Unit – IV

3- ф Induction Motors
&
Synchronous Generator (or) Alternators
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[Link]
Dept. of EEE
3- ф Induction Motor
 UNIT-IV:

• Three Phase Induction Motor: Principle of

operation -types, torque-Slip characteristics.
• Alternators: Principle of operation
1.) Define slip of an Induction Motor? A 400V, 50 Hz, 4 pole 3 phase has Star
connected IM has rotor resistance and reactance are 0.01 ohm, 0.1 ohm
respectively. Determine(i) Starting Torque, (ii) Slip at which maximum torque
will occur, (iii) Speed which maximum torque will occur, (iv) Maximum
Torque , (Assume stator to rotor turns ratio as 4)

2.) Explain the principle of operation of three phase Induction motor, also
Derive Torque equation for it.

3.) Explain torque – slip characteristics of a 3 phase induction motor. A 4 pole,

3 phase induction motor is supplied from 50 Hz supply. Determine its
synchronous speed. On full load, its speed is observed to be 1410 rpm.
Calculate its full load slip.
4.) Explain the working principle of synchronous Generator, Derive an
expression for induced EMF of an Alternator
5.) Explain the procedure to determine the regulation of alternator by
synchronous impedance method.
 3- ф Induction Motor
• An electric motor is a device which converts an electrical energy into a
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy then can be supplied to various
types of loads. The motors can operate on DC as well as 1-ф and 3- ф
supply.
• The motors operating on DC supply are called DC motors, while motors
operating on AC supply are called AC motors.
• The AC motors are classified as 1-ф and 3-ф Induction motors,
Synchronous motors and some special purpose motors. Out of all these
types, 3-ф Induction motors are widely used for various industrial
applications.
• The important Advantages of 3-ф Induction motors over other types are
Self starting property, No need of starting device, High power factor,
Good speed regulation and Robust construction.
• The working principle of 3- ф Induction motors is based on the
production of Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF).
 Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF)
• The Rotating magnetic field can be defined as the field or flux having
constant amplitude but whose axis is continuously rotating in a plane with
a certain speed (Synchronous speed Ns)
• In 3- ф Induction motors, such a rotating magnetic field is produced by
supplying currents to a set of stationary windings, with the help of 3- ф
AC supply.
• The current carrying windings produce the magnetic field or flux. And due
to interaction of three fluxes produced due to 3- ф supply, resultant flux
has a constant magnitude (1.5фm) and its axis rotating in space, without
physically rotating three windings.
• This type of field is nothing but Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF).
 Principle of Operation of 3- ф Induction Motor

• Induction motor works on the principle of Electromagnetic induction.

• When a 3-ф supply is given to the 3- ф stator winding, a rotating magnetic
field of constant magnitude is produced. The speed of this rotating
magnetic field is synchronous speed, Ns = 120f/P rpm.
• This rotating field produces an effect of rotating poles around a rotor, Let
direction of rotation of this rotating magnetic field is clockwise as shown
below:
• Now at this instant rotor is stationary and stator flux RMF is rotating. So
its obvious that there exists a relative motion between the RMF and rotor
conductors.
• Now RMF gets cut by the rotor conductors as RMF sweeps over rotor
conductors. Whenever conductor cuts the flux, EMF gets induced in it
called Rotor Induced EMF (Faradays laws).
• As rotor forms closed circuit, induced emf circulates current through
rotor called rotor current.
 Principle of Operation of 3- ф Induction
Motor

• Let direction of this current is going into the paper denoted by (X).
• Any current carrying conductor produces its own flux, so rotor produces its
flux called Rotor flux. For assumed direction of rotor current, the direction
of rotor flux is clockwise.
• Now there exists two fluxes, one RMF and other is rotor flux. Both the
fluxes interact with each as shown below:
• On left of rotor conductor, two fluxes are in same direction hence add up to
get high flux area. On the right side, two fluxes cancel each other to
produce low flux area. As flux lines act like a stretched rubber band, high
flux density area exerts a push on rotor conductor towards low flux density
area. So rotor conductors experiences a force from left to right.
• As all the rotor conductors experiences a force, the overall rotor
experiences a torque and starts rotating, So interaction of the two fluxes is
very essential for a motoring action.
• Hence Rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of Rotating
Magnetic Field.
 Speed of RMF
• There exists a fixed relation between frequency (f ) of AC supply to the
windings, the number of poles P for which winding is wounded and speed
N rpm of the rotating magnetic field.
• For a standard frequency whatever speed of RMF results is called
Synchronous Speed, in case of induction motors, it is denoted as Ns
• For a 4 pole machine, 415V, 50Hz, what is my Ns?
• Ns = (120f/P) = Speed of RMF = (120X50)/4= 1500
f- supply frequency
P= number of poles for which stator winding is
wounded
This is the speed with which RMF rotates in space.
• Applications of Induction Motors:
• Fan, Blowers, Machine tools
• Compressor, Crushers, Conveyors,
• Cranes, Compressors, Elevators, Hoist etc
 Slip of 3- ф Induction Motor

So Ns = Speed of rotating magnetic field (RMF) in rpm

N = speed of rotor i.e motor in rpm
(Ns-N) = Relative speed between the two speed is called Slip speed

• In practical, rotor continues to rotate with a speed slightly less than the
synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field (N < Ns) .
• Induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed.

S = (Ns-N) ------------------------ absolute slip

%S = (Ns-N)/(Ns)*100------------------- percentage slip

At starting, actual speed N is zero , so S=1

3- ф Induction Motor
Construction
Stator: Rotor:
• Stator of an IM consists of steel frame • Rotor is placed inside the stator.
which contains hallow cylindrical • Rotor is mounted on the shaft of a
hole made up of thin laminations of hallow laminated core having slots on
silicon steel to reduce hysteresis and its outer periphery, the windings are
eddy current losses. placed in these slots are called rotor
• The number of evenly spaced slots windings and they may be of many
are provided on inner periphery of types like:
the laminations.
• The insulated conductors are placed • Squirrel Cage Rotor Type IM
in the stator slots and are suitably • Slip Ring Rotor Type IM
connected to form a balanced 3- ф
star or delta connections.
 Types of 3- ф Induction Motor

Squirrel Cage Rotor Slip Ring Rotor

Rotor consists of bars which are shorted Rotor consists of a three phase winding
at the ends with the help of end rings similar to the stator winding

Construction is very simple. As Construction is complicated. Resistance

permanently shorted, external resistance can be added externally
cannot be added

Very common and almost 95% Only 5% of induction motors in

induction motors use this type of rotor industry use slip ring rotor

Rotor copper losses are less, hence have Rotor copper losses are high , hence
higher efficiency. efficiency is less

Used for Lathes, drilling machines, Used for Lifts, Hoists, Cranes, Elevators
Fans, Blowers, Water pumps, Grinders and Compressors etc
and Printing machines etc
 Types of 3- ф Induction Motor

Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Slip Ring Induction Motor

 Numerical problems
• A 4 pole, 3 phase induction motor is supplied from 50 Hz supply. Determine its
synchronous speed. On full load, its speed is observed to be 1410 rpm. Calculate its
full load slip.
P= 4, f= 50 Hz, N=1410 rpm, S=?
Ns = (120Xf)/P = 1500 rpm
S = (Ns-N)/Ns = 0.06
%S = (0.06X100) = 6%

• A 4 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz, star connected induction motor has a full load slip of
4%. Calculate full load speed of the motor.
• %S = 4, P=4, f=50Hz, S= 0.04
• N=?
• Ns = (120Xf)/P = 1500 rpm
• S = (Ns-N)/Ns
0.04 = (1500-N)/1500
N = 1440 rpm
 Induction Motor as a Transformer
• Both induction motor and transformer works under the principle of
Electromagnetic induction. In transformer, primary winding and secondary
winding are magnetically coupled. Whereas in induction motor, the stator and
rotor.
• A transformer is said to be alternating flux transformer because alternating flux is
used to induce the mutually induced emf in the secondary side. Whereas a
induction motor is said to rotating flux transformer because rotating flux is used to
induce the mutually induced emf in the rotor of the motor In a alternating flux
transformer the frequency of induced emf and current in primary and secondary is
always same. However in the induction motor frequency of emf and current on the
stator side remains same but frequency of rotor emf and current depends on the
slip, where slip depends on load on the motor, so we have a variable frequency on
the rotor of the motor. During starting of induction motor, the slip (S = 1) which
means the frequency of supply to the stator and of induced emf in the rotor are
same at starting. In alternating flux transformer, the entire energy present in the
secondary circuit is in the form as electrical form. Whereas, in rotating flux
transformer, the entire energy present in the secondary circuit is in the form as
Mechanical form are magnetically coupled
 Effect of Slip on Rotor Parameters
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 Effect of Slip on Rotor Parameters
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(i) Effect of Slip on Rotor Frequency
(ii) Effect of Slip on Rotor Induced EMF
(iii)Effect of Slip on Rotor Resistance & Reactance
(iv) Effect of Slip on Rotor Power factor
(v) Effect of Slip on Rotor Current
Numerical Problems
 Torque Equation of 3- ф Induction Motor

• The torque produced in the induction motor depends on the following

factor:
– The part of rotating magnetic field which reacts with rotor and is responsible to produce
induced emf in the rotor (ф)
– The magnitude of rotor current in running condition (I2)
– The power factor of the rotor circuit in running condition (cos ф2)

T α ф I2r cos ф2r

– The flux produced by stator is proportional to stator voltage E 1 and rotor voltage too E2
Ф α E1

Ф α E2
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Equation for Starting Torque
 Torque Slip Characteristics of 3-ф IM
• As the IM is loaded from No load to Full load, its speed decreases hence slip
increases.

• The curve obtained by plotting torque against slip from s =1 (start) to s = 0

(at synchronous speed) is called Torque – Slip characteristics.

• At constant supply voltage, E 2 is also constant, so we write torque equation as

T = s.R2 / [R22+(sX2)2]

• Now to judge the nature of torque-slip characteristics, let us divide the slip
range ( s = 0 to s = 1) into two parts and analyze them independently.
(i) Low Slip Region
(ii) High Slip Region
 Torque Slip Characteristics of 3-ф IM
(i) Low Slip Region :
In low slip region, s is very very small. Due to this the term (sX 2)2 is so small as
compared to / R22 , that it can be neglected
T = s.R2 / [R22+(sX2)2]

T α s.R2/ R22 α s --- as R2 is constant

• Hence in low slip region torque is directly proportional to slip. So as load

increases, speed decreases, increasing the slip. This increases the torque which
satisfied the load demand. Hence the graph is straight line in nature

• At N=Ns, s = 0 hence T= 0. As no torque is generated at N=Ns, motor stops if it tries

to achieve the synchronous speed. Torque increases linearly in this region, of low slip
values.

• So range s = 0 to s = sm is called low slip region, known as Stable region of

operation.
 Torque Slip Characteristics of 3-ф IM
(ii) High Slip Region :
T = s.R2 / [R22+(sX2)2]
• In this region, slip is very high i.e slip value is approaching to 1. Here it can be
assumed that the term R22 is very very small as compared to (sX2)2 Hence
neglecting R22 from the denominator, we get.
T α s.R2/ (sX2)2 α 1/ s --- as X2 & R2 are constants

• So in high slip region torque is inversely proportional to the slip. Hence it is like
rectangular hyperbola.
• Now when load increases, load demand increases but speed decreases. As speed
decrease, Slip increases, In high slip region as T α 1/ s , torque decreases as slip
increases. But torque must increase to satisfy the load demand. Again torque
decreases as T α 1/ s hence same load acts as an extra load due to reduction in
torque produced. Hence speed further drops. Eventually motor comes to
standstill condition. The motor cannot continue to rotate at any point in this high
slip region. Hence this region is called Unstable region of operation.
• So range s = sm to s = 1 is called High slip region, known as Unstable region of
operation.
Synchronous Generator
(or)
Alternator
( or)
AC Generator
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 Synchronous Generator (or) Alternator
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 Principle of Operation of Alternator

• The working principle of alternator is very simple. It is just like basic

principle of DC Generator. It also depends upon Faradays laws of
electromagnetic induction which says the current is induced in the
conductor inside a magnetic field when there is a relative motion between
that conductor and the magnetic field. As armature is connected to
commutator in a d.c generator, armature must be rotating member while
field as a stationary. But in case of Alternators it is possible to have
Rotating field & Stationary armature
• The generation level of AC voltage may be higher as 11 kV to 33 kV. This
gets induced in the armature. For stationary armature large space can be
provided to accommodate large number of conductors and the insulation.
• It is easier to collect large currents at very high voltages from a
stationary member than from slip ring and brush assembly.
• Due to low voltage level of the field side, the insulation required is less and
hence field system has very low inertia.
• If field is rotating, to excite it by an external DC supply two slip rings are
enough. One each for positive and negative terminals.
• With the very basic principle of an Alternator, let us now have an insight into its
Basic Operational Principle of a Practical Alternator.
• During the discussion of the basic working principle of an Alternator, we have
considered that the magnetic field is stationary and conductors (armature) is
rotating.
• But generally in practical construction of Alternator :
Armature conductors are stationary and Field magnets rotate between them.
• The Rotor of an Alternator or a Synchronous generator is mechanically coupled
to the shaft or the turbine blades, which is made to rotate at Synchronous speed Ns
under some mechanical force results in magnetic flux cutting of the stationary
armature conductors housed on the stator.
• As a direct consequence of this flux cutting, an induced emf and current starts to
flow through the armature conductors which first flow in one direction for the first
half cycle and then in the other direction for the second half cycle for each winding
with a definite time lag of 120o due to the space displaced arrangement of 120 o
between them as shown in the figure below.
• This particular phenomenon results in three-phase power flow out of the
alternator which is then transmitted to the distribution stations for domestic and
industrial uses.