By: Archibald M.

Ligad
NDRRMC OCD Wasar -Instructor
Lifeline EMS Academy- EMT-B
INTRODUCTION
FIRST AID:
- is an immediate care given to a
person who have been injured or
suddenly taken ill. it includes self-
help and when medical assistance
is delayed or not available.
Roles of a First Aider:
• Bridges that fills the gap between the victim and the
physician
– it is not intended to compete with or take place of the
service of the physician
– it ends when medical assistance begins
• Ensures safety of self and that of the bystanders.
• Gains access to the victim
• Determines any threat to patient’s life
• Summons advanced medical care for the patient
• Provides needed care for the patient
• Assists advanced personnel
• Records all finding and care given to the patient
Objectives:
• to alleviate suffering
• to prevent added or further injury or
danger
• to prolong life
 Characteristic of a Good Aider:
• Observant – should notice all signs
• Resourceful – should make the best
use of what is at hand
• Gentle – should not cause pain
• Tactful – should not alarm the victim
• Sympathetic – should be comforting
Hindrances:
• Unfavorable surroundings
• The presence of Crowds
• Pressure from victim or relatives
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUEPMENTS
• [Link] GLOBES, Litex or
rubber(sterile or non-sterile)
• 2 MASK –(medical or industrial),gas mask
• GOOGLES-
• GOWN –( rubber or plastic)
• HELMET OR HARD CUP –Tested by
safety department.
• BOOTS OR SAFETY SHOES
Anatomical Positions:
 PRONE

Prone – lying face down

 SUPINE

Supine – when lying face up

SHOCK / MODIFIED
TRENDELENBURG
• Trendelenburg – body is supine with the
head lower than the feet

• Shock / modified trendelenburg – the

head and torso are supine, and the lower
extremities are elevated 6” to 12”
- helps to increase blood flow to the brain
 FOWLER’S POSITION

Fowler – sitting up with the knees bent

I. Getting Started:
– Planning of Action
– Gathering of needed materials
– Remember the initial response as follows:
• A – Ask for help
• I – Intervene
• D – Do no further HARM
 GOLDEN RULES OF
EMERGENCY CARE:
What to do:
Obtain consent, whenever possible.
Think the worst.
• call or send for help
• identify yourself to the victim
• provide comfort & emotional support
• respect victims modesty and physical privacy
• care for the most serious injuries first
• assist the victim with his or her prescribed medication
• keep onlookers away from the injured person
• handle victim to a minimum
• loosen all tight clothing
• What not to do:
• do not harm
• do not try to arouse an unconscious victim
• do not administer fluids/ alcohol drink
• do not let the victim see his own injury
• do not leave the victim except to get HELP
• do not assume that the victim’s obvious injuries are the
only ones
• do not deny a victims obvious injuries, physical or
emotional coping limitations
• do not make unrealistic promises
• do not trust the judgment of a confused victim
• do not require the victim to make decision
 PATIENT / CASUALTY
HANDLING
Emergency Rescue and
Transfer
• is a procedure of moving the victim from
an unsafe place to a safe place

• is moving a patient from one place to

another after giving first aid
WHAT IS EMERGENCY?????
 EMERGENCY RESCUE
• WHAT IS EMERGENCY?........ Is a
serious situations that threatens the life or
welfare of a person or group people that
needs immediate intervention.
Indication for Emergency Rescue:
• Danger of fire or explosion
• Danger of toxic gases
• Serious traffic hazard
• Risk of drowning
• Danger of electrocution
• Danger of collapsing wall
Selection in the method of transfer depends on
the following:

• Nature and severity of the injury

• Size of the victim
• Physical capabilities of the first aider
• Number of personnel and equipment available
• Nature of evaluation route
• Distance to be converted
• Sex of the victim (last consideration
Pointers to be observed during transport:

• Victims airway must be maintained open

• Hemorrhage is controlled
• Victims maintained in correct position
• Regular check of the victims position is made
• Supporting bandages and dressing remain effectively
applied
• The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and as
speedy as circumstances permit
• The victim’s body is moved as one unit
• The taller first aider stays at the head side of the victim
• First aider / bearers must observe ergonomics in lifting
and during transfer the victim
 METHODS OF TRANSFER:
• One-man assist / carries / drags
– assist to walk * blanket drag
– carry in arms (cradle) * shoulder drag
– pack strap carry * cloth drag
– piggy back carry * foot drag
– fireman’s carry * inclined drag
– fireman’s drag
Carry in arms
Pack strap carry / piggy back carry:
Fireman’s carry:
Blanket / cloth drag:
Shoulder / foot Drag:
 two-man assist / carry:
– assist to walk
– chair as a litter
– four-hand seat
– carry by extremities
– hands as a litter
– fireman’s carry with assistance
 Three man Carry:
–bearers alongside (for narrow
alleys)
–Hammock carry
 Others:
– Four / Six / Eight – man carry
– Blanket Carry
– Improvised stretchers (two poles with
blankets; empty sacks; shirts or coats;
triangular bandages)
– Commercial stretchers
– Ambulance
– Other vehicle
INITIAL TRIAGE AND
TAGGING
 Triaging:
is sorting patients into categories of priority
of care and transport based on the
severity of injuries and medical
emergencies
Tagging of Patients
• Priority one (red tag)
• Priority two (yellow tag)
• Priority three (green tag)
• Priority four (black tag)
 SHOCK / hypoperfusion:
• is a depressed condition of the many,
body functions due to the failure of enough
blood to circulate throughout the body
following serious injury
Dangers of shock:
• leads to death – brain
• predisposes body to infection – septic
• leads to loss of body parts – circulation
Shock in the brain:
• Primary causes of shock:
• PUMP Failure – the heart fails to act properly as a
pump
• Relative hypovolemia – the blood vessels dilate so
that blood within them is insufficient to fill the
system and provide efficient perfusion
• Hypovolemia – blood and plasma can be lost so
that the fluid contain within the vascular system is
insufficient to perfuse to all areas well each minute

• *****Other causes of shock

Factors that contribute to shock:
• P – pain
• R – rough handling
• I – improper transfer
• C – continuous bleeding
• E – exposure to extreme cold
• F – fatigue
 Signs & symptoms:
• Early: Late:
• Face – pale or cyanotic 1. Apathetic /
unresponsive
• Skin – cold and clammy 2. Eyes – sunken with
vacant expression
• Breathing – irregular 3. Pupils are dilated
• Pulse – rapid and weak 4. Mottled skin
appearance
• Nausea and Vomiting 5. Low blood pressure
• Weakness 6. Unconsciousness
• Thirsty 7. Body temperature falls
Objectives of First Aid:
• To improve circulation of blood
• To ensure adequate supply of oxygen
• To maintain normal body temperature
 First Aid and Preventive
Management of Shock
• Proper Position
– keep the victim lying flat down (safe position)
– Elevate the lower part of the body a foot or so (improve blood
circulation)
– Place victim on his back with head and shoulder raised (when
there is difficulty of breathing)
– keep victim lying in his / her side opposite his/her injury
(recovery, coma or lateral position) (for nauseated or vomiting
victim)
• Proper Body Heat
– Maintain body temperature (must not be perspiring nor chilling)
• Proper Transfer
SOFT TISSUE AND SPECIFIC
BODY INJURY
 Classification of Wound:
• Closed * Open
 Open Wound:
• is a break in the continuity of the tissue of
the body either internal or external
CUTE KOH
DI BA!!!!
 KINDS OF OPEN
WOUNDS

Causes Characteristics
Puncture Penetrating pointed Deep and narrow serious or slight
instruments such as nails, bleeding
ice picks, daggers, etc

Abrasion Scrapping or rubbing against Shallow, wide, oozing of blood dirty

rough surfaces

Laceration Blunt instruments such as Torn with irregular edges, serious

sharpnels, rocks, broken, or slight bleeding
glasses, etc

Avulsion Explosion, animals bites, Tissue forcefully separated from the

mishading of tools, etc body

Incision Sharp bladed instruments Clean cut, deep, severe bleeding,

such as blades, razors, etc wound is clean
Puncture Wound
Abrasion
Laceration
Avulsion
Incision
 Common Causes:
• External physical forces
• Mishandling of sharp objects, tools,
machinery, weapon and equipment
• Explosion
 Closed Wound:
• involves the underlying tissue without
break / damage in the skin or mucous
membrane
 Causes:
• Blunt object result in contusion or bruises
• Application of external forces such as
motor vehicle accidents and falls
 Factors or other injuries that
may be involved:
• Depends on varying depth
• Depends on extent of force
• Varying amount of edema fluid and blood
leak into the damaged area
• Possible fracture
 Signs & Symptoms:
• pain and tenderness
• swelling
• discoloration (black or blue – ecchymosis)
• hematoma (pool of blood collected within the damaged
tissue)
• uncontrolled restlessness
• thirst
• symptoms of shock
• vomiting or coughing up of blood
• passage of blood in the urine feces
• sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal
 Management:
• I – ice application ( ice or cold packs)
• C – compression (manual compression
over the area)
• E – elevation (elevating the injured part)
• S – splinting ( immobilizing the soft tissue)
 Dangers:
• Hemorrhage
– 1 glass – normal
– 2-4 glasses – anemic predisposes to infection
– 4-6 glasses – fatal
• Infection
• delays healing of wound
• gangrene may develop
• amputation – to prolong life
• may lead to unnecessary death
• Shock
• predisposes body to infection
• may lead to loss of body part
• may itself lead to death
 Kinds of Bleeding:
• Capillaries – slow even flow
• Veins – steady flow, dark red color
• Arteries – spurting blood, pulsating flow,
bright red color
 First Aid Management:
1. Wound with severe bleeding
• C – control bleeding
– direct pressure (main help; use of pressure bandage)
– elevation
– pressure point bleeding control
– pressure on supplying artery
• brachial artery for bleeding of the arm
• femoral artery for bleeding of the leg
• C – cover the wound with the dressing and bandage
• C – care for the shock
• C – consult or refer to physician
2. Wound with bleeding not severe (home care)
3. Clean the wound with and soap and water or mild antiseptic
4. Apply a topical ointment
5. Cover wound with dressing and bandage
QUESTION