Materials and Heat Treatment

Course:

VẬT LIỆU HỌC VÀ XỬ LÝ

MATERIALS AND HEAT TREATMENT

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Instructor: Pham Quang Trung, Ph.D.

1
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM

2
3
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Phases in Fe–Fe3C Phase Diagram
* α-ferrite - solid solution of C in BCC Fe
• Stable form of iron at room temperature.
• The maximum solubility of C is 0.022 wt%
• Transforms to FCC γ-austenite at 912°C
* γ-austenite - solid solution of C in FCC Fe
• The maximum solubility of C is 2.14 wt %.
• Transforms to BCC δ-ferrite at 1395°C
• Is not stable below the eutectoid temperature (727°C) unless cooled rapidly
* δ-ferrite solid solution of C in BCC Fe
• The same structure as α-ferrite
• Stable only at high T, above 1394°C
• Melts at 1538°C
* Fe3C (iron carbide or cementite)
• This intermetallic compound is metastable, it remains as a compound indefinitely at room T, but
decomposes (very slowly, within several years) into α-Fe and C (graphite) at 650 - 700 °C
* Fe-C liquid solution
4
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Phases in Fe–Fe3C Phase Diagram

* α-ferrite - solid solution of C in BCC Fe

• Stable form of iron at room temperature.
• The maximum solubility of C is 0.022 wt%
• Transforms to FCC γ-austenite at 912°C

5
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Phases in Fe–Fe3C Phase Diagram
* γ-austenite - solid solution of C in FCC Fe
• The maximum solubility of C is 2.14 wt %.
• Transforms to BCC δ-ferrite at 1395°C
• Is not stable below the eutectoid temperature
(727°C) unless cooled rapidly.
• In passing, it should be mentioned that
austenite
is nonmagnetic.

6
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Classification. Three types of ferrous alloys

7
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Eutectic and eutectoid reactions
(Phản ứng cùng tinh)

(Phản ứng cùng tích)

8
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Schematic representations of microstructures for
an iron–carbon alloy of eutectoid composition
(0.76 wt% C) above and below the eutectoid
temperature
Consider an alloy of eutectoid composition
(0.76 wt% C) as it is cooled from a temperature
within the γ-phase region, 800C—that is,
beginning at point a and moving down the
vertical line xx’
Initially, the alloy is composed entirely of the
austenite phase having a composition of 0.76 wt
% C and corresponding microstructure, also
indicated in Figure.
As the alloy is cooled, no changes occur until
pearlite
the eutectoid temperature (727C) is reached.
Upon crossing this temperature to point b, the
austenite transforms according to Peclite
The microstructure for this eutectoid steel is
lamellae of the two phases (α and Fe3C) that
form simultaneously during the transformation.
9
Relative layer thickness is approximately 8 to 1
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Pearlite
Mechanically, pearlite
has properties
intermediate between
those of the soft,
ductile ferrite and the
hard, brittle cementite.

pearlite

Photomicrograph of a eutectoid steel showing the pearlite

microstructure consisting of alternating layers of a-ferrite (the
light phase) and Fe3C (thin layers most of which appear dark)
10
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Hypoeutectoid Alloys) Hợp kim trước cùng tích
Schematic representations of the
microstructures for an iron–carbon alloy of
hypoeutectoid composition C0 (containing
less than 0.76 wt% C) as it is cooled from
within the austenite phase region to below
the eutectoid temperature.
At about 875C, point c, the microstructure
consists entirely of grains of the γ solid phase
At point d, about 775C, which is within the α
+ γ phase region, both these phases coexist as
in the schematic microstructure. Most of the
small α particles form along the original γ
grain boundaries.
Cooling from point d to e, just above the
eutectoid but still in the α + γ region,
produces an increased fraction of the α phase
and a microstructure similar to that also
shown: the α particles will have grown larger.
11
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Hypoeutectoid Alloys) Hợp kim trước cùng tích
As temperature is lowered just below eutectoid, to point f, all
of γ phase transforms into pearlite. There is virtually no
change in the α phase that existed at point e in crossing the
eutectoid temperature — it is normally present as a
continuous matrix phase surrounding the isolated pearlite
colonies.

Photomicrograph of a 0.38 wt%

C steel having a microstructure
consisting of pearlite and
proeutectoid ferrite.

12
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Hypoeutectoid Alloys) Hợp kim trước cùng tích

Thus, for an alloy having composition C’0 in

Figure, fractions of pearlite WP and
proeutectoid α Wα are determined from the
following lever rule expressions:

13
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 9.4
Determination of Relative Amounts of Ferrite, Cementite, and Pearlite Microconstituents

14
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM

15
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Hypereutectoid Alloys) Hợp kim sau cùng tích
Schematic representations of the microstructures
for an iron–carbon alloy of hypereutectoid
composition C1 (containing between 0.76 and
2.14 wt% C) as it is cooled from within the
austenite-phase region to below the eutectoid
temperature.
At point g, only the γ phase is present with a
composition of C1; the microstructure appears
as shown, having only γ grains.
Upon cooling into the γ + Fe3C phase field, to
point h—the cementite phase begins to form
along the initial γ grain boundaries. This
cementite is called proeutectoid cementite—
that which forms before the eutectoid reaction
As the temperature is lowered through the
eutectoid to point i, all remaining austenite of
eutectoid composition is converted into pearlite;
thus, the resulting microstructure consists of
pearlite and proeutectoid cementite as
microconstituents 16
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Hypereutectoid Alloys) Hợp kim sau cùng tích

Photomicrograph of a 1.4 wt% C steel

having a microstructure consisting of a white
proeutectoid cementite network surrounding
the pearlite colonies.

17
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
Thus, for an alloy having composition C’1 in
Figure, fractions of pearlite WP and proeutectoid
cementite WFe3C are determined from the
following lever rule expressions:

18
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
9.61 Consider 3.5 kg of austenite containing 0.95 wt% C and cooled to below 727C.
(a) What is the proeutectoid phase?
(b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form?
(c) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase form?
(d) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.

19
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM

20
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
9.62 Consider 6.0 kg of austenite containing 0.45 wt% C and cooled to less than 727C.
(a) What is the proeutectoid phase?
(b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and cementite form?
(c) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase form?
(d) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.

21
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM

22
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
9.74 Compute the mass fraction of eutectoid cementite in an iron–carbon alloy that contains 1.00
wt% C.

9.74 Compute the weight of eutectoid cementite in an iron–carbon alloy that contains 1.00 wt%
C in alloy of 2kg.

23
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM

24
 THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
9.78 For an iron–carbon alloy of composition 3 wt% C–97 wt% Fe, make schematic sketches of
the microstructure that would be observed for conditions of very slow cooling at the following
temperatures: 1250C, 1145C , and 700C. Label the phases and indicate their compositions
(approximate).

25
THE IRON–IRON CARBIDE (Fe–Fe3C) PHASE DIAGRAM

26
Thank you for your attention

27