Course Introduction

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

BSE 3114 – IoT Technologies &

Protocols

Dr. Julianne Susanne Sansa-Otim

Senior Lecturer & Team Leader, IoT-ra lab, Makerere University
[Link]
Vice Chairperson, Ubuntunet Alliance
Fellow, UNAS
 Outline
 Computer Networks Recap
 Network architecture & IoT
 Evolving Internet Structure
 Internet -IoT comparison
 IoT origins
 Monitoring & Control Systems Comparison
 IoT Architecture
 Connecting things in the internet
 Benefits of Connecting things in the internet
 Key IoT components
 Challenges in connecting things in IoT
 The rest of this course

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 Computer Networks recap
 Internet largest computer network developed
in 1969 by ARPA
 Hierarchical structure Core ->
Regional/National -> Access networks
 Hierarchy enables scalability, efficiency,
resilience, and flexibility
 Computer network architecture refers to the
organization/blueprint of a network, defining
the physical and logical structure of a network.

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 Network Architecture and IoT
 Communication is undergoing transformation as network architecture
integrates with IoT
 IoT is the network of physical objects “things” that are embedded with
sensors, software, comms etc
 In IoT, things (appliances, machines, pumps, utility meter, weather
station, bee hive, car) share data over the internet so as to monitor,
control, and automate various systems and processes.
 The proliferation of these things necessitates network architectures that
can of handle massive amounts of data and support low-power devices

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 Evolving Internet Structure
 Evolved from basic dumb core & intelligent edge
to
 Advanced intelligent core (data centers and core
processing units)
 An Intelligent edge (Computers, smartphones &
routers remains Internet Structure
 A newly added Sensing Layer contains billions of
IoT nodes
 IoT nodes are sensors & actuators that capture
data & initiate responses based on this data resp.

IoT Structure
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 Internet - IoT Comparison (1)
Aspect Internet IoT
Connectivity For people and computers For a wide range of physical objects e.g.
through wired or wireless appliances, equipment, and sensors.
networks
Data Data is generated mainly Devices autonomously collect and
Collection through user interactions transmit data via sensors, with real-
with computers and time monitoring and updates.
smartphones.
Automation Limited automation; primarily Devices can automatically adjust based
user-driven interactions and on data inputs and predefined rules,
responses. enabling proactive and intelligent
responses.
Integration Connects users to digital Integrates data and functionality across
content and services, typically various domains, such as smart homes,
in isolated environments. industrial systems, and healthcare

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 Internet - IoT Comparison (2)
Aspect Internet IoT
Scalability Focused on expanding Scales to include billions of interconnected
user access and services, devices, allowing extensive data collection
with fixed endpoints. and system integration.
Flexibility Static interactions and Highly adaptable, allowing for dynamic
limited adaptability to interactions and integration with diverse
new types of data types of devices and systems
Examples Email, social media, Smart thermostats, industrial sensors,
online shopping, web fitness trackers, smart city infrastructure.
browsing
Cost Costs related to Initial investment in IoT infrastructure
infrastructure, hardware, (sensors, comms) can be high, but costs
and network services decrease with mass production. Ongoing
expenses include data management,
cybersecurity, and maintenance

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 IoT Origins
IoT was birthed as monitoring and control systems evolved from
early wired systems to complex networks integrating devices,
people, and processes.
SCADA systems (1960s)
WSNs (1990s/2000s)
IoT (2000s/2010s)
IoE (2010s/2020s)

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 Monitoring & Control Systems
Comparison (1)
Aspect SCADA WSNs IoT IoE
Systems
Timeli 1960s-1970s Late 1990s-Early Late 2000s-2010s Early 2010s-Present
ne 2000s
Conne Wired Wireless Wireless Wireless
ctivity
Data Fixed sensors, Distributed Diverse devices, real- Integrated devices,
Collect wired wireless sensors time data exchange people, processes,
ion communication data
Scalabi Limited by High scalability, Very high, wide range Extremely high,
lity wired especially in of devices and integrates diverse
infrastructure remote areas applications operational domains
Flexibilit Limited High, suitable for Very high, adaptable Very high, supports
y various across different complex and adaptive
environments sectors systems
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 Monitoring & Control Systems
Comparison (2)
Aspect SCADA WSNs IoT IoE
Systems
Applicati Industrial Environmental Smart homes, Smart cities, healthcare
ons control, utility monitoring, healthcare, industrial systems, integrated
management smart agriculture automation industrial automation
Technol Early monitoring Wireless Advanced sensors, Integration
ogy tech, wired communication, actuators, IoT technologies, advanced
Drivers networks sensor platforms data analytics
advancements
Main Infrastructure- Energy Security, privacy, data Complexity,
Limitatio dependent, constraints, data management interoperability,
ns costly bandwidth challenges scalability challenges
deployment limitations
Cost Installation and Reduced costs Decreasing High costs for
Consider maintenance due to infrastructure costs, infrastructure,
ations costs are high, elimination of significant initial analytics, and system
particularly in wiring, lower investments, and integration, but so is
Julianne S. Sansa-Otim (PhD), FULafia Faculty Seminar 16 October 2023
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remote areas installation costs operational costs efficiency & innovation
 IoT Architecture
 Are frameworks for IoT systems
 Each is tailored to different priorities and contexts
 Each uses different approaches in managing the
integration of devices, networks, and data.
 The ITU architecture focuses on global standardization
and comprehensive security, integrating gateways within
the Device layer.
 The IERC architecture emphasizes research-driven
innovation, with a dedicated Connectivity layer that
includes gateways and a flexible, adaptive approach to
managing and scaling IoT networks.

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ITU IoT Architecture

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IERC IoT Architecture

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 Connecting things in the Internet
 To connect physical objects to the Internet, they are provided a
communication interface through which they obtain an IP address
and are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies
to collect and share data
 This connectivity allows for real-time monitoring, data-driven
decision-making, and automated actions based on the collected
data.
 Illustration to demonstrate how connecting things in IoT can impact
our daily lives [ AWS , Smart bee hive, transportation and logistics
domain ]

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 Benefits of connecting things in
the Internet
 Ensure Quality and safety - IoT sensors attached to blood bags monitor
critical parameters like temperature, ensuring that the blood is stored and
transported under optimal conditions.
 Real-Time Visibility - hospital staff can access real-time data on the location,
condition and estimated arrival time of the blood ensuring that critical
operations proceed smoothly and efficiently.
 Enhanced accountability - Every step of the transportation is logged e.g.
driver identification and environmental conditions reducing the risk of fraud
and tampering
 Compliance - Detailed reports ensure that all transportation processes
comply with health regulations and standards

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 Key IoT Components (1)

Sensors, communication protocols, edge computing, fog computing, cloud services, and security measures work in
tandem to enable seamless interaction and intelligence across digital and physical realms

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 Key IoT Components (2)
 Sensors & Actuators-
 Communication Protocols
 Edge
 Fog
 Cloud
 Security & Privacy
 ML in IoT

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 Challenges in connecting things to
the Internet
Discuss the technical, operational, security,
and ethical challenges to connecting physical
objects within the Internet of things

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 The rest of this course (1)
• Module 2: Wireless Technologies for IoT and their
Challenges
– Basic wireless options supporting IoT and their
challenges will be taught to the students.
– A Practical lab on getting started with the things network
• Module 3: Smart objects
– The numerous items that can be connected to the
networks will be discussed
– A Practical lab on getting started with IoT devices e.g.
pycom

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 The rest of this course (2)
• Module 4: Connecting smart object
– The various ways to connect the multiple objects on the
networks will be highlighted
– A Practical lab on RPiDC (a data center in a RPi)
• Module 5: Application protocols for IoT
– MQTT, HTTP
– TLS
– A Practical lab on LoRaWAN
• Module 6: Software Platforms and Services -
Software that enables IoT will be studied

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 The rest of this course (3)
• Module 7: Cloud and fog computing for IoT -
Other concepts in IoT including cloud
computing and related concepts will be taught
• Module 8: IoT in Industry - How IoT is
applicable to the current state of the industry
• Module 9: IoT Data - What nature of data can
be utilised in IoT
• Module 10: Securing IoT - Some security details
for IoT will be studied

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