY INCHARGE

Dr.K.Helenprabha Dr.C.Shobana Nageswari Mrs.R.Aarthi

Professor &HOD Associate Professor Assistant Professor
 UNIT II
BIOSIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ELECTRODE
CONFIGURATIONS

Bio signals characteristics – frequency and amplitude

ranges.

ECG – Einthoven’s triangle, standard 12 lead system.

EEG – 10-20 electrode system, unipolar, bipolar

and average mode.

EMG– unipolar and bipolar mode.

 UNIT II

Module Objective
To understand the different types of electrodes and its placement for various
recording

Module Outcome
Get Familiarize the different electrode placement for various physiological
recording
Bio Signals
Bio Signals
Signal Characteristics
EEG (ELECTRO
ENCEPHALOGRAPHY)
 EEG

The Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a

recording of the
electrical activity of the brain from the
scalp
HISTOR
Y
 Recording of EEG

OLDER GENERATION CURRENT GENERATION

Parts of Brain
The brain can be divided into the cerebrum, brainstem,
and cerebellum:
• Cerebrum. Front of brain is composed of the right and left hemispheres, which are
joined by the corpus callosum.
• Functions : Initiation of movement, coordination of movement, temperature, touch,
vision, hearing, judgment, reasoning, problem solving, emotions, and learning.
• Cerebellum. Back of brain is located at the back of the head.
• Functions: Coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance,
and equilibrium.
• Brainstem. Middle of brain includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
• Functions: Movement of the eyes and mouth, relaying sensory messages (such as hot,
pain, and loud), respirations, consciousness, cardiac function, involuntary muscle
movements, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Parts of Brain
 Types of Lobes
• Frontal Lobes
 Emotional & motor Control.
• Parietal Lobes
Sensory purpose (pain, touch)
• Occipital Lobes
 Visual Purpose (See & Eye)
• Temporal Lobes
Auditory System (hear & Sound)
Types of Lobes
 Central Nervous System
youtube.com/watch?v=0yXMGQaVVXg
 Why EEG is Used??

 To diagnose & manage Epilepsy.

Used to investigate other conditions such as head injuries, brain

tumors, dementia, hemorrhage who are in a coma.

 Identify areas of the brain that are not working properly.

 Types of Waves

• Alpha Waves
• Beta Waves
• Delta Waves
• Theta Waves
 Alpha Waves

• Alpha waves are found in normal persons (resting state), when they are
awake.
• They occur in occipital region
• Alpha waves are 8-13Hz.
• Alpha waves are present, they indicate a calm & relaxed state.
 Beta Waves
• Beta waves are recorded from parietal & frontal region of scalp.
• Beta waves are 13-30 Hz
• Divided into 2 types.
 Beta 1 which is inhibited by cerebral activity
 Beta 2 excited by mental activity like tension.
 Theta Waves
• Theta waves are recorded from temporal region of scalp from
children.
• They occur during stress & frustration.
• Theta waves are 4-8 Hz.
• Brain disorders (Adult, children, premature, serious brain
disorders).
 Delta Waves
• Delta waves are recorded from cortex region.
• They occur deep sleep in premature babies & incases of brain diseases.
• Delta waves are 0.5-4Hz.
• Delta waves observed while dreaming & drowsiness.
• 2-3 seconds gets in the waves.
Summary of EEG Waves
Summary of EEG Waves
 Structure of Neuron

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2kuU2mZzeU
 What are Brain Waves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Qu9KnohYG0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5LT9b-L9_Y
Less Common Waves
 International 10-20 Electrode

• The 10-20 Electrode system used to describe the location

of scalp electrodes.
10-20 ELECTRODE
What is 10-20 Electrode??
Location of Electrodes
 10-20 Electrode Placement

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfjRhoC2V0E
10-20 ELECTRODE
Placement of Electrodes
 Electrodes Used to Measure EEG

Ear Clip Electrodes

Disk Electrodes

Intracortical
Electrodes
 Action potential of the Brain
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
Resting Potential along with a fiber is used to transmit the information from one
end to other.
If the transmitter substance is inhibitory then the membrane potential of the receptor
neuron increases in a negative direction. It is like discharge. This induced
potential change is called as IPSP.
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)
If the transmitter substance is excitatory then the membrane potential of the
receptor neuron increases in a positive direction.
It produces spike potential. This induced potential change is called as EPSP.
 Evoked Potential
An evoked potential or evoked response is an electrical potential in a
specific pattern recorded from a specific part of the nervous system,
especially the brain, of a human or other animals following presentation
of a stimulus such as a light flash or a pure tone.
Event-Related Potential (ERP)
An event-related potential (ERP) is any stereotyped electrophysiological
response to an internal or external stimulus.
In simple terms it is any measured brain response that is the direct
result of a thought process or perception.
EP Vs
ERP
 EEG Recording Mode
Unipolar Mode:
Potential of each electrode can be measured with respect to one reference electrode
Average Mode (Wilson Mode):
Potential can be measured with respect to one electrode and average of all other
electrodes
Bipolar Mode:
Potential can be measured between successive pair of electrodes which are closely
spaced.
 Procedure for Recording EEG
• A Standard non-invasive EEG takes about 1 hour.
• The patient will be positioned on a padded bed of table, or
in comfortable chair.
• To measure the electrical activity in various part of the brain a nurse or
EEG technician will attach 16 to 20 electrodes to the scalp.
• The brain generates electrical impulses that these electrodes will pick
up. Then a temporary glue will be used to attach them to the skin.
EEG Recorder
 EEG Recorder

• 21-electrode system is used.

• Electrodes are connected to 8-channel selector.
• Output from 8-channel connector goes to the differential amplifier
bank.
• Differential Amplifier is made of preamplifiers that are used to
reduce noise.
• The output obtained from differential amplifier is connected with
signal processing unit. After further processing, the display unit
displays the data.
 EEG Recorder

• This system helps to record the potentials generated from the sensory
parts of the brain.
• To achieve this, output unit is connected with audio stimulus, visual
stimulus and touch stimulus. It can also measure the time delay
between stimulus and response from brain.
• For the output recording, either pen recorder or CRO can be used.
EEG Recorder
EEG Waves
Hyperscanning (Multi-subject
Measurements)
 EEG Recording

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuJQeTqM5AU
 Applications of EEG

• Epilepsy diagnosis.
• Anesthetic level.
• Brain injury.
• Monitoring during surgery.
 Other Applications of
EEG
• BCI/Neuro Feedback
• Child measurements
• Cochlear Implant research
• Cognitive Disorders
• Developmental Disorders & Psychology
• Hyperscanning (multi-subject measurements)
• Movement/Balance (with longer probe cables)
• Infant Monitoring
• Neuropsychiatry
• Social Interaction
• Speech/Language
• Stroke and Rehabilitation research
 BCI/Neuro Feedback
A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a system that measures activity of the central
nervous system (CNS)
Converts it into artificial output that replaces, restores, enhances, supplements, or
improves natural CNS output,
And thereby changes the ongoing interactions between the CNS and its external or
internal environment.
Extract private information about a user. With sufficient computational power,
this information can be exploited by others to make inferences about our memory,
intentions, conscious and unconscious interests, as well as about our
emotional reactions.
BCI/Neuro Feedback
 EMG
(ELECTRO MYOGRAPHY)
 What is EMG?

• It is an instrument used for recording the electrical activity of the

muscles to determine whether the muscle is contracting or not.
• Study of neuromuscular function is also possible by using
EMG.
• Muscular contractions are caused by the depolarization of muscle
fibers.
What is EMG?
 EMG SIGNAL

• Factors that influence EMG signal

 Velocity of shortening or lengthening of muscle
 Fatigue
 Reflex activity
involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.
 EMG SIGNAL

• Muscle signals are Analog in nature

• EMG Signals are also collected over a specific period of

time.
Electrical Characteristics
Muscle
Activation
Why to measure EMG?
EMG does not tell about
 Electrodes Used

• Two types
• Surface electrodes
• Usually this electrode is used for EMG. But by using this
electrode, it is not possible to take the deeper potential.
• Needle electrodes
• These are inserted into tissue or closer to tissue to measure the electrical
activity of muscle.
Electrodes Used
EMG Signal
EMG Signal
Wearable Devices for EMG Signal Recording
How to Measure EMG
How to Measure EMG
How to Measure EMG
How to Measure EMG
EMG Recorder
EMG Recording System
 EMG Signal
Acquisition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8p5ALeT1bXs
Data Acquisition for EMG & Movement Analysis
Research
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTwg1M5ylXA
EMG Recording System
EMG Recording System
EMG Recording System
Measurement of Conduction Velocity In Motor
Nerves
Nerve Conduction System
Measurement of Conduction Velocity In Motor Nerves
Measurement of Conduction Velocity In Motor
Nerves
Contd.
.
Nerve Conduction System
Applications of EMG
 Myoelectric hand

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=_OKfu1ZPifE&f
eature=emb_title
How to Control Servo Motor with EMG Muscle
Sensor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-6GDlvAMCI&feature=youtu.be
 Electromyography (EMG) in Sport and Exercise Science

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u49aR1D8M40
Electromyography (EMG) in Sport and Exercise Science

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHsZ0bwxMsg
1. Name few bioelectrical signals.
Questions
2. Give the frequency range & amplitude of ECG, EEG and EMG waves.
3. Sketch a typical ‘pqrst’ complex waveform with respect to ECG.
4. Give the origin, amplitude and duration of the different waves in ECG.
5. Draw EINTHOVEN TRIANGLE and how it is used in ECG measurement.
6. Write down the three types of lead systems used to record electrocardiograms.
7. Define the term LATENCY in EMG.
8. Draw the block diagram for EMG recording set up.
9. List the brainwaves and their frequency.
10. Draw the block diagram for EEG recording set up.
11. What is the use of EMG?
12. Give the standard lead system used in ECG.
13. Name three bipolar limb lead selections introduced by Einthoven.
14. Name three augmented lead connections.
15. Define unipolar lead system
16. What is meant by 10-20-electrode placement system? 2 Understand
17. Write down the EMG Measurement procedure. 6 Create
18. What is meant by leads? 2 Understand
19. From the ECG waveform, state when does the first degree and severe heart attack occurs. 1
Remember
20. What are the different types of heart block?