SPEECH CONTEXTS

Three types of speech

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context
1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
This communicati on takes place within an
individual. Intrapersonal communicati on
primarily consists of thinking-that is,
processing and interpreti ng ideas. Through
intrapersonal communicati on, you come up
with decisions and establish what you want
to say to others
O t h e r exa m p l e s o f i nt ra p e rs o n a l c o m m u n i c ati o n i n c l u d e :

a . s e l f- ta l k
b . i m a g i n ati o n a n d v i s u a l i za ti o n
c . re c o l l e c ti o n a n d re fl e c ti o n

T h ro u g h i nt ra p e rs o n a l c o m m u n i c ati o n , o n e c a n a c h i e v e t h e
fo l l o w i n g :
a . C l a r i t y o f t h o u g ht
b . Re c o g n i ti o n a n d a c c e p ta n c e o f e m o ti o n s sy s t e m ati c
decision-making
c . G e n e rati o n o f c re a ti v e i d e a s
e . Re a l i za ti o n o f i n s i g ht s b a s e d o n p e rs o n a l ex p e r i e n c e s
2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Employs vocal qualities and non-verbal elements
in order to convey meaning. This communication takes
place between and among a relatively small group of
individuals. In this process, the participants constantly
respond to one another's ideas through feedback.
There are two types of interpersonal communication:
• Dyadic communication takes place between two
people, while
• small group communication happens among three to
twelve individuals united by a common purpose
 3. Public Communication
This type of communication takes place when
an individual addresses a relatively larger
audience. In public speaking, the listeners do
not generally provide feedback (though the
speaker may ask for this at the end of his
speech) Public speaking also tends to be more
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formal than interpersonal communication
which may be casual or loose
4. Mass Communication
This communication is carried out in an
enormous scale enabled by mass media
channels. This includes print media, broadcast
media (such as TV and radio), and social media
 VERBAL COMMUNICATION
In verbal communication, you employ vocal
sounds and qualities to deliver the message.
Vocal shifts also known as prosodic qualities. As
communicator, you can harness these qualities in
order to align your vocal delivery with the message
you are trying to deliver.
By adjusting your voice, you can lead the
audience to think and feel in the way that you intend
them to do.
 Prosodic qualities that promote effective verbal communication:
1. Enunciation and Pronunciation - refers to the proper production
of the sounds in a word; while pronunciation refers to the
smooth blending of sounds to produce a word Make sure that
your enunciation and pronunciation are consistent with those of
the standard users of that language. Mispronounced words can
8 lead to confusion and, subsequently, to the breakdown of
communication.
2. Volume
This refers to the loudness of your voice. You can modify your voice
to make it loud or soft. Generally, you need to make sure that your
voice is audible enough for all your listeners to hear you. This can be
accomplished through deep breathing using the diaphragm.
 3. Intonation 4. Stress
The term "intonation" is This refers to how quickly you speak.
usually used interchangeably You can modify your voice to make it
with "pitch." Be clarified on fast or slow. You can talk fast to
this: pitch refers to the generate feelings of excitement; you
"highness and lowness of tone can speak rather slowly in order to
or voice," while intonation explain a point carefully.
9 refers to "how pitch varies in

spoken language"
5. Phrasing 6. Speed
This refers to how you group the words in This refers to how quickly
a sentence. You can set apart words by you speak. You can modify
pausing at certain points. By doing this, your voice to make it fast or
you can avoid uttering your words in an slow. You can talk fast to
incomprehensible mumble. Phrasing generate feelings of
allows every bit of your sentences to excitement; you can speak
breath; and it gives the audience time to rather slowly in order to
let every concept sink in. explain a point carefully.
 Non-verbal Communication
As powerful as your voice can be you can still harness other parts of
your body S as tools for conveying the message. To be specific, you
need to master non-verbal communication- -behavioral acts that relay
emotions intentions, and thoughts "without - the use of verbal
language"

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 Non-verbal elements include the following:
1. Eye contact - By looking at the listeners as you speak, you can
engage them in the communicative process taking place. In
contrast, lack of eye contact gives the impression that you are
disinterested in the discourse, or the audience
2. Facial expressions - Using your eyebrows, lips, and other facial
12 features can help you convey emotions in your message.

3. Head movements and body movements - You can turn your head
and move your arms, hands, legs, and feet to emphasize certain
points
4. Posture - In general, you should stand upright to attain a level of
dignity or formality as you speak. At times, to indicate a certain
level of intimacy, you can also lean slightly forward to the direction
of the audience (as if whispering a secret to them)
5. Proximity - In public speaking
situations, you can walk from one side
of the stage or venue to the other side
so that you can reach out to your
audience on both the right side and left
side. You can also try to walk towards
them or away from them (in a backward
motion).
6. Personal appearance - Your attire will
be determined by the formality that the
communicative situation demands.
Thus, you should know when to dress in
business attire, semi-formal attire, or
casual attire. In all cases, you should
look neat and presentable
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1. Intimate 2. Casual

This style is used by persons This style takes place among friends,
involved in a close relationship. who generally have no need to
Examples include married couples, maintain an air of formality among
individuals who are emotionally or themselves. The casual style may be
romantically committed to each other, observed among neighbors,
and family members. classmates, and colleagues with
friendly relations. Casual
communication is characterized by
informal speech and the use of ellipsis
or omission of certain words.
 3. Consultative 4. Formal

This style is used by strangers This style is used in strict or

who have little to no shared background. ceremonial settings. These
include school-based situations
Examples include people who and formal events. Like
are just starting to get to know one consultative communication,
another, as well as individuals who complete sentences are
conduct impersonal transactions (such employed in the formal style.
as passengers speaking to a conductor,
16 or managers speaking to clients).

In consultative communication,
informal markers are still used; but, more
often than not, complete sentences are
used and background information is
provided by the participants.
5. Frozen
This style is "reserved for the most formal occasion," and is
usually employed more in writing than in speech. Examples
include official documents and laws Frozen style is characterized
by lengthy sentences, advanced vocabulary, and highly polished
grammatical structure.
Seven strategies that can help bring order and depth to
conversations:
1. Topic nomination
This is the act of putting forward or suggesting a topic for
conversation. This may be done through the direct statement of
an opinion or news update; or it could be done through a question
that will trigger the other participants' thought process notes that
the topic being introduced must be presented "in clear, distinct,
and truthful way." By doing so, the participant nominating the
topic should exert due effort to ensure that the conversation is
rooted in honesty and clarity.
2. Topic Restriction
This is the act of limiting what will be said about the topic. The parameters set for a
conversation may be explicitly stated, or may be implied in a more subtle manner;
For example, a supervisor facilitating a meeting may say, "We shall limit all
suggestions to those within a 1-month time frame, or less." By saying this, the supervisor
clearly communicates the limitations that the meeting participants need to adhere to when
they respond. Or, the supervisor may say, "Can we talk about suggestions that are actually
doable?" Though the locutionary act is in the form of question, the illocutionary act aims to
restrict the conversation according to the supervisor's standards.
3. Turn-taking
This is the manner in which people engaged in a
conversation manage their turns to speak. Chaika (2019)
highlights the importance of timing when it comes to turn-
taking All participants in a conversation must be mindful of
verbal and non-verbal signals that indicate when a certain
person is about to wrap up his or her sharing. These signals
include shifts in intonation, changes in posture and facial
expression, and little 'pockets' of breathing space.
By recognizing the right time to step in and take turn,
you take the conversational floor in a respectful manner.
Conversely, if you begin to speak while someone else is still
explaining or narrating, you come across as a rude and
impatient communicator.
4. Topic control 5. Topic shifting
This is the ability to maintain the This is the "gradual or unexpected
focus of the conversation on the current movement" from a particular topic to
topic. Topic control can be used to prevent another related subject matter (Chaika,
the conversation from going to several 2019). This shift may be done in a slow and
directions. Also, it can help a conversation subtle manner; a communicator may
stay within a topic that needs to be smoothly move from one detail to the other,
discussed further; in this way, participants before eventually shifting to the new related
cannot just skip to the next topic, since the topic. Introductory words and phrases
matter of the conversation has not been (such as "By the way," "In addition," and
resolved yet. Topic control can be achieved "Also") can also be used to shift topics
by asking follow-up questions, using more abruptly.
sequence words such as "First. . .
then. ..finally," or saying explicit statements
such as "Before we move on, let us discuss
this further" or "Let us stay on this topic".
6. Repair
This is a correction of an utterance earlier
stated in the conversation Usually, when a
communicator attempts to repair an error, he
or she employs polite words such as "Sorry,'"
"Excuse me," and "Pardon me." Repairs may
be done by the erring person, or by another
person in the conversation. Repairs are
carried out in order "to overcome interaction
breakdown (Chaika, 2019).
7. Termination
This is the act of concluding or wrapping up a particular conversation
This may be done through verbal and non-verbal strategies, such as
shifts in volume, intonation, and speed; as well as changes in posture
or even certain hand gestures and facial expressions. Termination may
also be explicitly signaled through "close-initiating phrases," or words
that indicate the end of a discussion. These include "That's all,"
"Goodbye,'" ""See you," and other well wishes.
1. Expository Speech Tips to observe when delivering an expository
speech:
One common purpose for delivering a speech is
a. Maintain a cool, dignified aura throughout the
to explain information. In such communicative speech In an expository speech your main purpose
situations, a speech primarily explains or shows for speaking is not to entertain, but to explain. Stay
a process, a concept, or a set of facts. A calm and composed so that your audience can
understand the information you are sharing.
speech delivered for this purpose is called an
expository speech. b. At well-chosen points, however, you may insert
some humor. This is just to break the monotony of
Examples of expository speeches include: seriousness Go for jokes or expressions that will
make your audience smile or even laugh.
• delivering an academic report
C. Stress words properly. Give emphasis to
• explaining data with the use of graphic
important words or phrases by increasing the
organizers, such as charts graphs and volume of your voice or raising your intonation
slightly. This will help your audience note the key
• giving a news report points in the exposition
• holding a press conference about matters of
national concern
2. Entertaining speech
Tips to observe when delivering an
Besides delivering information, speeches can also entertainment speech:
be used to entertain. The focus shifts slightly away from the
speech's content- which is still essential--towards the a. Be loose and flexible in your performance.
delivery. If you are called upon to deliver this kind of Feel the emotions and characters of your
speech, you will be performing an entertaining speech. piece, and focus your effort on portraying
these with justice.
Examples of entertaining speeches may be derived from
funny personal experiences. Most often, the best speakers b. b. Adjust the volume of your voice and your
of entertainment speeches are comedians who deliver their intonation appropriately. There will be parts
punch lines excellently. The goal of this type of speech is to in your piece where you must speak louder
make the audience laugh and enjoy the moment or softer, or even with higher or lower pitch.
Diversity of delivery is entertaining.

c. c. Use non-verbal communication effectively.

Let your body parts aid your vocal delivery.
You can move your head, shoulders, arms,
hands, hips, legs, and feet appropriately.
3. Argumentative/Persuasive Speech Tips to observe when delivering a persuasive
speech:
This is a type of speech that
draws on two aspects in order to wield its a. Be passionate, but not angry in your delivery. Your
convincing power on the audience. One, audience might become intimidated if you appear to
the speaker provides accurate facts, be imposing orders at them. Maintain just the right
relevant statistics, and logical reasoning intensity so that they can properly digest what you are
in order to support his or her claim saying, and be convinced at the same time
(argumentation). Two, the speaker
employs well-chosen words and other b. The structure of your speech is very important. If
communicative techniques that evoke you can present your stand clearly, your audience will
particular emotional responses from the understand you well. State your claim; provide your
audience (persuasion). Either element reasoning, evidence, and examples; then, restate or
may be enough to sway an audience but summarize your claim
the formidable combination of
argumentation and persuasion can help c. Do not forget eye contact. You might be dismissed
the speech bring an even stronger as insincere or unconvincing it you cannot look
impact. directly at your audience's eyes while you are
Examples of persuasive speaking. You may look at your notes from time to
speeches are evident in orations. time, but maintain eye contact with the audience.
1. Manuscript Speech This type of speech has certain advantages:
This is delivered as a "word-for-
word iteration of a written message" 1. The speaker has enough time to develop a
(University of Minnesote Libraries, n.d.). good organization of his speech use the
The speaker of a manuscript speech uses right words, and make a good presentation
a prepared speech written in paper or without veering away from the topic or
flashed through a teleprompter. forgetting important items in his speech.

Examples of manuscripts speeches include 2. Proofreading can be done to check and

formal reports, such as chairman's reports recheck the contexts and grammatical
or evaluation reports; results of studies structure of the speech.
made; or informational reports conducted
by resource speakers. 3. The message can be accurately delivered
word-for-word.4. The speech can be
These speeches have to be accurate and
properly timed and prepared according to
important information should not be
the length of time prescribed by the
omitted. Hence, there is a need for a
organizer of the event
"manuscript"' to rely on.
This type of speech also has some Techniques to follow when delivering a
disadvantages: manuscript speech:

1.For easy reading (and hence, delivery)

1. Because the speaker focuses his the speech may be typewritten in
eyes mostly on his paper or on the bigger fonts.
teleprompt screen, he may forget to
look at his audience. Hence, the 2.The speaker must practice reading the
speech before the actual delivery. He
speech may turn to be impersonal, can practice before an audience to get
and thus, boring. feedback. Or, he can use a tape
2. The speaker may not be able to recorder to record his own voice Then,
insert right away last minute he can assess by himself if he delivered
corrections in his speech. the message right.

3. Prepared manuscripts may be marked

to signal a change of page or slide in
the power point presentation. This
marked copy may be handed over to an
aide who can assist in managing the
power point presentation.
2. Memorized Speech
Advantages of the memorized speech:
A memorized speech is a type of speech
that is recited from memory. There are no 1.Just like the manuscript speech, this type of
notes, cue cards, or teleprompts that are speech is advantageous for the speaker
used. because he can prepare his speech in
advance.
Examples of this type of speech are given
during orations, ceremonies, 2. He can also practice delivery of his speech
congratulatory speeches, or eulogies before some friends or before a mirror; and
adapt the necessary measures to correct
delivery. piece of paper, the speaker

3. Because he will not be focusing his eyes on

a memorized speech is free to apply nonverbal
strategies to highlight his of speech.
Memorized speeches also have some drawbacks:
1.Because the speech is speaker to remember every word or every
important point in his speech.
2. The speaker may be intimidated by the high expectations of the
audience regarding the delivery of his speech.

Tips in delivering a memorized speech:

1. Just like in the manuscript speech, the best tip is to organize the
speech context very well. For improvement of the prepared speech,
seek the feedback of authorized persons, if possible
2. The key to perfection is practice. Practice before a small audience,
before the mirror, or with the use of a tape recorder. Practice the
verbal (voice) as well as the nonverbal strategies that would give life
to the speech.
3. Extemporaneous Speech
In extemporaneous speaking, a speaker is given a few
minutes in order to prepare his or her piece. Some debate
speeches are delivered extemporaneously, especially when it
gets to the rebuttal portion. Other sought-after speakers who
handle seminars and events also deliver extemporaneous
speeches
4. Impromptu Speech
In impromptu speaking, a speaker has to deliver his or her speech
right after posing the question or topic.
Essentially, this is a speech rendered at the "spur of the moment".
For example:
you are asked to introduce yourself on the first day of your class, or on the
first day of your employment;
or maybe you are requested to give a toast and compliment the birthday
celebrant.
This also happens during ambush interviews, where a reporter may
approach you and ask, "What do you think of the game?"
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THANK YOU