CHAPTER 2

THE TOURISM PUBLIC

SECTOR

PRESENTED BY :
JESSA R. BARRIO
MONETTE U. BARTE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

● Identify the various government agencies involved in the development

and promotion of the tourism industry as well as their functions

● l Described the relationship of these agencies with one another

● l Explain the possibility of public service as a career in the industry

In 1973, the Philippine government recognized the importance of focusing on trade promotion
and tourism development. This led to the creation of the Department of Tourism through
Presidential Decree No. 189 on May 11, 1973. The department aimed to use tourism as a means to
boost national development by attracting international visitors and fostering a deeper appreciation
of the Philippines' natural beauty, history, and culture among both foreigners and Filipinos,
thereby enhancing national pride and commitment.

The Law
Department of Tourism

The Department of Tourism (DOT) was created by virtue of presidential decree No.
189. It is the primary policy making, planning programming, coordinating and administrative
entity of the executive branch of the government in the development of the tourism industry, both
domestic and international.
The DOT has the following major functions:
a) Supervises all activities of the government which concern tourism;
b) Effect the removed of unnecessary barriers to travel;
c) Formulates an integrated program of promotion and publicity designated to attract and induce
people abroad to visit the Philippines;
d) Reviews all tourism projects which involve loans from government financial institutions before
said institution may take action on them;
e) Represents the Government in all conference and meetings concernig tourism;
f) Accredits travel agents, tour operators, and tour guides;
g) Classifies and accredits hotels, resort, inns, motels, hotels, restaurants, and other related facilities
and services which cater to foreign and domestic tourists;
h) Performs such other functions as may be provided by law;
The Law
By virtue of the enactment of the Tourism Act of 2009, certain tourism public sectors have been
reorganized and renamed.

The DOT, under this law, is reorganized and given considerable sources of funding to achieve its designated
mandated and functions, which includes increasing tourist access. Certain areas are to be designated as Tourism
Enterprise Zones (TEZ) and incentives are given to covered tourism enterprises.

The Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) is hereby reorganized as the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise
Zone Authority (TIEZA).

The Philippine Conventions and Visitors Corporation (PCVC) is hereby reorganized as the Tourism
Promotions Board (TPB), as hereinafter provided.

The Bureaus for Domestic and International Tourism Promotions, and the Office of Tourism Information
of the Department, are hereby absorbed into the Tourism Promotions Board.
Its main goal is to attract investments in TEZs. TIEZA has the authority to enforce compliance with
development plans and can penalize non-compliance, which affects accreditation. It continues to be the primary
agency for collecting travel taxes efficiently. The amounts collected by the TIEZA shall be distributed as
follows:

a) 50%-TIEZA;
b) 40%-CHED Higher Education Development Fund;
c) 10%-National Commission and Arts (NCAA).

The TPB shall formulate and implement an integrated domestic and international promotions and marketing
program for the DOT. The TPB shall be responsible for marketing and promoting the Philippines domestically
and internationally as a major global tourism destination, highlighting the uniqueness and assisting the
development of its tourism products and services, with the end in view of increasing tourist arrivals and
tourism investment. Specifically, it shall market the Philippines as a major convention destination in Asia. To
this end, it shall take charge of attracting, promoting, facilitating, and servicing large-scale events, international
fairs and conventions, congresses, sports competitions, expositions, and the like.
The Law
Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)

The former Philippine Tourism Authority has now been renamed and converted into the Tourism
Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA).

Presidential Decree 564 (October 2, 1974) was enacted revising the charter of the Philippine Tourism
Authority (PTA) which was originally created under Presidential Decree No. 189 dated May 11, 1973.
Strengthening the PTA was needed in order to be in a better position to effectively unify and integrate
related activities and services of both government and private entities pertaining to tourism development
projects.

Travel tax collection is PTA's main source of income. Travel tax is a levy imposed by the government on
individuals (citizens of the Philippines, permanent resident aliens who have stayed in the country for more
than a year) who are leaving the country irrespective of the place where the air ticket is issued as provided
for P.D. 1183 as amended by P.D. 1205, Batas Pambansa Blg. 38, and E.O. 283 on travel tax. of travel taxes
are coursed thru the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
 The mandate of the TIEZA under R.A. No. 9593 includes the
following:
(a) To designate, regulate, and supervise tourism enterprise zones established under R.A. 9593;

(b) To develop, manage, and supervise tourism infrastructure projects nationwide;

(c) To provide technical and financial assistance to qualified tourism projects, investors and proponents
(both government and private);

(d) To generate revenues to fund both national and corporate development needs and/or undertakings;

(e) To exercise PTA functions under P.D. 564.

A Tourism Enterprise Zone is defined as follows:

Any entity duly incorporated under the Corporation Code and other relevant laws, or any LGU or any other
instrumentality of government in the pursuit of their mandate may qualify as an applicant for the designation
of an area as a TEZ.

TEZS can be any geographical area in the country that conforms to the following criteria:

(a) The area is capable of being into one contiguous territory;

(b) It has historical and cultural significance, environmental beauty, or exercising or potential integrated
leisure facilities within its bound or reasonable distance from it;
(c) It has, or it may have, strategic access through transportation infrastructure, and reasonable connection
with utilities infrastructure systems;
(d) It must be at least five (5) hectares and sufficient in size, such that it may be further utilized for bringing
in new investments in tourism establishments and services:
(e) It is in a strategic location such as to stimulate the sustainable socio - economic development of
neighboring communities; and
(f) The area must be situated where controls can easily be established to curtail illegal activities.
 Based on the particular purpose stated in the applicant's development plan, the TEZS to be created shall
be classified as follows:

(a) Cultural Heritage Tourism Zone.

The area may include, but will not be limited to:

(1) Cultural landscapes;

(2) Historic sites, areas, and precincts;
(3) Ruins, archaeological and maritime sites;
(4) Sites associated with industrial, scientific and agricultural heritage;
(5) Collections that house or collectively promote objects of heritage significance;
(6) Historic places and areas, including villages, small towns, cities and parts of larger urban areas
with significant cultural and heritage assets; and
(7) Museums Art Galleries, Cultural Centers, Art & Crafts Shops, and Antique Shops, and Cultural
Sites.
(b) Health and Wellness Tourism Zone.

The area may include, but will not be limited to enterprises that are, or offer:

(1) Medical and Allied Services;

(2) Spas;
(3) Health Farms;
(4) Counseling and Rehabilitation Services; and
(5) Traditional Filipino Touch Therapy.

(c) Eco-Tourism Zone.

The area may include, but will not be limited to:

(1) Sites of scenic or rural beauty

(2) Areas for observing wildlife;
(3) Areas for low impact activities such as camping, trekking, climbing, spelunking, diving, surfing, and
other similar activities; and
(4) Sites for observing and interacting with traditional or indigenous practices in relation to the environment.
(d) General Leisure Tourism Zone.

The area may include, but will not be limited to:

(1) Golf Parks/Resorts;

(2) Theme Parks and Amusement Centers;
(3) Convention and Meeting Centers;
(4) Sports Complexes/Resorts;
(5) Event Centers/Resorts;
(6) Department Stores/Restaurants/Shops; and
(7) Zoos.

(e) Mixed-use Tourism Zone.

In accordance with the Tourism Act of 2009 or R.A. No. 9593, TIEZA started to accept applications for
designation of Tourism Enterprise Zone (TEZs) and registration of existing accommodation establishments
which will undertake substantial expansion. The TIEZA Guidelines for Designation and Supervision of
Tourism Enterprise Zone and Administration of Incentives under R.A. No. 9593 which took effect on August
1, 2011: 

Schedules of Fees

TEZ Operator Filing Fee P200,000

Publication Fee P100,000

Registered Tourism Enterprise RTE (New) 0.1% of the Capital Investment but
not to exceed P200,000
RTE (Existing) 0.1% of the Capital Investment but
not to exceed P200,000
Publication Fee
 The detailed steps in applying for TEZ are as follows:
Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority 
 
(TIEZA) 
HOW TO APPLY FOR TOURISM ZONE DESIGNATION

Where to get Application Forms:

• Download at http://www.tieza.com.ph. 
• Get copy at Room 602 Office of the Corporate Secretary. 

Step 1: Submit Application Form, and Pre-Qualification Documents at the Office of the Corporate
Secretary. 
Step 2: Get Authority to Accept Payment from the Office of the Corporate Secretary 
Step 3: Pay Filing Fee at the Treasury Division. 
Step 4: Present Official Receipt to the Office of the Corporate Secretary. 
Step 5: Wait for TEZ to Secretariat to issue Notice to Proceed Application.
It is also good to know that the previous PTA had the following general

(a) To implement policies and programs of the DOT pertaining to the powers: development, promotion, and
supervision of tourism projects in the Philippines:
(b) To promote the development into integrated resort complexes of selected and well-defined geographic areas
with potential tourism value. Known otherwise as "tourist zones;"
(c) To extend all forms of assistance to private enterprise tourism projects; in undertaking.
(d) To undertake for its own account or in joint venture with the private sector the operation and maintenance of
essential tourist facilities which private enterprise alone is not prepared or willing to undertake;
(e) To assure availability of land at reasonable prices or rental rates forprivate investors in hotels and other
tourist facilities; and
(f) To coordinate, assist and implement tourism-related plans or operations of local governments, governmental
agencies, public corporation, and where clearly necessary and feasible, those of private entities so as to make
possible the accelerated and balanced growth and development of tourism in the Philippines which is responsive
to the needs of targeted travel markets here and abroad.
By virtue of R.A. No. 11262 which was signed into law on April 10, 2019, the TIEZA will have the sole and
exclusive jurisdiction to grant incentives to tourism enterprise zone (TEZS) until December 31, 2029.159
Some of these incentives include the following:

1. Fiscal incentives 
  a. Income tax holiday 
  b. Exempted from payment of all national and local taxes 
  c. 5% on gross income 
  d. Exemption from customs duties 
 
2. Non-fiscal incentives 
  a. Employment of foreign nationals for the following positions: executive, supervisor, technical and
adviser/consultant positions 
b. Special Investor's Resident Visa (SIRV) and Working Visas  
c. Buildings and lands in a TEZ may be leased to foreign investors for 50 years and renewable of no more
than 25 years, 160 This is also known as the Investor's Lease Act of R.A. No. 7652. 

 
The Law
Intramuros Administration
For four centuries, Intramuros has been a cherished historical treasure in Manila and a
significant landmark for the Philippines. To preserve and enhance its historical importance, a national effort
calls for its restoration, development, and upkeep. Presidential Decree No. 1616, issued on April 10, 1979,
established the Intramuros Administration (IA) to undertake this vital role. The IA's responsibility is to
systematically restore and develop Intramuros as a tribute to the Philippine's Hispanic era. Additionally, it's
tasked with ensuring that the overall appearance of Intramuros adheres to the architectural style of 16th to
19th century Philippine-Spanish design.

The IA has the following functions: 

(a) It formulates, coordinates, and executes government policies for programs related to Intramuros.
(b) It can enter into contracts with private individuals, entities, or government agencies, both domestic and
foreign, as needed for its functions.
(c) It acquires, manages, and disposes of real and personal property as necessary for its work.
(d) It receives assets, grants, or property through various means and manages them in line with existing laws
and regulations.
(e) It supervises the restoration and maintenance of Intramuros Walls, including other government-owned
properties in the area.
(f) It establishes and enforces rules and regulations for land use and development in Intramuros, involving both
government and private entities. Including, but not limited to development rules and regulations pertaining to
the following:
(1) Land use allocation, use of buildings, their height, dimensions, architectural style and designs and other
specification of the building construction to be undertaken therein;
(2) Traffic management, street usage and other related matters;
(3) Size and character of display signs, advertising billboards, and other external signs and advertisements in
buildings, in open spaces lots or roads; and
(4) Supervision and control of all activities involving archaeological diggings, excavations and exploration
within Intramuros including the use, disposition, registration and maintenance of archaeological findings and
discoveries.
(g) Expropriates properties within Intramuros;
(h) It sponsors, conducts, or supports festivals and cultural activities in Intramuros, and it can charge admission
fees for access to restored gates and other attractions it operates.
(i) It provides grants, contributions, and donations for the restoration, repair, and maintenance of historic
structures within Intramuros, including San Agustin Church, as well as similar structures outside Intramuros.
These funds can also be used for historical, architectural, archaeological research, and other objectives aligned
with its mission.
(j) It sets and collects fees, such as filing, inspection, and permit fees, to enforce its laws and regulations, using
the proceeds as it sees fit to advance its objectives.
Other Government Agencies

National Parks Development Committee (NPDC)

The National Parks Development Committee was created originally as an Executive
Committee on January 14, 1963, for the development of the Quezon Memorial, Luneta, and other national
parks. It was later designated as the National Parks Development Committee (NPDC). Despite an attempt to
transfer it to the Bureau of Forest Development, Department of Natural Resources, the NPDC has remained
under the Office of the President

National Historical Institute (NHI)

Presidential Decree No. 260, issued on August 1, 1973, designates specific sites, churches, and
places as national shrines, monuments, and landmarks. The National Historical Institute (NHI), in collaboration
with the Department of Tourism (DOT), is responsible for their preservation, restoration, or reconstruction. The
NHI is empowered to declare historical and cultural sites as such under this decree. Through Presidential Decree
No. 1, dated September 24, 1972, the NHI gained authority over preserving and restoring historic sites and
buildings. Monetary contributions to the NHI's archives are tax-exempt and deductible from donors' taxable
income.
The NHI remains the primary government agency for history and culture matters. It develops programs and
projects for public understanding of history, educating Filipinos about the past, and honoring national heroes.
Beyond commemorating history and conducting research, the NHI manages historical sites, presents artifacts,
and provides training and technical support to both government and private sectors.

National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)

R.A. No.7356 has been enacted in order to create the mandate of the National Commission for Culture and
the Arts. Its functions are as follows:
a) Formulates policies for the development of culture and the arts;
b) Coordinates and implements the overall policies and program of attached agencies on the development of
culture and arts as stated under Executive Order No. 80;
c) Administers the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts;
d) Encourages artistic creation within of artistic freedom.
e) Develops and promotes the Filipino national culture and arts; and
f) Preserves Filipino cultural heritage.
Due to R.A. No. 8492, the National Museum has been separated from the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts and is now solely under the Office of the President for budgetary purposes. Its main objective is to
acquire, preserve, exhibit, and promote scholarly study and appreciation of art specimens, cultural artifacts,
and historical works.

Tourism Promotions Board (TPB)

The Tourism Promotions Board (TPB) is an agency attached to the DOT, tasked with promoting
the country as an ideal tourism, convention and incentive travel destination.

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)

Presidential Decree No. 520 issued on July 23, 1974 empowers the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
(formerly Central Bank of the Philippines) to organize a corporation which will manage and administer the
Philippine International Convention Center.

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)

The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) is an autonomous agency responsible
for economic development and planning in the country. Led by the President as the NEDA board chairman and
the Secretary of Socioeconomic Planning (who is also the NEDA Director-General) as vice-chairman, the
NEDA Board includes Cabinet members and the Central Bank governor.
Anti-Money Laundering Council
The Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC) is the agency of the Government of the Philippines
that is tasked to implement the provisions of R.A. No. 9160, also known as the "Anti-Money Laundering Act of
2001" (AMLA), as amended, and R.A. No.10168, also known as the "Terrorism Financing Prevention and
Suppression Act of 2012" (TFPSA).

Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR)

PAGCOR is a government-owned and controlled corporation existing under Presidential Decree No. 1869
issued on July 11, 1983 by President Ferdinand Marcos. Pertinent provisions of said enabling law read:
Section 1. Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to centralize and
integrate all games of chance not heretofore authorized by existing franchises or permitted by law in order to
attain the following objectives:
(b) To establish and operate clubs and casinos, for amusement anconduct d recreation, including sports gaming
pools (basketball, football, lotteries, etc.) and such forms of amusement and creation including games of
chance, which may be allowed by law within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines and which will
minimize, if not totally eradicate, the evils, malpractices and corruptions that are normally prevalent in the and
operation of gambling clubs and casinos without direct government involvement.

PAGCOR is granted for a period of twenty-five (25) years, renewable for another twenty-five (25) years, the
rights privileges and authority to operate and maintain gambling casinos, clubs, and other recreation or
amusement places, sports, gaming pools (i.e., basketball, football, lotteries, etc.) whether on land or sea, within
the territorial jurisdiction of the Republic of the Philippine

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

As outlined in Executive Order 192, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) is tasked with being the primary government agency responsible for conserving, managing,
developing, and properly using the country's environment and natural resources. This includes areas like
reservations, watershed regions, public lands, and regulating the licensing and utilization of natural resources,
ensuring fair distribution of benefits for present and future generations of Filipinos.
The DENR's mission revolves around being an active driving force in people-led efforts to safeguard, develop,
and manage the environment. This is accomplished through strategic partnerships, relevant policies, programs,
and modern information technology, all aimed at achieving sustainable development.
The powers and functions of the DENR, per Section of 5 of E.O. 192, are as follows:

Advises the President on the enactment of laws relative to the develop- ment, use, regulation, and conservation of
the country's natural resources and the control of pollution;

Formulates, implements, and supervises the government's policies, plans and programs pertaining to the
management, conservation, development, use and replenishment of the country's natural resources;

(c) Promulgates rules and regulations in accordance with law governing the exploration, development,
conversation, extraction, disposition, use and such other commercial activities tending to cause the depletion and
degradation of our natural resources; \

(d) Exercises supervision and control over forest lands, alienable and disposable lands, and mineral resources and
impose appropriate payments, fees, charges, rentals and any such form of levy and collect such revenues for the
exploration, development, utilization or gathering of such resources;
The powers and functions of the DENR, per Section of 5 of E.O. 192, are as follows:

Advises the President on the enactment of laws relative to the develop- ment, use, regulation, and conservation of the
country's natural resources and the control of pollution;

Formulates, implements, and supervises the government's policies, plans and programs pertaining to the management,
conservation, development, use and replenishment of the country's natural resources;

(c) Promulgates rules and regulations in accordance with law governing the exploration, development, conversation,
extraction, disposition, use and such other commercial activities tending to cause the depletion and degradation of our
natural resources; \

(d) Exercises supervision and control over forest lands, alienable and disposable lands, and mineral resources and
impose appropriate payments, fees, charges, rentals and any such form of levy and collect such revenues for the
exploration, development, utilization or gathering of such resources ;
(e) Undertakes exploration, assessment, classification and inventory of the country's natural resources using ground
surveys, remote sensing and complementary technologies;

(f) Promotes proper and mutual consultation with the private sector involving natural resources development, use and
conservation;
(g) Undertakes geological surveys of the whole country including it's territorial waters;
(h) Establishes policies and implements programs for the:

1. Accelerated inventory, surveys and classification of lands, forest and mineral resources using appropriate technology, to
be able to come up with a more accurate assessment of resource quality and quantity: 
 
(2) Equitable distribution of natural resources through the judicious administration, regulation, utilization, development
and expansion of natural resource-based industries; 
 
2. Promotion, development and expansion of natural resource-based industries; 
 
(4) Preservation of cultural and natural heritage through wildlife conservation and segregation of national parks and other
protected areas; 
 
5) Maintenance of a wholesome natural environment by enforcing environmental protection laws; and 
 
(6) Encouragement of greater people's participation and private initiative in natural resource management. 
 
(i) Promulgates rules and regulations necessary to: 
 
(1) Accelerate cadastral and emancipation patent surveys, land use planning and public land titling; 
 
(2) Harness forest-resources in a sustainable manner, to assist rural development, support forest-based industries, and
provide raw materials to meet increasing demands, at the same time keeping adequate reserves for environmental
stability; and 
 
(3) Expedite mineral resources surveys, promote the production of metallic and non-metallic minerals, and encourage
mineral marketing. 
 
(j) Regulates the development, disposition, extraction, exploration and use of the country's forestland and mineral
resources
(k) Assumes responsibility for the assessment, development, protection, conservation, licensing and regulation as
provided for by the law, where applicable, of all natural resources; the regulation and monitoring of service contractors,
licensees, lessees, and permittees for the extraction, exploration, development and utilization of natural resource
products; the implementation of programs and measures with the end in view of promoting close collaboration between
the government and the private sector; the effective and efficient classification and sub-classification and lands of the
public domain; and the enforcement of natural resources laws, rules and regulations;

(l) Promulgates rules, regulations and guidelines on the issuance of co-production, joint venture or production sharing
agreements, license, permits, concessions, leases and such other privileges and arrangement concerning the development,
exploration and utilization of country's natural resources and shall continue to oversee, supervise and police our natural
resources; to cancel or cause to cancel such privileges and arrangements upon failure, non-compliance or violations of
any regulations, orders, and for all other causes which are in furtherance of the conversation of natural resources and
supportive if the national interest.
(m) Exercises exclusive jurisdiction on the management and disposition of all lands of the public domain and shall
continue to be the sole agency responsible for the classification, sub-classification, surveying and titling of lands in
consultation with appropriate agencies; 
 
(n) Implements measures for the regulations and supervision of the processing of forest products, grading and
inspection of lumber and other forest products and monitoring of the movement of timber and other forest products; 
 
(0) Promulgates rules and regulations for the control of water, air and land pollution; promulgate ambient and effluent
standards for water and air quality including the allowable levels of other pollutants and radiations; 
 
(p) Promulgates policies, rules and regulations for the conservation of the country's genetic resources and biological
diversity, and endangered habitats which will be presented to the Cabinet for the President's approval. 
 
(q) Promulgates an integrated, multi-sectoral, and multi-disciplinary National Conservation Strategy, which will be
presented to the Cabinet for President's approval; and 
 
(r) Exercises other powers and functions and perform such other acts as may be necessary, proper or incidental to
the attainment of its mandates and objectives. 

According to the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Production Act (R.A. No. 9147), the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is responsible for overseeing all land-based plant and animal species,
including turtles, tortoises, wetland species like crocodiles and waterbirds, and amphibians. The Department of
Agriculture (DA) has jurisdiction over declared aquatic critical habitats and resources such as fishes, aquatic plants,
invertebrates, and marine mammals, excluding the dugong. To implement international agreements concerning
trade in endangered wildlife, the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) of DENR and the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) of DA handle management authorities for land-based and aquatic
resources respectively.

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

The following are the functions of the Department of Labor and Employment DOLE
(a) Enforces social and labors legislation to protect the working class and regulate the relations between the worker
and his employers;

(b) Formulates and recommends policies, plans, and programs for manpower development, training, allocation, and
utilization;

(c) Recommends legislation to enhance the material, social and intellectual improvement of the nation's labor force;

(d) Protects and promotes the interest of every citizen desiring to work locally or overseas by securing for him the most
equitable terms and conditions of employment, and by providing social and welfare services;

(e) Regulates the employment of aliens, including the enforcement of registration or work permit system for such aliens;
(f) Formulates general guidelines concerning wage income policy ;

(g) Recommends necessary adjustments in wage structures with the view to developing a wage system that is consistent
with national economic and social development plans;

(h) Provides for safe, decent, humane, and improved working conditions and environment for all workers, particularly
women and young workers

(i) Maintains a harmonious, equitable, and stable labor relations system that is supportive of the national economic
policies and programs.

(j) Upholds the rights of workers and employers to organize and promote free collective bargaining as the foundation of
the labor relations system; and

(k) Provides and ensures the fair and expeditious settlement and disposition of labor and industrial disputes through
collective bargaining, grievance machinery, conciliation, mediation, voluntary arbitration, compulsory arbitration as may
be provided by law, and other modes that may be voluntarily agreed upon by the parties concerned.
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

The DPWH serves as the government's engineering and construction division, responsible for advancing its
technology to guarantee the safety of infrastructure and ensuring the utmost efficiency and quality in construction. It
manages the planning, design, construction, and upkeep of various infrastructure, particularly national highways,
flood control, water resources development systems, and other public works aligned with national development goals.
The DPWH's role is crucial in offering land access to tourist destinations, sites, and service facilities, making it a
significant contributor to infrastructure development.

Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) 

 
The DOTC is the primary policy, planning, programming, coordinating, implementing, regulating, and
administrative entity of the executive branch of the government in the promotion, development and regulation of
dependable and coordinated networks of transportation and communications systems, as well as the fast, safe,
efficient and reliable postal, transportation and communications services.
The following are the attached agencies of the DOTC:

Land Transportation Office (LTO). The LTO is the proper agency which controls the registration and operation of motor
vehicles and the licensing of owners, dealers, conductors, drivers, and similar matters.

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB). The LTFRB is the agency which issues, amends,
revises, suspends or cancels Certificates of Public Convenience or permits authorizing the operation of public land
transportation services provided by motorized vehicles, and to prescribe the appropriate terms and conditions.

Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA). The MARINA integrates the development, promotion, and regulation of the
maritime industry in the country. It was originally placed under the Office of the President. Air Transportation Office
(ATO). The ATO is primarily charged with the technical and operational phases of civil aviation matters. Its primary
function is to establish and enforce rules and regulations for the inspections and registration of all aircraft owned and
operated in the Philippines and all air facilities. It also in charge in the operation and maintenance of national airports,
air navigation, and other similar facilities.
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). The CAB regulates the economic aspect of air transportation and has general supervision
and regulation of and jurisdiction and control over air carriers as well as their property, property rights, equipment,
facilities, and franchise. "It also has the power to issue, deny, amend, revise, alter, modify, cancel, suspend, or revoke any
temporary permit or Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity.

Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA). This is a corporate body which shall be primarily responsible for the construction,
operation, maintenance, and/or lease of light rail transit system in the Philippines, giving due regard to the reasonable
requirements of the public transportation system of the country.

Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC). The MRTC undertook to build MRT 3 which it shall own for 25 years, after
which, ownership shall be transferred to the Philippine government in accordance with R.A. No.6957 or the Build,
Operate and Transfer Law. This allows MRTC, either by itself or through any estate developers, to develop commercial
premises in the MRT 3 structure or to obtain advertising income therefrom.

Philippine National Railways (PNR). It is a corporation to serve as the instrumentality of the Government of the
Philippines in providing a nationwide railroad transportation system. The PNR shall not be subject to the authority and
supervision of the Public Service Commission.
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI).

Under Executive Order 133 which remains effective up to the present time, the DTI serves as the primary
coordinative, promotive, and facilities arm for trade, industry and investment activities. It acts as the catalyst for
intensified private sector activity to accelerate and sustain economic growth through:

(a) A comprehensive industrial growth strategy;

(b) A progressive and socially responsible liberalization and deregulation program; and
(c) Policies designed for the expansion and diversification of both domestic and foreign trade.

The DTI shall be empowered and authorized to issue rules and regulations and adopt measures as to:

(a) Consolidate and/or coordinate all functions and efforts in domestic trade and development of foreign trade in
general;

(b) Maintain reasonable allocation/distribution as between domestic and export market through export retention,
expert allocation, export subsidy, pricing, export ban and other schemes and measure to ensure price: stability and
supply availabilities of essential commodities in the local market;
(c) Regulate the import of essential consumers and producers' items with a view of enhancing availability at fair
and competitive prices to end-users; and 
 
Board of Investments (BOI) 
 
Under the Omnibus Investment Code of 1987182, the Board of Investments (BOI) shall be responsible for the
regulation and promotion of investments in the Philippines. 

The BOI shall exercise the following powers and duties: 

 
1. Prepare annually the Investment Priorities Plan, which shall contain a listing of specific activities that can qualify for
incentives, duly supported by the studies of existing and prospective demands for such products and services in the
light of the level and structure of income, production, trade, prices and relevant economic and technical factors of the
regions as well as existing facilities;  Promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to implement the
intent and provisions of the code relevant to the Board;
(3)Process and approve applications for registration with the Board, imposing such terms and conditions as it may
deem necessary to promote the objectives of the Code, including refund of incentives when appropriate, restricting
availment of certain incentives not needed by the project in the determination of the Board, requiring performance
bonds and other guarantees, and payment of application, registration, publication and other necessary fees and
when warranted may limit the availment of the tax holiday incentive to the extent that the investor's country law or
treaties with the Philippines allows a credit for taxes paid in the Philippines;

(4) After due hearing, decide controversies concerning the implementation of the relevant books of the Code
that may arise between registered enterprises or investors therein and government agencies, within (30) days
after the controversy has been submitted for decision: Provide, That the investor or the registered enterprise
may appeal the decision of the Board within thirty (30) days from receipt thereof of the President;
(5) Recommend to the Commissioner of and Immigration and Deportation the entry into the Philippines for
employment of the foreign nationals under the code;

(6) Periodically check and verify, either by inspection of the books or by requiring regular reports, the proportion of
the participation of the Philippine nationals in a registered enterprise to ascertain compliance with its qualification
to retain registration under the Code;

(7) Periodically check and verify the compliance by registered enterprises with the relevant provisions of
the Code, with the rules and regulations promulgated therein and with the terms and conditions of
registration;
(8) After due notice, cancel the registration or suspend the enjoyment of incentives/benefits of any registered enterprise
and/or require refund of incentives enjoyed by such enterprise including interest and monetary penalties, for

(a) failure to maintain the qualifications required by the Code for registration with Board or (b) for violation of any
provisions of the Code of the rules and regulations issued thereof, of the terms and conditions of registration, or of
laws for the protection of labor or of the consuming public:
(9) Determine the organizational structure, appoint, discipline and remove its personal consistent with the provisions of
the Civil Service Law and Rules;

(10) Prepare or contact for the preparation of feasibility and other pre-investment studies for pioneer areas either upon
its own initiative; or upon the request of Philippine nationals who commit themselves to invest therein and show the
capability of doing so; Provided. That if the venture is implemented, then the amount advanced by the Board shall be
repaid within five (5) years from the date the commercial operation of said enterprise starts;

(11) When feasible and considered desirable by the Board, require registered enterprises to list their shares of stock in
any accredited stock exchange or directly offer a portion of their capital stock to the public and/or their employees;

(12) Formulate and implement rationalization programs for certain industries whose operation may result in
dislocation, overcrowding or inefficient use of resources, thus impending economic growth. For this purpose, the Board
may formulate guidelines for progressive manufacturing programs, mandatory sourcing requirements and dispersal of
industries. In appropriate case and upon approval of the President,
the Board may restrict, either totally or partially, the importation of any equipment or raw materials or finished products
involved in the rationalization program;

(13) In appropriate cases, subject to the conditions which the Board deems necessary, suspend the nationality
requirement provided for in the Code or any other nationalization statue in cases of ASEAN projects or investments by
ASEAN nationals in preferred projects, and with the approval of the President, extend said suspension to other
international complementation arrangements for the manufacture of a particular product on a regional basis to take
advantage of economies of scale;

(14) Extend the period of availment of incentives by any registered enterprise; Provided, That the total period of
availment shall not exceed ten (10) years, subject to any of the following criteria:
(a) The registered enterprise has suffered operational force majeure that has impaired its viability;
(b) The registered enterprise has not fully enjoyed the incentives granted to it for reasons beyond its control;
(c)The project of the registered enterprise has a gestation period which goes beyond the period of availment of
needed incentives; and
(d) The operation of the registered enterprise has been subjected to unforeseen changes in government policies,
particularly, protectionalism policies of importing countries, and such other. supervening factors which would affect
the of the competitiveness of the registered firm.

(15) Regulate the making of investments and the doing of business with the Philippines by foreigners or business
organization owned in whole or in part by foreigners;

(16) Prepare on contract for the preparation of industry and sectoral development programs and gathered and
compile statistical, marketing, financial and other data required for the effective implementation of the Code;

(17) Within (4) months after the close of the fiscal year, submit annual reports to the President which shall cover
is activities in the administration of this Code, including recommendations on investment policies;

(18) Provide, directly or through Philippine Diplomatic Missions, such information as may be of interest to
prospective foreign investors.
(19) Collate, analyze and complete pertinent information and studies concerning areas that have been or may be declared
preferred areas of investments;

(20) Enter into agreements with other agencies of government for the simplifications and facilitation of systems and
procedures involved in the promotion of investments, operation of registered enterprises and other activities necessary
for the effective implementation of the Code; and

(21) Generally, exercise all the powers necessary or incidental to attain the purposes of the Code and other laws vesting
additional functions on the Board.

Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) R.A. No.7916 creating the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA)
was enacted only July 25, 1994 with the following objectives:

(a) To establish the legal framework and mechanism for the integration, coordination, planning and monitoring of
special economic zones, industrial estates/parks, export processing zones and other economic zones;
(b) (b) To transform selected areas in the country into highly developed agro- industrial, industrial, commercial, tourist,
banking, investment, and financial centers, where highly trained workers and efficient services will be available to
commercial enterprises;
(c) To promote the flow of investors, both foreign and local, into special economic zones which would generate
employment opportunities and establish backward and forward linkages among industries in and around the economic
zones;

(d) To stimulate the repatriation of Filipino capital by providing attractive climate and incentives for business activity;
You sent

(e) To promote financial and industrial corporation between the Philippines and industrialized countries through
technology-intensive industries that will modernize the country's industrial sector and improve productivity levels by
utilizing new technological and managerial know-how; and

(f) To vest the special economic zones on certain areas thereof with the status of a separate customs territory within the
framework of the Constitution and the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Philippines." 183
PEZA grants fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to developers of economic zones, export procedures, and I.T. service
exporters. PEZA offers ready-to-occupy locations to foreign investors who are export producers or IT service
exporters in world-class and environment-friendly Economic Zones and I.T. Parks/Buildings.
The term "Special Economic Zones (SEZS)," hereinafter referred to as the ecozones, are selected areas with highly
developed or which have the potential to be developed into agro-industrial, industrial tourist/recreational, commercial,
banking, investment and financial centers. An ecozone may contain any or all of 183 Section 3, R.A. 7916.

PEZA-registered enterprises can choose between an income tax holiday under E.O. No. 226, which exempts them
from income taxes but not VAT, or tax exemptions on all taxes, including VAT under P.D. No. 66. Once exempt, the
enterprise must register as a VAT taxpayer, engaging in taxable transactions. However, the Supreme Court has ruled
that business companies operating in the Special Economic Zone are exempt from all internal revenue taxes and
implementing rules, including value-added taxes or VAT. Export sales are not exempt transactions, but they are zero-
rated.
184 Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Cebu Toyo Corporation, G.R. No. 149073, February 16, 2005.
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Seagate Technology (Philippines), Inc., G.R. No. 153866, February 11, 2005.
(d) In coordination with local government units concerned and appropriate agencies, to construct, acquire, own, lease,
operate and maintain on its own or through contract, franchise, license, bulk purchase from the private sector and build-
operate-transfer scheme or joint venture, adequate facilities and infrastructure, such as light and power systems, water
supply and distribution systems, telecommunication and transportation, buildings, structures, warehouse, roads,
bridges, ports and other facilities for the operation and development of the ecozone;

(e) To create, operate and/or contract to operate such agencies and functional units or offices of the authority as it may
deem necessary;

(f) To adopt, alter and use a corporate seal; make contracts, lease, own or otherwise dispose of personal or real property;
sue and be sued; and otherwise carry out its duties and functions as provided for in this Act;

(g) To coordinate the formulation and preparation of the development plans of the different entities mentioned above;
(h) To coordinate with the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), the Department of Trade and Industry
(DTI), the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), and the local government units and appropriate government
agencies for policy and program formulation and implementation; and

(i) To monitor and evaluate the development and requirements of entities in subsection (a) and recommend to the local
government units or other appropriate authorities the location, incentives, basic services, utilities and infrastructure
required or to be made available for said entities.

Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)

The DFA is the prime agency of the government responsible for the pursuit of the State's foreign policy and the
nerve center for the Foreign Service worthy of the trust and pride of every Filipino.

Throughout the 1970s, the DFA pursued the promotion the trade and investments, played an active role in hosting
international meetings, and participated in the meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement. The Foreign Service
Institute was created in 1976 to provide in-house training to Foreign Service personnel.
The EDSA Revolution 1986 saw the reestablishment of a democratic government under President Corazon Aquino.
During this period, the DFA once again pursued development policy in the active pursuit of opportunities abroad in the
vital areas of trade, investment, finance, technology and aid. The DFA also revived its efforts to boost the Philippines'
role in the Asia-Pacific region. The Philippines became one of the founding members of the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation or

APEC in November 1989, and an active player in regional efforts to establish the ASEAN Free Trade Area. In 1990, the
DFA proposed the establishment of more diplomatic missions in the Middle East to improve existing ties with th e Arab
states and to respond to the growing needs of overseas Filipino workers in the region.

In 1991, the Philippine Senate, heeding the growing nationalist sentiments among the public, vote against the extension
of the Military Bases Agreement. This symbolized the severance of the political and ideological ties which had long
linked the country to the United States. Also, in 1991, President Aquino signed into law R.A. 7157, the new Foreign
Service Law, which reorganized and strengthened the Foreign Service.
The Ramos administration, from July 1992, defined four core areas of Philippine foreign policy-the enhancement of
national security, promotion of economic diplomacy, protecting Overseas Filipino Workers and Filipino nationals
abroad, and the projection of a good image out of the country abroad. President Ramos boosted foreign trade,
investments, and official development assistance to the Philippines through his state visit and summit meetings.

The Estrada administration upheld the foreign policy thrusts of the previous administration, focusing on national
security, economic diplomacy, assistance to nationals, and image-building. The Philippines continued to be at the
forefront of the regional and multilateral arena. It successfully hosted the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in July 1998
undertook confidence-building measures with China over the South China Sea issue through a meeting in March 1999.
President Estrada strengthened bilateral ties, with neighboring countries with visits to Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia,
Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea.

The DFA played a major role in the forging of a Visiting Forces Agreement with the United States, which was concurred
in the Senate. The country also sent a delegation of 108 observers to the Indonesian parliamentary elections, and
engaged in cooperative activities in the areas of security, defense, combating transnational crimes, culture, and the
protection of OFWs and Filipinos abroad.
As the DFA enters yet another year in its existence, it sets its right toward the new millennium, and welcomes the
challenges and opportunities it faces in an increasingly globalized world. 189

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

(a) governments;
The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) has the following functions: Assists the President in the
exercise of general supervision over loca

(b) Advises the President in the promulgation of policies, rules, regulations and other issuances on the general
supervision over local governments and on public order and safety; Establishes and prescribes rules, regulations and
other issuances implementing laws on public order and safety, the general supervision

(c) over local governments and the promotion of local autonomy and community empowerment and monitor
compliance thereof; Provides assistance toward legislation regarding local governments, law.

(d) enforcement and public safety;

(e) Establishes and prescribes plans, policies, programs and projects to promote peace and order, ensure public safety
and further strengthen the administrative, technical and fiscal capabilities of local government officers and personnel;

(1) Formulates plans, policies and programs which will meet local emergencies arising from natural and man-made
disaster;

(g) Establishes a system of coordination and cooperation among the citizenry, local executives and the Department, to
ensure effective and efficient delivery of basic services to the public; and

(h) Organizes, trains, and equips primarily for the performance of police functions, a police force that is national in scope
and civilian in character.190

Under R.A. No. 6975 or known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, the DILG
consists of the Department Proper, the existing bureaus and offices of the Department of Local Government, the
National Police Commission, the Philippine Public Safety College, and the following bureaus: the Philippine
National Police, the Bureau of Fire Protection, and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.
Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD)

The BFAD is an attached agency under the Department of Health in charge of the registration of processed foods, drugs,
medical devices, in vitro diagnostic reagents, cosmetics, and household hazardous substance products. In case these
products will have to be hand-carried for professionals abroad, consumers may go directly to the BCFAD Policy,
Planning, and Advocacy Division - Public Assistance and Compliance Division (PPAD-PACD). Consumers are advised
to bring for verification, product samples, and the doctor's prescription drug products.

Establishments involved in the manufacture, packaging, repacking, importation, exportation, distribution, and retailing
of processed foods, drugs, medical devices, in vitro diagnostic reagents, cosmetics, and household hazardous substance
products must secure a license to operate from BFAD. As a precaution, consumers are advised to verify the existence of
the license to operate of the establishment/outlet which should be conspicuously displayed and the existence of the
applicable BFAD Product Registration Number on the label of the products intended to be bought. The absence of such
information on possible illegal source/product.
Furthermore, consumers must ask for receipts of payment of purchased products reflecting the business name and
address, Tax Identification Number (TIN), and name of printer (BIR Permit No.) with exclusive serial number of
booklets and date of issuance of receipts and the description of the goods bought. 19 191

Bureau of Immigration
The main functions of the Bureau of Immigration are: 192

Acts as the primary enforcement arm of the Department of Justice and the President of the Philippines in ensuring that
all foreigners within its territorial jurisdiction comply with existing laws;

Assists local and international law enforcement agencies in securing the tranquility of the state against foreigners
whose presence or stay may be deemed threats to national security, public safety, public morals and public health and;
Acts as chief repository of all immigration records pertaining to entry, temporary sojourn, admission, residence, and
departure of all foreigners in the country.
Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)

The BIR shall be under the supervision and control of the Department of Finance and its powers and duties
shall comprehend the assessment and collection of all national internal revenue taxes, fees, and charges, and the
enforcement of all forfeitures, penalties, and fines connected therewith, including the execution of judgments in all
cases decided in its favor by the Court of Tax Appeals and the ordinary courts. 193

Bureau of Customs (BOC) Under R.A. No. 1937 (June 22, 1957) titled: Revising the Tariff and Customs Laws, the
gener

3) Control vessels/aircrafts doing foreign trade;

4) Enforce tariff and customs laws;

5) Control the handling of foreign mails revenues and prevention purposes;

6) Control import and export cargoes; and

7) Jurisdiction over forfeiture and seizure cases.194

The revised Charter of the Philippine Ports Authority which took effect on December 23, 1975,195 transferred the
powers, duties and jurisdiction of the BoC with regard to arrastre and stevedoring operations of the PPA. [Pernito
Arrastre Services, Inc. v. Mendoza, 146 SCRA 430, 434 (1986).]196

When a vessel becomes subject to seizure by reason of an act done in Philippine waters in violation of the tariff
and customs laws, a pursuit of such vessel begins within the jurisdictional waters and may continue beyond the
maritime zone, in such case, the vessel may be seized on the high seas. Imported articles which may be subject
to seizure for violation of the tariff and customs laws may be pursued in their transportation in the Philippines
by land, water or air and such jurisdiction exerted over it at any place therein as may be necessary for the due
enforcement of the law. 197
The BoC shall, for customs purposes, have exclusive control, direction and management of custom-houses,
warehouse, offices, wharves, and other premises in the respective ports of entry, in all cases without prejudice to
the general police powers of the city or municipality wherein such premises are situated. 198

When any public wharf, landing place, street or land, not previously under the jurisdiction of the BoC, in any port
of entry, is necessary or desirable for any proper customs purpose, the President of the Philippines may, by
executive order, declare such premises to be under the jurisdiction of the BoC, and thereafter the authority of such
Bureau in respect thereto shall be fully effective. 199

However, in the case of Hon. Executive Secretary et al. v. South Wing Heavy Industries, et al., G.R. Nos. 164171,
164172, and 1687841, February 21, 2006, the Supreme Court declared as constitutionally invalid provision,
President Arroyo's Executive Order 156 which prohibits the importation of used motor vehicles at the Subic Bay
Freeport.
The Philippine Coast Guard
By virtue of R.A. No. 5173, the Philippine Coast Guard has been created as an attached agency of the Department of
Transportation and Communication with the following objectives: (a) To enforce or assist in the enforcement of all
applicable laws upon the high seas and waters subject to the jurisdiction of the Republic of the. Philippines.

(b) To enforce law, promulgate, and administer regulations for the promotion of safety of life and property within the
maritime jurisdiction of the Philippines; and

(c) To develop, establish, maintain, and operate, with due regard to the requirements of national defense, aids to maritime
navigation and rescue facilities for the promotion of safety on and over the high seas and waters, subject to the
jurisdiction of the Philippines

Professional Regulatory Board for Customs Brokers

Pursuant to the national policy, the government shall provide a program to set up a climate conducive to the practice of the
profession and maximize the capability and potential of our Filipino customs brokers. Hence, R.A. No.9280 (March 30,
2004) was enacted regulating the practice of customs brokers profession in the Philippines, and creating the Professional
Regulatory Board for Customs Brokers. This Act provides for and shall govern:
(a) The standardization and regulation of customs administration education;

(b) The examination and registration of customs brokers; and

(c) The supervision, control, and regulation of the practice and the customs broker profession.
\
Nayong Pilipino Foundation (NPF) The NPF was created under P.D. No. 37 on November 16, 1972 with the
intention of promoting, encouraging, and initiating research and development projects and activities in social
sciences, humanities, social; and amelioration and allied fields. The Foundation is non-stock, non-profit
corporation, organized, established, and operated in the public interest and no portion of its funds and income shall
inure to the benefit of any of its member. The policymaking body of the Nayong Pilipino shall be the Board of
Trustees composed of a chairman and eight members to be appointed by the President for a term of one year. The
chairman and members shall be persons genuinely interested in the promotion of the purposes and objectives of the
Foundation.
Philippine Sports Commission

The primary mandate of the Philippine Sports Commission is to serve as the prime catalyst and advocate for the
propagation and development of Philippine sports by helping shape policies and setting priorities through the
following:200

Coordinating and implementing a national sports program; Creating equitable opportunities for participation in
sports by all sectors;

Providing assistance to stakeholders and partners;

Supporting the especially talented athletes for high-level competitions; and Promoting the development of
physical qualities and moral values which is the basis of sports.
Philippine National Police (PNP)

The PNP is the armed, civilian national police force in the Philippines headquartered at Camp Crame in
Quezon City. It is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission and is part of the Department of the
Interior and Local Government (DILG). Local police officers are operationally controlled by municipal mayors. DILG,
on the other hand, organizes, trains and equips the PNP for the performance of police functions as a police force that is
national in scope and civilian in character. The PNP was formed on January 29, 1991 when the Philippine Constabulary
and Integrated National Police were merged pursuant to R.A. No.6975 of 1990.201 Anti-Graft and Corruption Law in
Government

Anti Graft and a Corruption Law in Government

R.A. No. 10910 or "An Act Increasing the Prescriptive Period for Violations of R.A. No. 3019, Otherwise
Known as the 'Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act' from Fifteen (15) Years to Twenty (20) Years, Amending Section 11
Thereof" amended the prescription of offenses, also known as the statute of limitations, from 15 to 20 years. This means
it is still possible to carry out judgment on individuals guilty of graft and corruption within 20 years. 202
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