ECE 2310 Digital Systems
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital Systems
Design
Digital Systems and Binary Numbers
• Digital age and information age
• Digital computers
– General purposes
– Many scientific, industrial and commercial applications
• Digital systems
– Telephone switching exchanges
– Digital camera
– Electronic calculators, PDA's
– Digital TV
• Discrete information-processing systems
– Manipulate discrete elements of information
– For example, {1, 2, 3, …} and {A, B, C, …}…
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
11/9/22 2
Logic
Analog and Digital Signal
• Analog system
– The physical quantities or signals may vary continuously over
a specified range.
X(t) X(t)
t
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
t
11/9/22 3
Analog signal Logic Digital signal
Binary Digital Signal
• An information variable represented by physical quantity.
• For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values.
– Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values.
• Binary values are represented abstractly by:
– Digits 0 and 1
– Words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
– Words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H) V(t)
– And words On and Off
• Binary values are represented by values Logic 1
or ranges of values of physical quantities.
undefine
Logic 0
t
Binary digital signal
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
11/9/22 4
Logic
Digital Systems
Digital vs. Analog Waveforms
+5 +5
1 0 1
V V
Time Time
–5 –5
Digital: Analog:
only assumes discrete values values vary over a broad range
continuously
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
11/9/22 5
Logic
Creating Digital Systems
Design
Implementation
Debug
Design
Initial concept: what is the function performed by the object?
Constraints: How fast? How much area? How much cost?
Refine abstract functional blocks into more concrete realizations
Implementation
Assemble primitives into more complex building blocks
Composition via wiring
Choose among alternatives to improve the design
Debug
Faulty systems: design flaws, composition flaws, component flaws
Design to make debugging easier
Hypothesis formation and
Chapter troubleshooting
1 Introduction to Digital skills
11/9/22 6
Logic
Digital Hardware Systems
Boolean Algebra and Logical Operators
Algebra: variables, values, operations
In Boolean algebra, the values are the symbols 0 and 1
If a logic statement is false, it has value 0
If a logic statement is true, it has value 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
11/9/22 7
Logic
Digital Hardware Systems
Combinational vs. Sequential Logic
X1 Z1 Network implemented from
X2 - Z2 switching elements or logic
Switching -
gates. The presence of feedback
- Network - distinguishes between sequential
- -
Xn Zm and combinational networks.
Combinational logic
no feedback among inputs and outputs
outputs are a pure function of the inputs
e.g., full adder circuit:
(A, B, Carry In) mapped into (Sum, Carry Out)
A
B Full Sum
Cin Adder Cout
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
11/9/22 8
Logic
Digital Hardware Systems
Sequential logic
inputs and outputs overlap
outputs depend on inputs and the entire history of execution!
network typically has only a limited number of unique configurations
these are called states
e.g., traffic light controller sequences infinitely through four states
new component in sequential logic networks:
storage elements to remember the current state
output and new state is a function of the inputs and the old state
i.e., the fed back inputs are the state!
Synchronous systems
period reference signal, the clock, causes the storage elements to
accept new values and to change state
Asynchronous systems
no single indication of when to change state
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
11/9/22 9
Logic
Representations of Digital Design:
Switches
A switch connects two points under control signal.
Normally Open when the control signal is 0 (false), the switch is open
when it is 1 (true), the switch is closed
Normally Closed when control is 1 (true), switch is open
when control is 0 (false), switch is closed
True True
Control Close d Control Ope n
Switc h Switc h
Fa lse Fa lse
Norma lly Ope n Norma lly Close d
Switc h Switc h
Ope n Close d
Switc h Switc h
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
11/9/22 10
Logic
Switch Representations
Examples: routing inputs to outputs through a maze
EXAMPLE:
Car in Garage Car
IF car in garage garage door open running
AND garage door open
AND car running True Car can
THEN back out car back out
EXAMPLE: Garage door Car in
closed garage Car
IF car in driveway running
OR (car in garage
AND NOT garage door True
Car can
closed) back out
AND car running True
THEN can back out car Car in
driveway
Under all possible control signal settings
(1) all outputs must be connected to some input through a path
(2) no output is connected to more than one input through any path
Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital
11/9/22 11
Logic
