Introductio

n of
Hypothesis
Testing
So far, how’s
your
SHS
experience?
What’s
new?
Possible Types of
Questions
Description
Simple
Comparison
Cause and
Effect
Statistical
Hypothesis

A statement
about a
population or
more population
whose truth can
be established
using the data
Make an
observation
“ Since the start of the school year, the
amount of time I spent on the internet
has changed.“

Create a Question
“ Did Internet Time for Filipino
students change since
the start of the school year?“

Hypothesiz
e!
The internet time of all the Filipino
Students has
changed since the start of the school year.
Example of a Statistical
Hypothesis

The mean internet time

of all the Filipino
Students is not equal to
the internet time before Statistical
the start of the school Hypothesis

year. A statement about a population

or more population whose
truth can be established
using the data from the
sample.
 Types of Statistical
Hypothesis
NULL HYPOTHESIS 𝑯𝟎 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS 𝑯𝒂

A statistical hypothesis which the Operational statement of the theory

that the researcher believes to be
researcher doubts to be true. It is
true and wishes to be proven. It is a
typically the hypothesis of complete contradiction of the null
equality or of no effect. hypothesis.

𝑯𝟎: The mean internet time of all the Filipino 𝑯𝒂: The mean internet time of all the Filipino Students
Students is equal to the internet time before the start is not equal to the internet time before the start of the
of the school year. school year.
Alternative Statistical
Hypothesis
Non- directional or Two-Tailed Directional or One-Tailed Test
Test
The alternative hypothesis specifies
The alternative hypothesis does not one-directional difference for the
specify a directional difference for the parameter of interest. It utilizes the >
parameter of interest. It utilizes the ≠ symbol or < symbol.
symbol. Right Tailed – “ greater, efficient, improve, increases”
Left Tailed- “ decrease, smaller, less than”

Null Hypothesis Alternative hypothesis

𝑯𝟎: 𝛍 = 8 𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 ≠ 8 Two-tailed
𝑯𝟎: 𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 𝑯𝒂: 𝒑 > 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 One-tailed
 Example
State the null and alternative hypothesis
A previous survey revealed that Filipino students sleeps an
average of 8 hours per day. Current researchers would like to
test this mean as they observe that the mean sleeping hours is
no longer 8 hours.

𝑯𝟎 : 𝛍 = 8

𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 8
 Example
State the null and alternative hypothesis

Consider P as the proportion of my students who submit their task before the
deadline. In the previous quarter, the proportion of my students who submit
their tasks before the deadline is equal to 90%. In the past few days, I have
observed that majority of my students became more responsible individuals.

𝑯𝟎: 𝐏 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎

𝑯𝒂: P> 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
 Cases on Hypothesis Testing

In hypothesis testing, several cases may be considered:

1. Hypotheses for single population

2. Hypotheses for two populations
3. Hypotheses for multiple populations
4. Hypotheses for difference in frequencies
 State the null and alternative hypothesis

A farmer believes that using organic fertilizers

on his plants will yield greater income. His
average income from the past was 200,000
php per year.

𝑯𝟎: The mean income of a farmer is

equal to 200,000 php

𝑯𝒂: The mean income of a farmer is greater

than
200,000 php
 State the null and alternative hypothesis

A teacher wants to know if listening to popular music

affects the performance of pupils. A class of 50 grade 1
pupils was used in the experiment. The mean score was
83 and standard deviation is 5. A previous study
revealed that µ = 82 and the standard deviation is 10.

𝐇𝟎: The mean score of the students is 82

𝐇𝐚: The mean score of the students is not

equal
to 82.
 State the null and alternative hypothesis

Suppose one local brand of speaker manufacturer

claimed that 80% of their audio device shoppers
believed that their speakers are as good as international
brand speakers. A survey was conducted to decide
whether the claim could be higher.

𝐇𝟎: There is no significant difference in

the proportion of 0.80.

𝐇𝐚: There is a significant increase in the

proportion of 0.80.
State the null and alternative hypothesis

A certain observation suggests a possible

statistical difference in the therapeutic claim
between the proportion of male and female
consumers.

𝐇𝟎: There is no significant difference in

the proportion of 0.80.

𝐇𝐚: There is a significant increase in the

proportion of 0.80.
 Statistic
s

The discipline that concerns

the collection,
organization
, analysis,
interpretation and
presentation of data.
 Some methods of Data
Collection

• Use of Documented
Data
• Survey
• Experiment
Statistics

• Observation Method The discipline that concerns

the collection,
organization,

• Interview analysis,
interpretation and
presentation
of
data.
 Organization of Data

1. Identify what kind of data you are

handling
- Levels of Measurement
2. Arrange and organize your data
- Array
Raw Data
- Frequency Distribution Statistics

Table The discipline that concerns

3. Summarize your data the collection,
organization,
- Measures of Central analysis,
interpretation and
Tendency presentation
of
- Measures of Dispersion data.
Organization of
Data

Levels
of
Measu
remen
t
 Level
s
Measuremen
of
t

Nominal
Example:
1 – Girl
2 – Boy
Ordinal
Example:
a list of 500 managers of
mutual funds may be
ranked by assigning the
number 1 to the best-
performing manager, the
number 2 to the second
best-performing manager,
and so on
 Level
s
Measuremen
of
t

Interval
Example:
Test
scores
Temperature in
Fahrenheit or Celsius

Ratio
Example:
A
ge
Weight
 Statistics
Organization of
Data
The discipline that concerns
Arrangement of the collection,
organization,
Data analysis,
interpretation and
presentation
of
data.
1. Raw Data 20 ,15 , 17, 25,

The data in original 22

form
2. Array
Ordered arrangement of data 15, 17, 20, 22,
25
according to magnitude

Age Freq
3. Frequency Distribution Table
20 5
- Way of summarizing data by 21 6
showing the number of observations 22 10
that belong in different categories or
Organization of Data

Summary Measure

A single value that describes a particular

feature of the collection
I. Measures of Central Tendency
[Link] : “ Center of Mass”
[Link]: “ Center of the Array”
[Link]: “typical value”
II. Measures of Dispersion
[Link] deviation
[Link]
Descriptive
Statistics
VS. Statistics

Inferential
Statistics The discipline that concerns
the collection,
organization,
analysis,
interpretation and presentation of
data.
 Statistical Inferences

1. Estimation
2. Hypothesis Testing
[Link]-Way t-test
[Link] Way Analysis of
Variance
[Link]-Square test for
Independence
[Link]
 Hypothesis
Testing

A decision making process for

evaluating claims about a
population based on the
characteristics of a sample
purportedly coming
from the population.
In Hypothesis
Testing….
TWO POSSIBLE DECISIONS TO MAKE

REJECT THE DO NOT REJECT THE

NULL HYPOTHESIS NULL HYPOTHESIS

The decision to reject or to fail to reject the null hypothesis is called significance.

Level of Significance: the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis in a statistical

test when it is true. (Chosen by the researcher)
 TWO POSSIBLE ERR RS IN
DECISION MAKING

Rejecting a TRUE Null Hypothesis leads to Type I Error OR 𝜶

Failing to reject a False Null Hypothesis leads to Type II Error OR 𝛃

Fail to reject Reject Decision

NULL HYPOTHESIS IS TRUE Correct Decision Type I error
REALITY
NULL HYPOTHESIS IS FALSE Type II error Correct Decision

Maria insists that she is 30 years old when in fact, she is 32 years old. What error is Maria
committing?s
 TWO POSSIBLE ERR RS IN
DECISION MAKING

Rejecting a TRUE Null Hypothesis leads to Type I Error OR 𝜶

Failing to reject a False Null Hypothesis leads to Type II Error OR 𝛃

Fail to reject Reject Decision

NULL HYPOTHESIS IS TRUE Correct Decision Type I error
REALITY
NULL HYPOTHESIS IS FALSE Type II error Correct Decision

Stephen says that he is not bald. His hairline is just receding. What type of error is Stephen
committing?
 TWO POSSIBLE ERR RS IN
DECISION MAKING

Rejecting a TRUE Null Hypothesis leads to Type I Error OR 𝜶

Failing to reject a False Null Hypothesis leads to Type II Error OR 𝛃

Fail to reject Reject Decision

NULL HYPOTHESIS IS TRUE Correct Decision Type I error
REALITY
NULL HYPOTHESIS IS FALSE Type II error Correct Decision

A man plans to go hunting the Philippine monkey-eating eagle believing that it is a proof of his
mettle. What type of error is this?