EXCEL GLOBAL SCHOOL

PHYSICS Chapter 3 - Waves

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
• Demonstrate understanding that
waves transfer energy without
transferring matter
• Describe what is meant by wave
motion as illustrated by vibration in
ropes and springs and by
experiments using water waves
• Use the term wavefront
• Give the meaning of speed, • Recall and use the equation v = f λ
frequency, wavelength and
amplitude
• Distinguish between transverse
and longitudinal waves and give
suitable examples • Describe how wavelength and gap
size affects diffraction through a gap
• Describe how waves can undergo:
• Describe how wavelength affects
– reflection at a plane surface – diffraction at an edge
refraction due to a change of speed –
diffraction through a narrow gap
• Describe the use of water waves to
demonstrate reflection, refraction
and diffraction
Waves
Waves
When a stone is dropped
into a pond, ripples begin to
spread out across the
surface.
Waves
The tiny waves carry energy
– but there is no actual flow
of water across the pond.
Waves
Waves are just the
up and down
movement in water.

Peak

Troug
h
 There are other
Waves sorts of waves, such
as:
Waves are just the Sound
up and down Radio
movement in water.
Light

Peak

Troug
h
 There are other
Waves sorts of waves, such
as:
Waves are just the Sound
up and down Radio
movement in water.
Light

Waves have
features in
common, and can
be divided into two
main types:

Peak 1. Transverse
2. Longitudinal

Troug
h
Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves

The to-and-fro movements of the wave

are called oscillations. In a
transverse wave these oscillations are at
right angles to the direction in which the
energy is travelling.
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves

The to-and-fro movements of the wave

are called oscillations. In a
transverse wave these oscillations are at
right angles to the direction in which the
energy is travelling.
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
Features of transverse waves

1. Wavelength.
The distance
between any two
corresponding
points on the
wave. (metres)
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
Features of transverse waves

1. Wavelength. 2. Amplitude.
The distance The maximum
between any two displacement of
corresponding the wave from
points on the its rest point.
wave. (metres)
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
Features of transverse waves

1. Wavelength. 2. Amplitude. 3. Speed. The

The distance The maximum speed of the
between any two displacement of wave is
corresponding the wave from measured in
points on the its rest point. metres per
wave. (metres) second (m/s).
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
Features of transverse waves

4. Frequency. The number

of waves passing any
point in one second. The
unit of frequency is the
hertz (Hz). One hertz is
one vibration of the wave
per second. The time for
one oscillation is called
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
Features of transverse waves

4. Frequency. The number For example, if five complete

of waves passing any waves pass a given point in
point in one second. The one second (i.e. five
unit of frequency is the complete oscillations) then
hertz (Hz). One hertz is the frequency is 5 Hz.
one vibration of the wave
per second. The time for
one oscillation is called
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
Features of transverse waves

Remember! The frequency (in Hz) is the

number of oscillations per second.
The period (in seconds) is the time for one
complete oscillation.

Frequency = 1
period
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
The wave
equation
Linking together
speed,
frequency and
wavelength.
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
The wave
equation
Linking together
speed,
frequency and
wavelength.

Speed = frequency x
wavelength
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
The wave
equation
Linking together
speed,
frequency and
wavelength.

Speed = frequency x
wavelength (λ = Greek letter
v = fλ lambda)
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
The wave
equation
Linking together
speed,
frequency and
wavelength.

Speed = frequency x
wavelength (λ = Greek letter
v = fλ lambda)

m/s Hz m
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
The wave
equation
Linking together
speed,
frequency and
wavelength.

Example 1: a wave has a

wavelength of 12m. Calculate
the wave speed if it has a
frequency of 20 Hz.
v = fλ
v = 20 x 12
v = 240 m/s
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
The wave
equation
Linking together
speed,
frequency and
wavelength.

Example 1: a wave has a Example 2: a wave has a

wavelength of 12m. Calculate frequency of 10 Hz. Calculate the
the wave speed if it has a wavelength if it has a wave speed
frequency of 20 Hz. of 50 m/s.
v = fλ v = fλ
v = 20 x 12 λ = v / f
v = 240 m/s λ = 50 / 10
λ = 5m
 Transverse Eg. light, ultra-violet, gamma
rays, radio.
Waves
The wave
equation
Linking together
speed,

v
frequency and
wavelength.

Example 1: a wave has a Example 2: a wave has a

wavelength of 12m. Calculate frequency of 10 Hz. Calculate the
the wave speed if it has a wavelength if it has a wave speed
frequency of 20 Hz.
v = fλ
v = 20 x 12
v = 240 m/s
f λ
of 50 m/s.
v = fλ
λ = v / f
λ = 50 / 10
λ = 5m
 Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave
 Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave

Compressi Rarefaction
on
 Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave

Compressi Rarefaction
on
In longitudinal waves the
oscillations (vibrations)
are backwards and
forwards. The different
sections are known as
compressions and
rarefactions.
 Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave

Compressi Rarefaction
on
In longitudinal waves the
The oscillations in
oscillations (vibrations)
longitudinal waves are in
are backwards and
the direction of travel.
forwards. The different
sections are known as
Sound waves are
compressions and
longitudinal waves.
rarefactions.
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.
Paddle
vibrates to
produce
waves.

wavefronts

A ripple tank
produces
water waves
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank
that can be
reflected,
refracted and
diffracted.
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.

If a plain
barrier is put
in the way
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank
then the
waves are
reflected.
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.

If a block is
submerged in
the tank then
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank
the waves
are refracted.
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.
The block
makes the
water
more
shallow
which
slows the
waves
down.
If a block is
submerged in
the tank then
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank
the waves
are refracted.
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.

If there is a
gap in the
barrier then
the waves
will be
reflected – if
the gap is
smaller than
the
wavelength
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank
of the waves.
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.

However, if
the gap in
the barrier is
similar in
width to the
wavelength
of the wave,
then the
wavefronts
are
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank
diffracted.
Looking at Waves
We can study the properties of waves by
using a ripple tank.

If the gap in
the barrier is
larger than
the
wavelength
of the waves,
then the
wave will
pass through
unchanged
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_tank
apart from
slight
diffraction at
the edges.
Looking at Waves
Looking at Waves
Looking at Waves
Looking at Waves
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the formation of an optical Describe the formation of an optical image
image by a plane mirror, and give its by a plane mirror, and give its
characteristics characteristics
• Recall and use the law angle of incidence • Recall and use the law angle of incidence
= angle of reflection = angle of reflection
Describe an experimental demonstration of Recall and use the definition of refractive
the refraction of light index n in terms of speed
• Use the terminology for the angle of • Recall and use the equation sin I / sin r=n
incidence i and angle of refraction r and • Recall and use n = n = 1 / sin c
describe the passage of light through • Describe and explain the action of optical
parallel-sided transparent material fibres particularly in medicine and
• Give the meaning of critical angle communications technology
• Describe internal and total internal
reflection
Describe the action of a thin converging
lens on a beam of light
• Use the terms principal focus and focal
length
• Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a Draw and use ray diagrams for the
real image by a single lens formation of a virtual image by a single lens
• Describe the nature of an image using • Use and describe the use of a single lens
the terms enlarged/same size/diminished as a magnifying glass • Show understanding
and upright/inverted of the terms real image and virtual image
Reflection in a Plane
Mirror

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane
Mirror
Normal

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane
Mirror
Normal

Incident ray

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane
Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane
Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane
Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection REMINDER: always use
a ruler to draw light
rays (light travels in
straight lines) and don’t
forget to include arrows
showing direction of
light.

Plane mirror
Reflection in a Plane
Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection

Plane mirror

Laws of reflection:
Reflection in a Plane
Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection

Plane mirror

Laws of reflection:

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Reflection in a Plane
Mirror
Normal

Incident ray Reflected ray

Angle of Angle of
incidence reflection

Plane mirror

Laws of reflection:

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie
in the same plane (i.e. the two rays and the normal can
all be drawn on a single sheet of flat paper).
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

The image in the mirror

looks the same as the
object, but it is
laterally inverted
(back to front).
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

The image in the mirror

looks the same as the
object, but it is The image formed
laterally inverted is upright, but it is
(back to front). a virtual image
(doesn’t really
exist).
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

Dotted lines show

the construction of
the virtual image)
The image in the mirror
looks the same as the
object, but it is The image formed
laterally inverted is upright, but it is
(back to front). a virtual image
(doesn’t really
exist).
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

Normal view from the

front.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

Normal view from the Same view as seen in

front. the rear view mirror of
a car.
Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?

Normal view from the Same view as seen in

front. the rear view mirror of
a car.

The word AMBULANCE is laterally inverted so

that it reads correctly when seen in a driving
mirror.
 Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by
experiment.

Put a mirror
upright on a
piece of paper.
Put a pin in front
of the mirror –
mark the
position of the
pin and mirror.
 Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by
experiment.

Line up one edge

of the ruler with
the image of the
pin. Draw a line
to mark the
position.
 Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by
experiment.

Repeat with the

ruler in a
different
position.
 Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by
experiment.

Take away the

ruler and mirror
– where the two
lines meet is the
position of the
image.
 Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by Test the position
experiment.
by putting a
second pin
exactly where
the image was
marked. The
second pin
should stay in
line with the
mirror image
where-ever you
view it from =
no parallax.
 Where is the image in a Plane Mirror?
Finding this image by
experiment.

Rules for mirror

images:
1. Image is the
same size as
the object.
2. Image is as
far behind the
mirror as the
X X object is in
front.
 Refraction
• Refraction is the
bending of light
when it travels from
one medium to
another.
 Refraction
• Refraction is the
bending of light
when it travels from
one medium to
another.

• A ‘medium’ is glass,
or air, or water
 Refraction

Air

Glass
block
 Refraction
Light passing through a
glass block at right angles
to the surface will not be
refracted. The rays will
pass straight through. Air

Glass
block
 Refraction

Air

Glass
block

Normal
line
 Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

Glass
block

Normal
line
 Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

Glass
block

Refracted
light ray Angle of
refraction
Normal
line
 Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray
When passing from
a less dense
medium (air) to a
Glass more dense
block medium (glass)
light bends
towards the
Refracted normal.

light ray Angle of

refraction
Normal
line
 Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

Glass
block

Refracted
light ray Angle of
refraction
Normal
line
 Refraction
Angle of
incidence Incident
Air light ray

Glass
block

Refracted
light ray Angle of
The ray emerges
refraction
from the block Normal
parallel to its original
direction. line
 Refraction
So why is
light
refracted?
Air

Glass
block

Normal
line
 Refraction
So why is
light
refracted?
Air

Glass Light is
made up
block of many
tiny waves

Normal
line
 Refraction
So why is
light
refracted?
Air

Glass Light is
made up
When light beams pass block of many
from air into glass one tiny waves
side is slowed before
the other. This causes
the light beam to
‘bend’
 Connecting the learning.
What happens as a ray of light enters a glass
block?
It bends towards the normal.

Why?
Because the speed of light changes
Real and Apparent Depth
 What is the
‘refractive index’?
 What is the
‘refractive index’?

The refractive
index of a medium
(glass, water) is
defined as the
speed of light in a
vacuum divided by
the speed of light
in the medium.
 What is the
‘refractive index’?

Refractive
The refractive Medium
index
index of a medium Vacuum 1.0000
(glass, water) is Air 1.0003
defined as the Water 1.3333
speed of light in a Glass 1.5200
vacuum divided by Diamond 2.4170
the speed of light Perspex 1.4900
in the medium.

Refractive index = Speed of light in a

vacuum
Speed of light in
medium
Refraction of light by a
prism.

White light
Refraction of light by a
prism.

Refraction
Refraction of light by a
prism.
Refraction of light by a
prism.

This effect is called dispersion

Refraction of light by a
prism.

This effect is called dispersion

Refraction of light by a
prism.

This effect is called dispersion

It happens because white is a

mixture of all the colours in the
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Give a qualitative account of the Recall that light of a single frequency is
dispersion of light as shown by the described as monochromatic
action on light of a glass prism including
the seven colours of the spectrum in
their correct order
Describe the main features of the State that the speed of electromagnetic
electromagnetic spectrum in order of waves in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108 m / s
wavelength and is approximately the same in air
• State that all e.m. waves travel with
the same high speed in a vacuum
• Describe typical properties and uses
of radiations in all the different regions
of the electromagnetic spectrum
including: – r adio and television
communications (radio waves) – s
atellite television and telephones
(microwaves) – e lectrical appliances,
remote controllers for televisions and
intruder alarms (infra-red) – medicine
and security (X-rays)
• Demonstrate an awareness of safety
issues regarding the use of microwaves
and X-rays
Refraction of light by a
prism.

White light
Refraction of light by a
prism.

Refraction
Refraction of light by a
prism.
Refraction of light by a
prism.

This effect is called dispersion

Refraction of light by a
prism.

This effect is called dispersion

Refraction of light by a
prism.

This effect is called dispersion

It happens because white is a

mixture of all the colours in the
Wavelength and colour

White light is made up of different

colours with wavelengths ranging
from 0.0004mm (violet) to
0.0007mm (red).
Wavelength and colour

White light is made up of different

colours with wavelengths ranging
from 0.0004mm (violet) to
0.0007mm (red).

Lasers, however, only emit

light of a single colour and
wavelength.
This type of light is known
as monochromatic light.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the formation of an optical Describe the formation of an optical image
image by a plane mirror, and give its by a plane mirror, and give its
characteristics characteristics
• Recall and use the law angle of incidence • Recall and use the law angle of incidence
= angle of reflection = angle of reflection
Describe an experimental demonstration of Recall and use the definition of refractive
the refraction of light index n in terms of speed
• Use the terminology for the angle of • Recall and use the equation sin I / sin r=n
incidence i and angle of refraction r and • Recall and use n = 1 / sin c
describe the passage of light through • Describe and explain the action of optical
parallel-sided transparent material fibres particularly in medicine and
• Give the meaning of critical angle communications technology
• Describe internal and total internal
reflection
Describe the action of a thin converging
lens on a beam of light
• Use the terms principal focus and focal
length
• Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a Draw and use ray diagrams for the
real image by a single lens formation of a virtual image by a single lens
• Describe the nature of an image using • Use and describe the use of a single lens
the terms enlarged/same size/diminished as a magnifying glass • Show understanding
and upright/inverted of the terms real image and virtual image
Refraction of light by a
semi-circular block.
Refracted Ray

Angle of
R
Refraction

Angle of
I
Incidence

Incident Ray
Refraction of light by a
semi-circular block.
Refracted Ray
When a ray of light travels
through a semi-circular block,
the ray will be refracted ………
Angle of
R
Refraction

Angle of
I
Incidence

Incident Ray
Refraction of light by a
semi-circular block.
Refracted Ray
When a ray of light travels
through a semi-circular block,
the ray will be refracted ………
Angle of
R
Refraction

Angle of Reflected Ray

I
Incidence

…… but there will

also be some
reflection.
Incident Ray
Refraction of light by a
semi-circular block.
As the incident ray
approaches the ‘critical angle’
(approximately 42o) the
refracted ray travels at right-
angles to the normal. Refracted Ray

Incident Ray
Reflected Ray

There is
now more
internal
reflection
Refraction of light by a
semi-circular block.

If the incident ray now enters the block at

an angle greater than the critical angle
(42o) no light is refracted.

Incident Ray Reflected Ray

Refraction of light by a
semi-circular block.

If the incident ray now enters the block at

an angle greater than the critical angle
(42o) no light is refracted.

Incident Ray Reflected Ray

All light is now reflected at the boundary.

This is known as TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
Refraction of light by a
semi-circular block.
Medium Critical
angle
If the incident ray now enters the block at
Water 49 o
an angle greater than the critical angle
Perspex 42o (42o) no light is refracted.
Glass 41o
Diamon 24o
d

Incident Ray Reflected Ray

All light is now reflected at the boundary.

This is known as TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
 Refraction
Calculations
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s
Law
When light is
refracted, an
increase in the angle
of incidence i
produces an increase
in the angle of
refraction r.
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s
Law
When light is
refracted, an
increase in the angle
of incidence i
produces an increase
in the angle of
refraction r.

Sin i =
constant
Sin r
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s
Law
Air i = 15o

Glass r = 10o

sin 15o = 0.26

sin 10o = 0.17

= 1.5
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s
Law
Air i = 15o i = 45o

Glass r = 10o r = 28o

sin 15o = 0.26 sin 45o = 0.71

sin 10o = 0.17 sin 28o = 0.47

= 1.5 = 1.5
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s
Law
Air i = 15o i = 45o i = 60o

Glass r = 10o r = 28o r = 35o

sin 15o = 0.26 sin 45o = 0.71 sin 60o = 0.87

sin 10o = 0.17 sin 28o = 0.47 sin 35o = 0.57

= 1.5 = 1.5 = 1.5

 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive
Index
Law
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive
Index
Law

Refractive Index = Sin i

Sin r
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive
Index
Law

Air
Refractive Index = Sin i
Sin r i = 45o

RI =
1.33 ?
Water
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive
Index
Law
RI = sin i
sin r
Air
Refractive Index = Sin i
Sin r 1.33 = sin
i = 45o
45o
sin r

RI =
1.33 ? sin r = sin
45o
Water
1.33

sin r =
0.532
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive …and Critical
Index Angles!
Law
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive …and Critical
Index Angles!
Law

If the angle of incidence is

greater than the critical
angle, we will get total
internal reflection.
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive …and Critical
Index Angles!
Law

If the ray direction is

Critical angle
Incident Ray reversed, the angle of
incidence is now 90o, and
c the angle ‘c’ is now the
angle of refraction
Refracted Ray (critical angle).
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive …and Critical
Index Angles!
Law

If the ray direction is

Critical angle
Incident Ray reversed, the angle of
incidence is now 90o, and
c the angle ‘c’ is now the
angle of refraction
Refracted Ray (critical angle).
RI = sin i = sin90o
sin c sin c
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive …and Critical
Index Angles!
Law

If the ray direction is

Critical angle
Incident Ray reversed, the angle of
incidence is now 90o, and
c the angle ‘c’ is now the
angle of refraction
Refracted Ray (critical angle).
RI = sin i = sin90o
sin c sin c
RI = 1 sin c = 1
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive …and Critical
Index Angles!
Law
If the RI of glass = 1.5: sin c = 1 = 0.67 c =
42o
1.5
If the ray direction is
Critical angle
Incident Ray reversed, the angle of
incidence is now 90o, and
c the angle ‘c’ is now the
angle of refraction
Refracted Ray (critical angle).
RI = sin i = sin90o
sin c sin c
RI = 1 sin c = 1
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive …and Critical
Index Angles!
Law
The refractive index of a medium is usually
42o
denoted
If the RI of glassas ‘n’.
= 1.5: sin c = 1 = 0.67 c =

1.5
For a medium of refractive index n: sin c
Critical angle
=1
Incident Ray

c
n
 Supplement
Refraction
Calculations
Snell’s …and Refractive …and Critical
Index Angles!
Law
The refractive index of a medium is usually
42o
denoted
If the RI of glassas ‘n’.
= 1.5: sin c = 1 = 0.67 c =

1.5
For a medium of refractive index n: sin c
Critical angle
=1
Incident Ray

c
n
eg. What is the critical angle for diamond if the refractive index (n) =
2.42?

sin c = 1 = 1 = 0.413 critical angle for diamond

= 24.4o
n 2.42
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the formation of an optical Describe the formation of an optical image
image by a plane mirror, and give its by a plane mirror, and give its
characteristics characteristics
• Recall and use the law angle of incidence • Recall and use the law angle of incidence
= angle of reflection = angle of reflection
Describe an experimental demonstration of Recall and use the definition of refractive
the refraction of light index n in terms of speed
• Use the terminology for the angle of • Recall and use the equation sin I / sin r=n
incidence i and angle of refraction r and • Recall and use n = 1 / sin c
describe the passage of light through • Describe and explain the action of optical
parallel-sided transparent material fibres particularly in medicine and
• Give the meaning of critical angle communications technology
• Describe internal and total internal
reflection
Describe the action of a thin converging
lens on a beam of light
• Use the terms principal focus and focal
length
• Draw ray diagrams for the formation of a Draw and use ray diagrams for the
real image by a single lens formation of a virtual image by a single lens
• Describe the nature of an image using • Use and describe the use of a single lens
the terms enlarged/same size/diminished as a magnifying glass • Show understanding
and upright/inverted of the terms real image and virtual image
Lenses and Refraction

Convex lens Concave lens

Lenses and Refraction

Convex lens Concave lens

Converging Diverging
lens lens
Lenses and Refraction

Convex lens Concave lens

Converging Diverging
lens lens
Principal
focus

Focal length
Lenses and Refraction

Convex lens Concave lens

Converging Diverging
lens lens
Principal Principal
focus focus

Focal length Focal length

Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?

As light passes through

the first face of the lens it
bends towards the normal
(refraction)
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?

As light passes through

the first face of the lens it
bends towards the normal
(refraction)
As light passes through
the second face of the
lens it bends away from
the normal (refraction)
Lenses and Refraction

What happens to Convex lens

light as it passes
through the lens?

As light passes through

the first face of the lens it
bends towards the normal
(refraction)
As light passes through
the second face of the
lens it bends away from
the normal (refraction)
Lenses and Images
Rays from a distant object brought to focus
on a screen by a convex lens.

Object Convex Image

lens
Lenses and Images
Rays from a distant object brought to focus
on a screen by a convex lens.

Object Convex Image

lens
The image on
the screen is
real and
inverted
(upside-down)
 Lenses and Images
Rays from a distant object brought to focus
on a screen by a convex lens.

Object Convex Image

lens
Light rays from a distant object are The image on
considered to be parallel to each the screen is
other, so the image passes through real and
the principal focus. inverted
(upside-down)
 Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

F1 F
 Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

Standard Ray 1 – passes

through the centre of the
lens
object

F1 F
 Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

Standard Ray 1 – passes

through the centre of the Standard Ray 2 – parallel
lens to the principal axis, and
then passes through F after
object
leaving the lens.

F1 F
 Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

Standard Ray 1 – passes

through the centre of the Standard Ray 2 – parallel
lens to the principal axis, and
then passes through F after
object
leaving the lens.

F1 F

Standard Ray 3 – passes

through F1, and then leaves
the lens parallel to the
principal axis.
 Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

Standard Ray 1 – passes

through the centre of the Standard Ray 2 – parallel
lens to the principal axis, and
then passes through F after
object
leaving the lens.

F1 F
The image
produced is
Standard Ray 3 – passes real, inverted
through F1, and then leaves and smaller
the lens parallel to the
principal axis.
than the
object.
 Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

Standard Ray 1 – passes

through the centre of the Standard Ray 2 – parallel
lens to the principal axis, and
then passes through F after
object
leaving the lens.

F1 F
The image
produced is
Standard Ray 3 – passes real, inverted
through F1, and then leaves and smaller
the lens parallel to the
principal axis.
than the
object.

Only two of the

standard rays are
required to work
out where they go.
 Lenses and Ray Diagrams
- Predicting where a convex lens will form an image.

Standard Ray 1 – passes

through the centre of the Standard Ray 2 – parallel
lens to the principal axis, and
then passes through F after
object
leaving the lens.

F1 F
The image
produced is
Standard Ray 3 – passes real, inverted
through F1, and then leaves and smaller
the lens parallel to the
principal axis.
than the
object.
As the object is
moved closer
Only two of the towards the lens,
standard rays are the image becomes
required to work bigger and further
out where they go. away.
 Uses of Convex Lenses
1. In a projector
 Uses of Convex Lenses
1. As a magnifying glass

F1 F
Object
between
F1 and
lens
 Uses of Convex Lenses
2. As a magnifying glass

F1 F
Object
between
F1 and
lens
 Uses of Convex Lenses
2. As a magnifying glass The rays appear to be coming
from a position behind the lens.
The image is upright and
magnified, and it is called a
virtual image because no rays
actually meet to form it and the
image cannot be formed on a
screen.
F1 F
The Object
image is between
virtual, F1 and
upright lens
and
magnified
.
 Ray Diagram for a Concave
Lens
- Predicting where a concave lens will form an image.

F
 Ray Diagram for a Concave
Lens
- Predicting where a concave lens will form an image.

object

F
The image
is virtual,
upright and
diminished
(smaller
than the
object).
Jacques Daviel - Expert

For centuries despite

some documentation of
primitive ECCE,
couching was the main
procedure for cataracts
until 1747 when French
surgeon Jacques Daviel,
often credited as the
father of modern
cataract extraction
Muller, a German glassblower that used
Herschel's ideas to come up with the
first known glass contact lens back in
1887. Other reports say that it was
actually Adolf E. Fick and Edouard Kalt, a
Paris optician that created and fitted the
first glass contact lenses for correcting
vision problems back in 1888
Normal Eye
Short sighted
eye
Normal
Eye
Short sighted eye correction
Long sighted
eye
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the production of sound
by vibrating sources
• Describe the longitudinal nature of
Describe compression and rarefaction
sound waves
• State that the approximate range
of audible frequencies for a healthy
human ear is 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
• Show an understanding of the term
ultrasound
• Show an understanding that a
medium is needed to transmit sound
waves State typical values of the speed of
• Describe an experiment to sound in gases, liquids and solids
determine the speed of sound in air
• Relate the loudness and pitch of
sound waves to amplitude and
frequency
• Describe how the reflection of
sound may produce an echo
Sound
What is
sound?
Sound
What is
sound?

Sound is a
series of waves
(sound waves)
caused by
vibrations.
Sound
What is
sound? When a drum is struck, the
skin vibrates backwards and
forwards very quickly, sending
sound waves through the air
to your ears.
Sound is a
series of waves
(sound waves)
caused by
vibrations.
 Sound
What is
sound? When a drum is struck, the
skin vibrates backwards and
forwards very quickly, sending
sound waves through the air
to your ears.
Sound is a
Sound waves series of waves
travel as a series
of (sound waves)
compressions caused by
and
rarefactions vibrations.
through the air.
They are
longitudinal
 Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave
 Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave

Compressi Rarefaction
on
 Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave

Compressi Rarefaction
on
In longitudinal waves the
oscillations (vibrations)
are backwards and
forwards. The different
sections are known as
compressions and
rarefactions.
 Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave

Compressi Rarefaction
on
In longitudinal waves the
The oscillations in
oscillations (vibrations)
longitudinal waves are in
are backwards and
the direction of travel.
forwards. The different
sections are known as
Sound waves are
compressions and
longitudinal waves.
rarefactions.
Sound
Waves
Sound
Waves

Sound Wave –
Key Fact

Sound waves
are
longitudinal
waves.
Sound
Waves
Sound Wave –
Key Fact
Sound waves need a
medium (material)
to travel through –
they cannot travel
through a vacuum
(empty space)
Sound
Waves

Sound Wave –
Key Fact

Sound waves can

travel through
solids, liquids
and gases.
Speed of Sound
Sound travels
at 330
metres per
second
(330m/s), or
760 mph.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
Sound travels much faster than
at 330 the sound of
thunder.
metres per A 3 second gap between the
flash of lightning and the sound
second
of thunder means that the storm is
(330m/s), or about a kilometre away.
760 mph.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
Sound travels much faster than
at 330 the sound of
thunder.
metres per A 3 second gap between the
flash of lightning and the sound
second
of thunder means that the storm is
(330m/s), or about a kilometre away.
760 mph.
The Speed of Sound:
Depends upon the
temperature of the
air. Sound travels
faster through hot air
than through cold air.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
Sound travels much faster than
at 330 the sound of
thunder.
metres per A 3 second gap between the
flash of lightning and the sound
second
of thunder means that the storm is
(330m/s), or about a kilometre away.
760 mph.
The Speed of Sound:
Depends upon the Does not depend
temperature of the upon the pressure of
air. Sound travels the air. If atmospheric
faster through hot air pressure changes,
than through cold air. speed does not.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
Sound travels much faster than
at 330 the sound of
thunder.
metres per A 3 second gap between the
flash of lightning and the sound
second
of thunder means that the storm is
(330m/s), or about a kilometre away.
760 mph.
The Speed of Sound:
Depends upon the Does not depend Is different through
temperature of the upon the pressure of different materials.
air. Sound travels the air. If atmospheric Eg. Fastest through
faster through hot air pressure changes, solids, then liquids,
than through cold air. speed does not. then gases.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
Sound travels much faster than
at 330 the sound of
thunder.
metres per A 3 second gap between the
flash of lightning and the sound
second
of thunder means that the storm is
(330m/s), or about a kilometre away.
760 mph.
The Speed of Sound:
Depends upon the Does not depend Is different through
temperature of the upon the pressure of different materials.
air. Sound travels the air. If atmospheric Eg. Fastest through
faster through hot air pressure changes, solids, then liquids,
than through cold air. speed does not. then gases.
Air (dry) at 0oC = 330m/s, water at 0oC = 1400m/s, concrete = 5000m/s
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?

SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?

SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?

SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres

75 metres
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?

SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres

75 metres

Time
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?

SPEED = DISTANCE Speed = 150 333 m/s

TIME 0.45

75 metres

75 metres

Time
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
As the vacuum pump
is switched on, air is
drawn out of the bell
jar. The bell begins
to get quieter.
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
As the vacuum pump
is switched on, air is
drawn out of the bell
jar. The bell begins
to get quieter.

Eventually, all of the

air particles will have
been drawn out of the
bell jar.

We can see the bell

ringing, but we can’t
hear it
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?

Conclusions:

Sound needs particles

to travel.

Sound cannot travel

through a vacuum.

Sound cannot travel

through space,
because there are no
particles.
Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?
Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?
Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?

Sound travels faster through a

solid because the particles are
more densely packed together.
 Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?
Concrete = 5000m/s, Water at 0oC = 1400m/s, Air (dry) at 0oC = 330m/s

Sound travels faster through a

solid because the particles are
more densely packed together.
 An echo is a
reflected sound
wave.
Echoes used for Navigation
A boat sends out a sound wave
so that the captain can
calculate the depth of water.

The captain knows that the

speed of sound in water is 1500
m/s

Distance = speed x time

A boat sends out a sound wave
so that the captain can
calculate the depth of water.

The captain knows that the

speed of sound in water is 1500
m/s

Distance = speed x time

But don’t forget that the sound

has travelled there and back so
we will need to divide our
answer by two to get the depth.
Depth of water = speed x time
2

Calculate the depth if:

Speed
Time (s)
(m/s)
1 1500 0.2

2 1500 1.1

3 1500 0.5

4 1500 1.6

5 1500 2.1

6 1500 0.8
Depth of water = speed x time
2

Calculate the depth if:

Speed Time Depth

(m/s) (s) (m)
1 1500 0.2 150

2 1500 1.1 825

3 1500 0.5 375

4 1500 1.6 1200

5 1500 2.1 1575

6 1500 0.8 600

 Using sound
Radar Sonar
• Used to detect objects in
air, eg. aircraft.
 Using sound
Radar Sonar
• Used to detect objects in • Used to detect objects
air, eg. aircraft. under water, eg.
submarines
Seeing the sound

Loudspeakers
convert the signal The oscilloscope
from the signal allows us to study
generator into the frequency and
sound waves. loudness of a
Signal generators can sound.
produce signals over a
range of frequencies
and of varying
amplitudes.
Pitch (or frequency)

A high pitch sound A low pitch sound.

The shorter the wavelength of the wave on the trace; the higher the
frequency of the sound.

The more waves you can see, the higher the pitch/frequency.
Loudness

A quiet sound A loud sound

The larger the amplitude of the wave on the trace;

the louder the sound.

The bigger the waves you can see, the louder the sound.
So what is
our range
of hearing?
 So what is
our range
of hearing?

Human Ma 20,000 Hz

s x

Min 20 Hz
 So what is
our range
of hearing?

Bat Ma 120,000 Hz

Min 1,000 Hz
 So what is
our range
of hearing?

Dolphin Ma 150,000 Hz

Min 150 Hz
 So what is
our range
of hearing?

Dog Ma 50,000 Hz

Min 15 Hz
 So what is
our range
of hearing?

Cat Ma 65,000 Hz

Min 60 Hz
 So what is
our range
of hearing?

Ultrasonic cat scarer (20kHz – 30kHz

 Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
above 20,000Hz)
 Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)

1. Industrial cleaning
– eg. of circuit
boards and teeth.
 Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)

1. Industrial cleaning
– eg. of circuit
boards and teeth.

2. Breaking down
kidney stones.
 Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)

3. Industrial quality
control.- eg. Detecting
cracks in a metal.
 Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)

4. Pre-natal
scanning of a
foetus
3. Industrial quality
control.- eg. Detecting
cracks in a metal.
 Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)

4. Pre-natal
scanning of a
foetus
3. Industrial quality
control.- eg. Detecting 5. Range and
cracks in a metal. direction
finding - SONAR
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Give a qualitative account of the Recall that light of a single frequency is
dispersion of light as shown by the described as monochromatic
action on light of a glass prism including
the seven colours of the spectrum in
their correct order
Describe the main features of the State that the speed of electromagnetic
electromagnetic spectrum in order of waves in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108 m / s
wavelength and is approximately the same in air
• State that all e.m. waves travel with
the same high speed in a vacuum
• Describe typical properties and uses
of radiations in all the different regions
of the electromagnetic spectrum
including: – r adio and television
communications (radio waves) – s
atellite television and telephones
(microwaves) – e lectrical appliances,
remote controllers for televisions and
intruder alarms (infra-red) – medicine
and security (X-rays)
• Demonstrate an awareness of safety
issues regarding the use of microwaves
and X-rays
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum

1. They can travel through a vacuum (eg. Space)

Features of the
electromagnetic
spectrum
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum

1. They can travel through a vacuum (eg. Space)

Features of the 2. In a vacuum they travel at a speed of 300 000
electromagnetic kilometres per second.
spectrum
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum

1. They can travel through a vacuum (eg. Space)

Features of the 2. In a vacuum they travel at a speed of 300 000
electromagnetic kilometres per second.
spectrum 3. They are all transverse waves, with
oscillations at right angles to the direction of
travel.
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum

1. They can travel through a vacuum (eg. Space)

Features of the 2. In a vacuum they travel at a speed of 300 000
electromagnetic kilometres per second.
spectrum 3. They are all transverse waves, with
oscillations at right angles to the direction of
travel.
4. Electromagnetic waves transfer energy.
 The Electromagnetic Wavelength
Spectrum (m)

104 10-1 10-3 10-6 10-7 10-9 10- 10-

11 14
 The Electromagnetic Frequency
Spectrum (Hz)

105 1010 1012 1014 1015 1017 1019 1022

Wavelengths decrease going along Frequencies increase going along
the EM spectrum from radio waves the EM spectrum from radio waves
to gamma rays. to gamma rays.
Wavelengths decrease going along Frequencies increase going along
the EM spectrum from radio waves the EM spectrum from radio waves
to gamma rays. to gamma rays.

Radio wave photons have the lowest frequency

and the least energy, and gamma ray photons
have the highest frequency and the most energy.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Intensity and
distance

Whenever
radiation is
absorbed by
matter, photons
transfer their
energy to the
matter.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Intensity and
distance

The energy
Whenever
deposited by a
radiation is
beam of electrons
absorbed by
depends upon the
matter, photons
number of
transfer their
photons and the
energy to the
energy of each
matter.
photon.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Intensity and
distance

The energy
Whenever The intensity of
deposited by a
radiation is radiation means
beam of electrons
absorbed by how much energy
depends upon the
matter, photons arrives at each
number of
transfer their square metre of
photons and the
energy to the surface per
energy of each
matter. second (W/m2).
photon.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Intensity and
distance

The energy
Whenever The intensity of
deposited by a
radiation is radiation means The intensity of a
beam of electrons
absorbed by how much energy beam of radiation
depends upon the
matter, photons arrives at each decreases with
number of
transfer their square metre of distance from the
photons and the
energy to the surface per source.
energy of each
matter. second (W/m2).
photon.
 1. The beam gets spread
The Electromagnetic out
2. The beam gets
Spectrum partially absorbed as it
travels.
Intensity and
distance

The energy
Whenever The intensity of
deposited by a
radiation is radiation means The intensity of a
beam of electrons
absorbed by how much energy beam of radiation
depends upon the
matter, photons arrives at each decreases with
number of
transfer their square metre of distance from the
photons and the
energy to the surface per source.
energy of each
matter. second (W/m2).
photon.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
…. and ionisation
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
…. and ionisation Some high energy EM radiation
(ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma
rays) are known as ionising radiation
because they have enough energy to
remove an electron from an atom or
molecule)
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
…. and ionisation Some high energy EM radiation
(ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma
rays) are known as ionising radiation
because they have enough energy to
remove an electron from an atom or
molecule)
Before ionisation

photon

Atom or
molecul
e
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
…. and ionisation Some high energy EM radiation
(ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma
rays) are known as ionising radiation
because they have enough energy to
remove an electron from an atom or
molecule)
Before ionisation After ionisation

photon electron

Changed
Atom or atom or
molecul molecule
e

The photon hits the atom or molecule, and

removes an electron.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
…. and ionisation Some high energy EM radiation
(ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma
rays) are known as ionising radiation
because they have enough energy to
remove an electron from an atom or
molecule)
Before ionisation After ionisation If cells are exposed to ionising
radiation, they can damage the
DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
photon electron This can cause mutations, and
the cells divide constantly
Changed
Atom or atom or without control – this is cancer.
molecul molecule
Very high doses of ionising
e
radiation can kill cells.
Excessive exposure to UV
radiation can lead to sunburn or
The photon hits the atom or molecule, and even skin cancer.
removes an electron. Increased exposure = more
The Electromagnetic
…. and dangers
Spectrum
 The Electromagnetic
…. and dangers
Spectrum

X - rays

X-rays are used by radiographers

in hospitals to check for broken
bones.
X-rays pass easily through flesh,
but are absorbed by denser
materials like bone and metal.
X-ray imaging is also used in
airports to check the contents of
bags.

Precautions: radiograhers wear

lead aprons or stand behind
concrete to protect themselves.
 The Electromagnetic
…. and dangers
Spectrum

X - rays Microwave
s

X-rays are used by radiographers Microwaves are used to send

in hospitals to check for broken signals between mobile phones
bones. and mobile phone masts.
X-rays pass easily through flesh, When you make calls on your
but are absorbed by denser mobile, your phone emits
materials like bone and metal. microwave radiation. Some of this is
X-ray imaging is also used in absorbed by your body and may
airports to check the contents of cause heating of body tissues.
bags. This heating could result in medical
conditions, possibly including
Precautions: radiograhers wear cancer, but there is no conclusive
lead aprons or stand behind evidence.
concrete to protect themselves.
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum Uses
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum Uses

Broadcasting
Communications,
Satellite
transmissions
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum Uses

Broadcasting Cooking,
Communications, Communications,
Satellite Satellite
transmissions transmissions
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum Uses

Cooking, thermal
Broadcasting Cooking, imaging, short range
Communications, Communications, communications,
Satellite Satellite optical fibres, TV
transmissions transmissionsremote controls,
security systems.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum Uses

Cooking, thermal
Broadcasting Cooking, imaging, short range
Vision
Communications, Communications, communications,
Photography
Satellite Satellite optical fibres, TV
Illumination
transmissions transmissionsremote controls,
security systems.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum Uses

Cooking, thermal Security marking,

Broadcasting Cooking, imaging, short range
Vision
Fluorescent lamps,
Communications, Communications, communications,
Photography
Detecting forged
Satellite Satellite optical fibres, TV
Illumination
bank notes,
transmissions transmissionsremote controls,
Disinfecting water
security systems.
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum Uses

Observing the
Cooking, thermalSecurity marking,
Broadcasting Cooking, imaging, short range internal structure
Vision
Fluorescent lamps,
Communications, Communications, communications, of objects,
Photography
Detecting forged
Satellite Satellite optical fibres, TV Airport security
remote Illumination
controls, bank notes,
transmissions transmissions scanners,
security systems.Disinfecting water
Medical X-rays
 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum Uses

Observing the
Cooking, thermalSecurity marking, Sterilising food
Broadcasting Cooking, imaging, short range internal structure and medical
Vision
Fluorescent lamps,
Communications, Communications, communications, of objects, equipment,
Photography
Detecting forged
Satellite Satellite optical fibres, TV Airport security Detection of
remote Illumination
controls, bank notes,
transmissions transmissions scanners, cancer and its
security systems.Disinfecting water
Medical X-rays treatment.