Rectangular
Waveguide
Introductio
n
• A pipe of any cross-section can be used as a
waveguide, but the simplest cross-section is
preferred.
• Thus, waveguides with constant rectangular
cross-sections are normally preferred in the
rectangular waveguides.
• This cross-section is easiest to manufacture
and haveproperties that are very much
desirable. The mathematical analysis of cross-
section is also easier.
Rectangular waveguide
• waveguides with constant rectangular cross-sections
are normally preferred in the rectangular waveguides
• This cross-section is easiest to manufacture and have
properties that are very much desirable.
•
CONSTRUCTION
• In typical set-up, there may be an antenna at one end of waveguide and transmitter or
receiver at the other end.
• The antenna generates electromagnetic waves, which travel down the waveguide to be
received by the load. It is seen that waves are truly guided.
• The cross-sectional dimension of waveguide must be of same order as those of
wavelength below 1 GHz waveguides are not generally used.
• The waves of the waveguide are conductors and therefore, reflections from them take
place.
• The behaviour and properties of waveguide depend on the electric and magnetic fields as
in wave propagation, and not on voltage and current as in transmission lines.
Modes
• Modes in rectangular waveguides are now labelled as
TEmn, if they are transverse electric and TMmn, if they
are transverse magnetic.
• In each case, m and n are integers denoting the number of
half wavelength of intensity between each pair of walls.
• 'm' is measured along X-axis of waveguide and 'n' is
measured in other direction as shown in Fig. 1.7 down the
electric field configuration for TEI, o.
TE exists to transmit energy.
Transverse Electric
(TE) Mode :
• For rectangular waveguide, o
mode is the dominant mode.
• Here all electric fields are
perpendicular (transverse) to the
direction of propagation and
longitudinal electric TE20 field
is absent
Fig. TE mode in rectangular waveguide
Transverse Magnetic (TM)
Mode :
• mode in a rectangular waveguide is Magnetic
field characterized by Hz = O and Ez O.
• Field exists in discrete patterns. All the field
components have sinusoidal amplitude variation
in both X and Y directions,
• In TMm„ modes, 'm' and 'n' represent the
member of half
sinusoidal cycles of the field amplitude in X and Y
directions.
• For the existence of TM modes, both 'm' and
•n' have to be non:zero,
• so that TM„o and IMO', modes cannot enst.
Fig. TM mode in rectangular waveguide
Field Patterns of TE10 . TE20 and
TE11 Modes:
• This patterns are similar to those of TE10
modes.
• The only difference that now there are two
half wave variation of electric and
magnetic fields in x and y planes.
• The fields patterns of higher TEmn modes
are logical extension of first two modes. Fig. TE20 mode field patterns
•
• field patterns of higher TE mo modes are
(a) Top view logical extension of first
two modes.
• Fields of TE MN modes become very
complex and very difficult to depict in
diagrams,
• It is seen that the electric field
links like cat's webs in the corners
of the waveguides. Fig. TE20 mode field patterns
• There is only one half wave
change of electric intensity in
both X and Y axis with an electric
intensity maximum in the exact
centre of the waveguide.
Advantages
1.It can operate at higher frequencies above 1
GHz.
2.The power handling capacity is more than the
transmission lines.
3.The power losses are less as compared to
transmission lines.
4.Manufacturing is simpler than co-axial cables
Application
It is most common waveguide which is
commonly used for transmission of
microwave frequencies above 1 GHz.L.l
Propagation of Waves through
Rectangular Waveguide
• rectangular waveguide having width 'a' and height 'b'
is as shown in Fig. 1.14.
Commonly, it has aspect ratio
• he physical dimensions of a rectangular waveguide
determine the cut-off frequency for each mode.
• The walls of the waveguide has infinite and ideal
dielectric medium having permittivity e, permeability
g and conductivity = O.
• In rectangular waveguide, transverse electromagnetic
(TEM)x mode does not exist. Fig. rectangular waveguide
•
Reflection of Wave from a conducting
surface
i. A plane electromagnetic wave propagates in spaces in transverse
electromagnetic or TEM mode and in this mode the electric field, the
magnetic field, and the direction of propagation are all mutually
perpendicular.
ii. If such an EM wave is fed into a waveguide, it is found that this EM wave
fails to propagate. This is because the electric field would be short-
circuited by the walls, since, the walls are assumed to be perfect
conductor. So a potential cannot exist across them.
iii. In the propagation, we do not require electric field to exist near the walls
and simultaneously be parallel to it.
iv. This object is fulfilled by sending the electromagnetic wave down the
waveguide in a zig-zag fashion and making them to reflect from the side
walls in a way that a field is set-up with its maximum at or near the
centre of the waveguide and zero at walls.
Dominant Mode :
1.Definition of Dominant Mode :
Dominant mode is the lowest possible cut-
off frequency, which can be propagated in a
given waveguide or maximum wavelength.
Dominant mode is that mode for which the
cut-off wavelength assumes a maximum
value
Concept
• Half-wavelength is the lowest frequency, where the
waveguide will still be present in the properties
mentioned below
• The mode of operation of waveguide is further
divided into :
i. TEmn for the transverse electric mode. Here
electric field is i\ÁhP$åireGi070f wave
propagation.
TM m0
ii. TEmn for the transverse @magnetic mode. Here
magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction o
wave propagation.
Plane Wave at Conducting Surface
• Consider perfectly
conducting plane
and a number of
wavefronts incident propagation
on it at an angle
• The wave travels
from left to right as
shown in Fig.
Fig. plane wave at conducting surface
THANK YOU
