Navyug English

Medium School
INTER DISCIPLINARY
PROJECT (2023 – 2024)

Grade : 9th

SUB : History & Geography

HISTORY / GEOGRAPHY
Forest Society and
Colonalism
Natural Vegetation

and Wild Life

ACKNOWLEGEMENT
 We would like to express our gratitude to our
Principal Mrs Sarika More and SST Teacher
Mrs. Sunita Malusare and Mr. Jahid Walile for
giving us this opportunity to do this
wonderful project which also help us in
gaining knowledge .
 We would like to thank our teacher who have

supported us a lot n finishing the project .

OVERVIEW
 The British rulers restricted the forest area
with the thought that the farmers are wasting
the area by cultivation. Therefore, the British
Government made a rule so that the forest
areas are not destroyed. Though the forest
area was preserved, the colonial Government
started using it for their commercial purpose.
WHY DEFORESTATION?
 Direct causes of deforestation
are agricultural expansion, wood extraction
(e.g., logging or wood harvest for domestic
fuel or charcoal), and infrastructure
expansion such as road building and
urbanization. The conversion of forests into
agricultural land is a big reason for
deforestation. Due to overgrowing demand
for food products, many trees are chopped
down for crops and for cattle grazing. Over
40% of the forests are cleaned to obtain land
and meet the needs of agriculture and wood.
LAND TO BE IMPROVED
 They were considered to be wilderness that
had to be brought under cultivation so that
the land could yield agricultural products and
revenue, and enhance the income of the
state. Improved land is land that has been
upgraded through any of a variety of means.
Land can be improved simply by changing
zoning restrictions, or it involve a more
considerable project such as erecting a
building or establishing utility hookups.
SLEEPERS ON THE TRACK
 Sleeper is a load distributing component of
track structure which is laid transversely to
hold the rail. Sleepers are also called "Ties"
because they tie the rails together. Now-a-
days, the sleepers used are pre-stressed
concrete elements and are commonly known
as Pre-Stressed Concrete (PSC) sleepers.
PLANTATION
 A usually large group of plants and
especially trees under cultivation. A
settlement in a new country or region.
Plantations are a type of commercial farming
where a single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane,
cashew, rubber, banana or cotton is grown. A
large amount of labor and capital are
required. The produce may be processed on
the farm itself or in nearby factories.
THE PEOPLE OF BASTAR
 The people of Bastar belonged to different
communities such as Maria and Muria Gonds,
Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. Though they
spoke different languages they shared
common customs and beliefs. The people of
Bastar believed that the Earth was sacred
and made offerings during agricultural
festivals.
THE FEARS OF PEOPLE
 When the colonial government proposed to
reserve two-thirds of the forest in 1905, and
stop shifting cultivation, hunting and
collection of forest produce, the people of
Bastar were very worried.
The people of Bastar worried when the
colonial government proposed to reserve
forest in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation
WOODCUTTERS OF JAVA
 Woodcutters of Java. The Kalangs of Java
were a skillful society of forest cutters and
shifting cultivators. The 6,000 Kalang families
were divided equally between the two
kingdoms when the Mataram kingdom of
Java split in 1755.
DUTCH SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY
 Dutch scientific forestry is the practice of using
scientific forestry management to manage forests
and increase the sustainability of forest eWhat is
Dutch scientific forestry Class 9 history?
 Dutch scientific forestry for the first time

was introduced in Java by the Dutch to control the

access of teak and non-teak forests in larger
numbers. Villagers were restricted to cultivate on
forest lands, with the minimum cutting of woods
only for making boats and houses.
WAR AND DEFORESTATION
 The Japanese exploited the forests recklessly
for their own war industries and forced forest
dwellers to cut down forests. Many villagers
took this opportunity for the expansion of
cultivation land by cutting down the forests.
After the war, it was difficult for the
Indonesian forest service to get back this
land.
NEW DEVELOPMENT IN FORESTRY
 Scientific forestry is a new development in
forestry. It is the practice of conservation and
management of forests based upon science.
It is the science of forest and plantation
technique management. . Conservation of
forests rather than collecting timber has
become a more important goal.
NATURAL VEGETATION AND
WILDLIFE
RELIEF
 Land : Land, also known as dry land, ground,
or earth, is the solid terrestrial surface
of Earth not submerged by the ocean or
another body of water. It makes up 29.2% of
Earth's surface and includes
all continents and islands. Earth's land surface is
almost entirely covered by regolith, a layer
of rock, soil, and minerals that forms the outer
part of the crust. Land plays important roles in
Earth's climate system, being involved in
the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle.
One third of land is covered in trees, another third
is used for agriculture, and one tenth is covered in
permanent snow and glaciers. The remainder
consists of desert, savannah, and prairie.
 Soil: Soil is the loose surface material that
covers most land. It consists of inorganic
particles and organic matter. Soil provides the
structural support to plants used in agriculture
and is also their source of water and nutrients.
Soils vary greatly in their chemical and physical
properties.
 Soil can be defined as the organic and inorganic

materials on the surface of the earth that

provide the medium for plant growth. Soil
develops slowly over time and is composed of
many different materials. Inorganic materials, or
those materials that are not living, include
weathered rocks and minerals....
CLIMATE
 Temperature : The temperature of an object,
usually measured in degrees-Fahrenheit or
degrees-Celsius, tells us how much heat, or
energy, the object has. A boiling cup of water
has very active molecules moving around very
quickly and producing the heat we feel on our
hands and faces. Colder objects don't have as
much energy. What is SI unit of temperature?
 The SI unit of temperature as per the

International System of Units is Kelvin which is

represented by the symbol K. The Kelvin scale
is widely accepted or used in the field of
science and engineering.
PHOTOPERIOD
 [sunlight]: Photoperiodism is the
physiological reaction of organisms to the
length of night or a dark period. It occurs in
plants and animals. Plant photoperiodism can
also be defined as the developmental
responses of plants to the relative lengths of
light and dark periods. The photoperiod,
which is the length of the light period in the
diurnal cycle of 24 h, is an important
environmental signal. Plants have evolved
sensitive mechanisms to measure the length
of the photoperiod
PRECIPITATION
 Precipitation is water released from clouds in
the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or
hail. Precipitation is the main way
atmospheric water returns to the surface of
the Earth. Most precipitation falls as rain.
 Precipitation is any liquid or frozen water that

forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the

earth. It comes in many forms, like rain,
sleet, and snow.
TYPES OF VEGETATION
 1. Tropical Evergreen Forest : Tropical
Evergreen forests are a dominant part of
the Natural vegetation in India. They flourish
in the areas having more than 200 cm of
rainfall. The evergreen forests are essential
in not only promoting greenery on the planet,
but they are also useful in the continual
survival of animals and plants in the forest
ecosystem. The trees are evergreen as there
is no period of drought. They are mostly tall
and hardwood.
 2. Tropical Deciduous Forest:
 Tropical deciduous forests are the most

widespread forests of India. They are also

called the monsoon forests and spread over
the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm
and 70 cm. Trees of this forest-type shed
their leaves for about six to eight weeks in
dry summer.
 3. Tropical Thorn Forest and Scrub : India
consists of about 7,12,249 sq. km. of the
area which is covered with forests, of which
about 16,491 sq km consist of tropical thorn
forests. Tropical thorn forests of India are
situated in the areas of southwest Punjab,
Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, and also in parts of Uttar Pradesh.
Tropical Thorn forest trees include the ber
tree, wild date palm, Babool tree, neem,
Khejri, etc. are some important.
 4.Montane Forest: Montane forests occur
between the submontane zone and the
subalpine zone. The elevation at which one
habitat changes to another varies across the
globe, ... "Montane Forest is ecosystem found
in mountains. It gets affected by colder
climate at moderate elevations. In these
areas dense forest are common. In Mountain
Forest, rainfall and temperate climate leads
to change in natural vegetation.
 5. Mangrove Forest: Mangrove forests only
grow at tropical and subtropical latitudes
near the equator because they cannot
withstand freezing temperatures. Many
mangrove forests can be recognized by their
dense tangle of prop roots that make the
trees appear to be standing on stilts above
the water. About 42 percent of the world's
mangroves are found in Asia, with 21 percent
in Africa, 15 percent in North and Central
America, 12 percent in Australia and the
islands of Oceania, and 11 percent in South
America.
WILDLIFE
 Wildlife refers to undomesticated
animal species, but has come to include all
organisms that grow or live wild in an area
without being introduced by humans. Wildlife
refers to undomesticated animal species, but
has come to include all organisms that grow
or live wild in an area without being
introduced by humans. Wildlife was also
synonymous to game: those birds and
mammals that were hunted for sport. Wildlife
can be found in all ecosystems.
FLORA
 Flora is all the plant life present in a
particular region or time, generally the
naturally occurring native plants. The
corresponding term for animals is fauna, and
for fungi, it is funga. Sometimes bacteria and
fungi are also referred to as flora as in the
terms gut flora or skin flora. Flora refers
to the plant life found in a particular region. It
is naturally occurring or the indigenous
native plant life.
FAUNA
 Fauna is all of the animal life present in a
particular region or time. The corresponding
term for plants is flora, and for fungi, it is
funga. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of
life are collectively referred to as biota. Fauna
is the term used for the animal species that
are present in a particular area in a given
geological time. The corresponding term
given to the plant species present is flora.
The diversity of an area is said by the term
flora and fauna. The scientists who study
animals of a particular region are called
faunistic.
CONCLUSION
 Due to settlement of various colonies like French,
Portugal, British, the natural vegetation and forest
area was affected.
 Europeans wanted to grow commercial crops like
coffee, Tea, Rubber.
 For the development like construction of railway
lines, the trees were cut down.
 Our Forest was also rich in natural vegetation
along with herbs which is popularly used in
Ayurveda. Due to restrictions and exploitations by
British, it could not be utilised by the commoners.
 Overall Colonialism affected to some extent
Forest, Natural vegetation, Wildlife, Flora/Fauna
directly or indirectly.
 Project Members
1.Miss. Anushka Jadhav
2.Miss. Anushka Sumbhe
3. Master. Pranav
Bhamare
4.Master. Rakesh Devasi
5.Master. Kedar Parte